Pubertal development of the understanding of social emotions: Implications for education

Recent developmental cognitive neuroscience research has supported the notion that puberty and adolescence are periods of profound socio-emotional development. The current study was designed to investigate whether the onset of puberty marks an increase in the awareness of complex, or “mixed,” emotions. Eighty-three female participants (aged 9–16 years) were divided into three groups according to a self-report measure of puberty stage (early-, mid- and post-puberty). Participants were presented with emotional scenarios, and used four linear scales to rate their emotional response to each scenario. Scenarios were designed to evoke social emotions (embarrassment or guilt) or basic emotions (anger or fear), where social emotions are defined as those which require the representation of others' mental states. We measured the relative complexity or “mixedness” of emotional responses, that is, the degree to which participants reported feeling more than one emotion for a given scenario. We found that mixed emotion reporting increased between early- and post-puberty for social emotion scenarios, and showed no relationship with age, whereas there was no change in mixed emotion reporting for basic emotion scenarios across age or puberty groups. This suggests that the awareness of mixed emotions develops during the course of puberty, and that this development is specific to social emotions. Results are discussed in the context of brain development across puberty and adolescence, with speculation regarding the potential implications for education.     

Instead of OFSTED: a critical discussion of OFSTED on ‘Spiritual,Morale Social and Cultural Development’

This article offers a critical appraisal of the consultation document on ‘Spiritual, Moral, Social and Cultural Development’ issued by the Office for Standards in Education (OFSTED) in February 1994.     

情感取向:和谐社会的一个重要特征

情感与社会因素相联系，具有社会性和历史性的特征，构建社会主义和谐社会，离不开对情感取向的培养与引导，应正确理解情感在构建和谐社会中的动力作用，同时也要看到情感也是和谐社会的一个价值尺度。     

Response and the social construction of error

Although the subject of error has been the focus of considerable scholarly inquiry, little is known about the effects of error on teachers' responses to students' writing. This article offers a prolegomenon to further research on response to error from a social constructivist perspective. Three areas for investigation are suggested and illustrated with more specific focuses: the effects of error on teachers' processing of student writing; the relationship between error and the and the teachers' construction of the writer's persona; and the relationship between the changing status of socially constructed norms of language use and response to error. Acknowledging the general disjunction between scholarship and teaching practices, the second half of the article turns to another kind of needed inquiry within the “scholarship of teaching.” Greater focus on reflective practice allows teachers to develop more sophisticated approaches to error in the classroom, especially in the relationship between instruction and response to students' writing.     

论社会管理创新视域下的行政检查规制

为了保证行政检查收集资讯和监督功能的实现,防止行政检查滥权而对相对人权益的侵犯,保障行政检查法治的实现,应以社会管理创新为视角,顺应法治原则和人权保障之要求,反思行政检查的现有理论和立法,从行政检查权设定、行政检查中相对人协助、行政检查后信息处置和行政检查程序等方面规制行政检查。规制行政检查,对化解社会矛盾、促进社会公正、保持社会稳定、促进行政机关依法行政和提高行政管理水平具有重要意义。     

Parental coping with children's negative emotions: relations with children's emotional and social responding

This study examined the relation between parents' reactions to children's negative emotions and social competence. Additionally, the role of parental emotional distress in children's emotional socialization was examined. The emotional reactions of 57 preschoolers (33 girls, 24 boys; M age = 59.2 months) were observed during their free-play interactions. Parents (mostly mothers) completed questionnaires about their reactions to children's negative emotions. An index of children's social competence was obtained from teachers. Results indicated that the relation between harsh parental coping strategies and children's emotional responding was moderated by parental distress. In addition, the relation of the interaction of parental coping and distress to children's social competence was mediated by children's level of emotional intensity. It was concluded that distressed parents who use harsh coping strategies in response to children's negative emotions have children who express emotion in relatively intense ways. In turn, these children find it relatively difficult to behave in a socially competent manner.     

