Institutions of Higher Education and the Nationalist State

Significant changes in state economic priorities are likely to have a formative and fateful effect on institutions of higher education. Yet economic accounts cannot themselves explain changes in the economic priorities of nationalist states, in part because of the ideological character of such states. The nationalist state's influence on institutions of higher education is often indirect, involving the interactions of social and political actors who are themselves influenced by prevailing social ideologies. Social ideologies contribute to shifts in state economic priorities, and these changes can indirectly but significantly influence the trajectory of institutions of higher education. A longitudinal case study of a Canadian distanceeducation university demonstrates the means by which nationalist sentiment encouraged a shift in state economic priorities, which in turn created a welcoming social climate for a new university's consumerist model of education.     

规避与善治:大学生心理健康教育与思想政治教育的有效结合

心理健康教育与思想政治教育存在着内在暗合。心理健康教育侧重于大学生心理问题发生的规避,而思想政治教育更加倾向于大学生思想观念方面的治理。在新形势下,加强大学生思想政治教育与心理健康教育的有效结合,对于大学生正确树立人生观、价值观以及如何增强大学生思想政治教育的实效性都具有深远的理论与现实意义。     

The Accommodation and Resistance to the Decolonisation,Neocolonisation and Recolonisation of Higher Education in Hong Kong

On 1 July 1997, sovereignty over Hong Kong was returned from the UK to the People's Republic of China (PRC). This article identifies the impact of such a political transition on the Hong Kong higher education system during the transitional period between 1982 and 1997. The struggles among the departing and incoming sovereign powers and local groups are also examined. The article argues that, during this period, three related colonial transition processes-decolonisation, neocolonisation and recolonisation-co-existed in Hong Kong higher education within the framework of 'one country, two systems'. These processes can be seen as resistance to each other: for example, neocolonisation as resistance to decolonisation and recolonisation as resistance to neocolonisation. They are further complicated by the spectra of their accommodation and resistance by the three major actors. On different occasions, the local government and groups played different or even contradictory roles as decolonising, neocolonising or recolonising agents. They selectively participated in the three processes so as to create facilitating conditions for and obstacles to the control of higher education by the incoming ruling power in the post-1997 era.     

高校辅导员如何有效应对突发事件

辅导员作为大学生日常思想政治教育和管理工作的组织者、实施者和指导者,应从加强对大学生的教育、增强处理突发事件的应对能力、积极应对突发事件三个方面来解决高校突发事件,保持高校的稳定,积极构建和谐校园.     

加强高校学生思想政治教育工作建设浅论

高校学生思想政治教育工作是中国共产党思想政治工作在高校领域里的一种具体表现形式,也是高校德育教育的主要内容之一。大学生的思想政治状况如何直接关系着国家和民族未来的状况。本文关注新时期大学生思想政治以及行为表现出的诸多问题,及其所折射出的新时期高校学生思想政治教育工作存在的问题,并积极探索新时期加强高校学生思想政治教育工作建设的新途径,以提高思想政治教育工作的实效性。     

Not all markets are created equal: re-conceptualizing market elements in higher education

Increasing reliance on market mechanisms in higher education is analysed both as one of the approaches to steering as well as in relation to the consequences of markets for quality and accessibility of higher education. This article goes beyond the normative considerations of market elements as inherently good or bad and the economic theory-guided focus on freedoms of users and providers, by presenting an alternative conceptualization. The conceptualization adapted from studies of markets in other parts of the welfare state to the context of higher education is based on two dimensions: (1) who effectively controls production of certain goods and services and (2) how access to and funding of these goods and services are regulated. It focuses on interests of three main actors—the state, the users (students) and the providers (higher education institutions). This leads to six conceptually distinct markets, whose key characteristics are illustrated by examples from Denmark, England, India, Norway, Portugal and Serbia. The key message is that this alternative conceptualization allows identifying variance in marketization of higher education with regards to (1) which actors are empowered, (2) who are the likely winners and losers and (3) what might be the risks of introducing specific market elements in a higher education system. More generally, a more nuanced analysis relying on this conceptualization can potentially contribute to a deeper understanding of political and policy dynamics in higher education.     

Applying the Varieties of Capitalism Approach to Higher Education: comparing the internationalisation of German and British universities

In recent years, the global market for higher education has expanded rapidly, while internationalisation strategies have been developed at university, national and European levels to increase the competitiveness of higher education institutions. This article asks how institutional settings prevailing in national models of capitalism motivate distinct national approaches with regard to the internationalisation, globalisation, and Europeanisation of higher education systems. While the university is defined as an organisational actor embedded in the higher education system, the higher education system itself represents an institutional subsystem within the national model of capitalism. An analytical framework is then developed on the basis of the Varieties of Capitalism approach to compare the internationalisation of German and British universities. Findings indicate that the relations between the various actors involved in the internationalisation of universities are based largely on market coordination in the British case. In contrast, this process in Germany relies more on strategic interactions between the various organisational actors in higher education. The development paths in the internationalisation of universities are found to be influenced by and reflect the specific mode of coordination in the respective higher education system and the national model of capitalism more generally. This comparative case study shows that recent conceptions of path dependence as well as conceptual tools developed in the Varieties of Capitalism literature, such as institutional complementarity and comparative institutional advantage, may be fruitfully applied to research on institutional change in higher education systems.     

浅谈网络环境下的大学生党课教育

网络对大学生的思维方式、价值观念等方面的发展产生了深远的影响。网络信息技术具有信息容量大、传播速度快、覆盖范围广等特点，丰富了党课教育的思想资源，更新了党课教育的模式，给大学生的党课教育带来了机遇。高校思想政治工作者要运用一些切实可行的途径和方法，开展网络环境下的大学生党课教育，同时对网络环境中潜在的一些危害因素要加以预防。     

普通中专"大学化"转型的三种基本模式及问题分析

世纪之交，高等教育大众化步伐的加快使曾一度作为高等教育补充形式普通中专教育面临十分尴尬和困难的境地，“大学化”的教育升级和转型开始成为普通中专应对危机的主要选择途径，盘活了教育资源。职业技术学院、社区性高职学院、中专、专科并入高校这三种基本模式实际都是中专办学独立状态的历史性消失，中专“大学化”后过渡期问及其以后面临的问题必须引起足够重视。     

Envisioned and enacted practices: educational policies and the ‘politics of use’ in schools

ABSTRACT

It is widely known that there is a discrepancy between educational policy on the one side, and teaching and learning practices on the other. Most studies have been focusing on the sociocultural and micropolitical frames that shape teachers’ understandings and enactments of teaching, and that cause the vast diversity of classroom practices around the world. This article wants to draw attention to the ‘politics of use’ in teachers’ work: how teachers mobilize larger political narratives when implementing curriculum reform. Arguably, these narratives provide a shortcut between the central government and street-level actors, thus circumventing the logics of these actors’ immediate institutional environments.

In order to showcase the politics of use, the article uses the case of education for creativity as it is designed for and practiced at Chinese schools. The case reveals how education for creativity is compromised by requirements emanating from larger political programs when implemented in Chinese classrooms. The article challenges the view that educational policy necessarily moves through a trickle-down process, from higher to medium to lower-level actors. In cases of strong ideological alignment between street-level actors and central state actors, educational policy may in fact sidestep and hence neutralize important institutional actors.     

肯尼亚大学生抗议活动及政府对策研究

肯尼亚大学生抗议活动爆发的强度大,频率高,对肯尼亚高等教育的发展造成了重大的影响。其频繁爆发缘于经济基础与大学扩招之间的矛盾,社会民主化思潮和国家专权化管理之间的矛盾,以及大学生的政治抱负、特点与政治生态之间矛盾的激化。肯尼亚政府对大学生抗议活动采取镇压和有限改革相结合的处理方式。这种反应方式缘于政府对学生认识的偏差,以及二者之间沟通与协调环节的薄弱。由此,肯尼亚大学生和政府需要反思自己的认识和行为。     

Returns to education and economic transition: an international comparison

This paper compares the returns to education in transitional economies in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE), such as Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Romania, Russia, Slovak Republic and the Ukraine in the 1990s, and in China in the 1980s and 1990s. In the pre‐transition period, the returns to education in the six CEE countries were low at about 2–4%, while those in China were even lower at less than 2%. As the process of transition towards a market economy evolved over time, the returns to education steadily increased, and non‐state sector workers and young workers were rewarded with higher returns to their education than their counterparts in the state sector and older age categories. The marginal returns to university education are the highest of all of the marginal returns to various education levels. Moreover, the results show that it took about a decade for the six CEE countries, and two decades for China, to raise their respective returns to education to the 10% level.     