Parental reactions to children's negative emotions: longitudinal relations to quality of children's social functioning

Relations between self-reported parental reactions to children's negative emotions (PNRs) and children's socially appropriate/problem behavior and negative emotionality were examined longitudinally. Evidence was consistent with the conclusion that relations between children's externalizing (but not internalizing) emotion and parental punitive reactions to children's negative emotions are bidirectional. Reports of PNRs generally were correlated with low quality of social functioning. In structural models, mother-reported problem behavior at ages 10-12 was at least marginally predicted from mother-reported problem behavior, children's regulation, and parental punitive or distress reactions. Moreover, parental distress and punitive reactions at ages 6-8 predicted reports of children's regulation at ages 8-10, and regulation predicted parental punitive reactions at ages 10-12. Father reports of problem behavior at ages 10-12 were predicted by earlier problem behavior and parental distress or punitive reactions; some of the relations between regulation and parental reactions were similar to those in the models for mother-reported problem behavior. Parental perceptions of their reactions were substantially correlated over 6 years. Some nonsupportive reactions declined in the early to mid-school years, but all increased into late childhood/early adolescence.     

Expression of emotions and physiological changes during teaching

We investigated the expression of emotions while teaching in relation to a teacher’s physiological changes. We used polyvagal theory (PVT) to frame the study of teaching in a teacher education program. Donna, a teacher-researcher, experienced high levels of stress and anxiety prior to beginning to teach and throughout the lesson we used her expressed emotions as a focus for this research. We adopted event-oriented inquiry in a study of heart rate, oxygenation of the blood, and expressed emotions. Five events were identified for multilevel analysis in which we used narrative, prosodic analysis, and hermeneutic-phenomenological methods to learn more about the expression of emotions when Donna had: high heart rate (before and while teaching); low blood oxygenation (before and while teaching); and high blood oxygenation (while teaching). What we learned was consistent with the body’s monitoring system recognizing social harm and switching to the control of the unmyelinated vagus nerve, thereby shutting down organs and muscles associated with social communication—leading to irregularities in prosody and expression of emotion. In events involving high heart rate and low blood oxygenation the physiological environment was associated with less effective and sometimes confusing patterns in prosody, including intonation, pace of speaking, and pausing. In a low blood oxygenation environment there was evidence of rapid speech and shallow, irregular breathing. In contrast, during an event in which 100 % blood oxygenation occurred, prosody was perceived to be conducive to engagement and teacher expressed positive emotions, such as satisfaction, while teaching. Becoming aware of the purposes of the research and the results we obtained provided the teacher with tools to enact changes to her teaching practice, especially prosody of the voice. We regard it as a high priority to create tools to allow teachers and students, if and as necessary, to ameliorate excess emotions, and change heart rate, oxygenation levels, and breathing patterns.     

Quality Assessment in Initial Teacher Education: Lessons from the 1993/94 OFSTED Experience

Different interest groups define quality in different ways. Enterprises such as education, and, specifically, teacher education, serve many interest groups including funding bodies, employers and students as consumers. Assessment of quality in this context has to take account of the priorities of such groups if the process is to have credibility. Processes involved also have to take account of the purposes to which such assessments might be put. Issues related to the recent cycle of inspections of secondary initial teacher education courses are discussed in the light of these factors. The process is fairly robust and comprehensive and is thus well equipped to inform various stakeholders and to bring about improvement through inspection. Because of a range of variables which have the potential to influence the outcome of an inspection, the process is less valid as a mechanism for influencing resourcing or as a means of comparing quality in initial teacher education with that in other areas of higher education.     

学校道德教育与社会主义和谐社会的构建

构建和谐社会需要公民道德素质的提高。提高公民道德素质的基础是对全体公民进行道德教育,其中学校道德教育是公民道德教育的主要渠道,积极开发和利用道德教育资源是增强学校道德教育实效性的重要环节。     

Ideology & the social construction of meaning: A communication perspective

This paper examines the role of ideology in the social construction of meaning. It is argued that while interpretive philosophical frameworks have attributed a constitutive function to the role of communication in meaning construction, little attention has been paid to the ways in which social relations of power mediate in this process of meaning creation. Ideology, however, is a useful heuristic concept which provides a way of contextualizing the communication process within such power relations. It is argued that communication involves not only the process of creating meaning, but is also intrinsic to the means by which relations of domination are produced and reproduced. The notion of ideology is presented as the conceptual link between communication and power.     

工程质量监督检查方式存在的问题及建议

简要分析了当前建设工程质量监督检查方式存在的问题,针对性地提出了一些相应的建议.     