试论高校隐性思想政治教育的三种形态

隐性思想政治教育是隐性课程理论在思想政治教育领域的延伸应用，是高校思想政治教育中不可或缺的有效方法。笔者结合工作实际，从物质、制度和精神三个方面就高校隐性思想政治教育的三种形态进行了讨论和分析．尝试探索高校开展隐性思想政治教育的具体思路。     

社会转型时期高校新生成长需要分析——基于浙江省部分高校的实证研究

处于社会转型期的大学新生正经历着从高中到大学的改变和转折,其成长需求必然会体现出与众不同的个性,而这些需要能否被充分地认识和满足,直接关系到高等教育质量的保障。本研究通过问卷调查法与访谈法等实证研究方法,调查、分析当前高校新生独特的成长需求,认为家庭背景是影响新生成长需要的重要因素,高等教育体系的缺陷是影响新生成长需要的根本因素。要树立需求意识,依托高校思政教育,强化辅导员工作,满足高校新生的成长需求。     

传统文化影响下的大学生思想政治教育研究

文化是教育的重要内容。中国传统文化既是大学生思想政治教育的内容,又是大学生思想政治教育的重要手段。大学生思想政治教育与中国传统文化教育相结合已经成为开展大学生德育工作的重要模式。社会转型期,多元文化、价值观不断涌现,大学生思想政治教育面临着新的问题。中国传统文化与教学活动、社会活动、校园建设三方面的有机结合,将成为推动大学生思想政治教育发展的有效尝试。     

The Politics of Higher Education:

This article uses the parallel political marketplace conceptualization to analyze the political environment in which colleges and universities operate. How the marketing decisions of the college or university as a political actor can be affected by the political activities of citizen/consumer groups is addressed. Other political actors such as advocacy organizations are considered as are the flows of favors and threats in a political system. The political roles that can be served by marketing are identifies and cooperation between marketing and public affairs for the achievement of a college or university's legislative and regulatory goals is discussed.     

Beyond Giving: Political Advocacy and Volunteer Behaviors of Public University Alumni

College and university leaders have paid an enormous level of attention to one domain of alumni involvement: charitable giving. In light of the decline of state support for higher education and the shrinking ability of families to pay for college, such emphasis is understandable. However, this emphasis has blinded scholars and practitioners to understanding the important non-monetary support roles played by college alumni. Drawing on data from a research extensive university, this study employs a sequential mixed method design (focus groups and confirmatory factor analysis) to demonstrate that non-monetary support behaviors are best understood through the distinct, but interrelated domains of political advocacy and volunteerism. Political advocacy behaviors include contacting legislators, the governor’s office, local politicians and serving on a political action team, while volunteer behaviors include mentoring new alumni, recruiting students, and participating in special events. The study breaks ground for future research on alumni support for higher education, including strategies to recruit alumni volunteers and advocates.     

实践四个创新 做好大学生思想政治教育工作

高校大学生思想政治教育工作要收到实效,就要在教育理念、内容、方法和机制等方面不断创新。理念创新是做好大学生思想政治教育工作的关键所在;内容创新是做好大学生思想政治教育工作的坚实基础;方法创新是做好大学生思想政治教育工作的有效途径;机制创新是做好大学生思想政治教育工作的重要保障。     

THE IMPACT OF HISTORY,GEOGRAPHY, AND THE ECONOMY ON HIGHER EDUCATION POLICY: A COMPARATIVE SURVEY

Confronted with the rapid development of higher education in this century but particularly over the last twenty years, the author identifies a number of factors influencing this development and estimates their relative importance. The factors which he lists includes economic and technological factors, demographic factors, geographical factors, historical and political factors, and cultural and ‐ religious factors. The interplay of these factors over time and space leads to the diversification of higher education which in turn raises the major question of how diversification is to be regulated. This major question then leads to more specific questions related to the funding of higher education, the development of such forms as adult and continuing education, the guarantee of equal opportunity, the mobility of students and teachers, the link between higher education and employment, and the ways in which higher education can influence actors in the political arena to act in its favour.     

Finnish Higher Education Expansion and Regional Policy

This paper concentrates on the expansion of Finnish higher education between the 1960s and 1970s, exposes its background in the light of the policy decisions that were made, compares the unique features of this expansion with those of certain other countries, discusses the impact of the controlled ‘top down’ governance of higher education policy, and describes the Finnish higher education system today. The paper argues that the driving forces behind universal mass higher education were, on the one hand, changes in the structure of society, and on the other hand, individual demand for education but also increased need for skills in production processes. This was the case in Finland as well but the Finnish higher education expansion was also characterised by regionalism. The actual location of universities in the era of expansion was a function of local political actors who were able to have an influence on ruling political parties.