农村社会福利制度建设初探

自建国以来,我国的制度体系正随着社会的发展,逐步从起初的探索阶段发展到如今日渐步入正轨的艰辛的改革历程,初步形成了具有中国特色的新型社会福利体系,但是在这个阶段中改革的力度在目标模式上是低水平、不平衡以及不适合的。加强福利体系建设,处理好发展与公平的关系,在我国的社会主义发展中起到了举足轻重的地位。我国农村社会福利事业取得了有目共睹的成就,但是这种成就与我国经济社会发展的速度和水平相比,仍旧具有很大的差距。需要通过完善我国社会福利的各项制度,以推动农村社会福利向基层群众普惠的体制建设。     

The social construction of learning disabilities

Underpinning the technical gaze that dominates learning disabilities theory and practice is the assumption that learning disabilities are a pathology that resides in the heads of individual students, with the corollary that remedial efforts also focus on what goes on in the heads of students classified as learning disabled. This article begins with a critique of the ideology of individualism that situates individual success and failure in the heads of individuals as a means of introducing an alternative perspective--social constructivism--that locates learning and learning problems in the context of human relations and activity. Extended examples are used to illustrate how the performative aspects of learning disabilities emerge in the context of human relationships. The primary argument developed here is that one cannot be learning disabled on one's own. It takes a complex system of interactions performed in just the right way, at the right time, on the stage we call school to make a learning disability. The article concludes with a brief consideration of the instructional implications of a social constructivist stance.     

优势班级建设的情感历程

班集体建设不仅是中学教育教学管理的基础工程,也是中学全面推进素质教育的重要途径。从本质上说,班级建设是班主任的教育理念的物化过程,也是学生成长的社会化建构历程。一、情感启动班集体是学生共同的情感家园。优势班级的显著特征是学生的强烈归属感,学生在班主任的情感主导下,逐渐对班级产生认同感、荣誉感乃至依恋感。这是一个渐进的心理变化过程。刚入学的新生组成班级,个体的情感经历着从“陌生的世界”走向心理重构的过渡期。这时候学生个体间和师生间的情感互动是一种非定向的磨合,需要进行集体情感培植和优化。这不是简单…     

OFSTED, Criteria and the Nature of Social Understanding: A Wittgensteinian Critique of the Practice of Educational Judgement

Since their inception in 1993 OFSTED inspections have generated considerable controversy amongst teachers and educationists generally, Much of the criticism to date has centred on the effects which such inspections have had on schools and their staffs. In contrast little sustained concern has been shown about the underlying assumptions of the OFSTED inspection process. This article identifies as the central feature of that process a particular but tacit conception of judgement. This conception is examined from an essentially Wittgensteinian perspective and is shown to rely on an imprecise understanding of the nature of criteria. It is argued that the OFSTED approach implicitly represents what are in fact conventional criteria, having no guarantee of broad agreement, as if they were criteria having such agreement. As a result severe doubts are raised about the validity of the judgements made and hence of the inspection process generally.     

充分发挥退休人员的潜力

本文从退休人员社会活动与生活现状入手 ,讨论开发提高退休人员社会活动质量与制度建设问题 ,提出人活到老 ,消耗社会资源到老 ,同时向社会服务贡献到老     

社会建构论视角下对心理和谐的思考

以往学者对心理和谐的理解,多数是从个体内部的角度去揭示其内涵或说明对自身及构建和谐社会的意义,如果将心理和谐的思考上升到理论的高度,从社会建构论的视角去审视心理和谐的意义及构成,那么第一,心理和谐的题旨和意义是社会的建构与社会建构论的核心命题有连通之处.第二,心理和谐是社会建构的动态的平衡.第三,通过建立话语权可以实现心理和谐.第四,心理和谐可分成共享感、低群体疏离感和群体感戴三个维度.而群体感戴是心理和谐的最高水平.     

社会治理创新与公共领域建构

现阶段我国正处于社会发展的转型期、加速期,人民内部矛盾也进入高发期,群体性事件时有发生,传统社会管理模式不能适应新时期社会发展的特点是重要原因,因此,推进社会治理创新势在必行。完善市场经济体制、大力推进民主政治建设、培育具有批判精神和公共理性为特征的公民文化,促进我国公共领域建设,对于推进社会治理创新,建设社会主义和谐社会,具有重要的理论和现实意义。