减量训练对大白鼠骨骼肌生物力学特性的影响

大鼠经6周渐增负荷训练后随后进行4周减量训练，测取了大鼠左侧腓肠肌强度极限、肌肉最大伸长量、肌肉弹性刚度和肌肉断裂能密度等力学指标，结果发现，通过4周减量训练，训练强度对骨骼肌最大伸长量、断裂能密度影响较大。分析了4周减量训练引起骨骼肌运动能力下降的机制，并建议肌肉在减量训练时采用一定强度进行训练，较好地保持运动能力不下降过多。     

运用生物力学特性和组织学手段 建立动物训练模型的研究

为了建立动物模型 ,笔者选用S D大鼠进行游泳训练 ,大鼠经 6周渐增负荷训练后 ,测取了大鼠左侧腓肠肌强度极限、肌肉最大伸长量、肌肉弹性刚度和肌肉断裂能密度等力学指标 ,同时进行了组织学实验 ,即电镜与光镜观察 ,建立了动物训练模型     

减量训练对大鼠骨骼肌超微结构及酶活性的影响

目的探讨大负荷训练后减量训练对大鼠骨骼肌超微结构及其酶活性的影响,为大负荷运动后减量训练的研究提供理论和实验参考。方法大负荷运动7周后,再进行4周减量训练,运用酶免疫和电子显微镜技术观察大负荷训练后减量训练腓肠肌琥珀酸脱氢酶(SDH)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和丙二醛(MDA)表达及腓肠肌超微结构的变化。结果大负荷训练后再进行4周的减量训练,可明显提高SHD活性,降低MDA的含量,但LDH活性降低;4周的减量训练损伤的腓肠肌细胞结构基本恢复正常。结论 4周的减量训练可明显改善损伤的骨骼肌细胞结构,有利于骨骼肌细胞结构的恢复,提高骨骼肌的有氧代谢能力和抗氧化能力,但不能提高骨骼肌的无氧代谢能力。     

赛前减量训练生理机制研究进展

在比赛前进行的减少训练量的恢复性训练称为赛前减量训练.适当的赛前减量训练不会对运动员的竞技能力造成任何损失,反而会明显增进运动员机能.赛前减量方法的应用已在游泳、田径和自行车等项目上取得明显的效果.赛前减量训练的时间一般为l到4周;减量训练课内容的安排要以专项练习为主;训练量要小,训练强度应与减量前保持相当或略有增加;减量期训练负荷应该逐渐减少.一般认为经过赛前减量训练的运动员,运动成绩提高与肌肉糖元贮备得以恢复或提高,血液血红细胞数量增加,血容量增加,肌肉的酶活性增加,赛前心理状态的改善等因素有关.     

减量训练对大鼠骨骼肌最大等长收缩力的影响

为探讨减量训练对骨骼肌最大等长收缩力的影响.将成年S.D雄性大鼠随机分为2组,正常对照组（NC,16只）和快速力量训练组（PT,Power training,36只）.快速力量训练6周后,PT组又分为训练对照组（PTC,12只）、减量训练1组（PTT1,12只）和减量训练2组（PTT2,12只）.PTC组继续进行原训练,PTT1组和PTT2组进行6周减量训练.最后测定大鼠右侧后腿腓肠肌最大等长收缩力相对值（F/m）,观察减量训练对其的影响.结果表明,80%强度的减量训练后最大等长收缩力相对值呈先下降后回升直至超量恢复的趋势;50%强度的减量训练后相对值呈持续下降趋势,没有再回升.适当的减量训练可以巩固和加强训练效果;减量过多则会导致训练效果丧失,出现减量后的不良影响.     

补充中药多糖对耐力训练大鼠淋巴细胞免疫功能低下的预防作用

目的:探讨2种中药多糖对耐力训练大鼠淋巴细胞数量和免疫功能低下的预防作用,为改善耐力训练引起的细胞免疫功能低下寻找有效的干预措施。方法:120只雄性Wistar大鼠随机分为6组,耐力训练 黄芪多糖组、耐力训练 牛膝多糖组、单纯耐力训练组、安静 黄芪多糖组、安静 牛膝多糖组、安静对照组,每个组中均分为4周组(7只大鼠)和6周组(13只大鼠)。大鼠进行6周递增负荷游泳训练后,观察大鼠运动能力、淋巴细胞数量和功能的改变。结果(:1)6周耐力训练后可造成大鼠外周血淋巴细胞数量、T细胞数量下降,T淋巴细胞增殖转化能力降低(;2)6周耐力训练同时补充黄芪多糖和牛膝多糖有防止大鼠外周血淋巴细胞数量、T细胞数量下降,以及T淋巴细胞增殖转化能力降低的作用;(3)长时间耐力训练同时补充牛膝多糖可延长大鼠游泳至力竭时间。结论:2种中药多糖有预防耐力训练大鼠淋巴细胞免疫明显下降的作用。     

下坡跑训练对大鼠血清CK、LDH的影响

采用实验对比法,观察1次和1周下坡跑训练对大鼠血清CK、LDH的影响。结果显示．1次运动后即刻,大鼠血清CK、LDH活性迅速上升,然后逐渐下降,运动后7天虽明显恢复,但仍未到达正常值;1周运动后,大鼠血清CK、LDH活性的变化趋势类似1次运动组,但各点均低于1次运动组,且7天后恢复到正常值。提示：连续离心运动可加速1次离心运动后肌肉损伤的恢复,机体对运动逐渐产生适应。     

减训四周对大鼠比目鱼肌超微结构影响的研究

为了探讨减量训练对骨骼肌超微结构的影响,将2月龄雄性Wistar大鼠46只,按体重随机分为正常对照组（NC）16只、负荷组（E组）30只。在第7周周末将大鼠按照体重再随机分组,分成同等负荷继续训练组（EC组）10只、减训组（T组）10只。经过共11周的负重游泳训练,最后对右侧比目鱼肌进行组化实验,观察各个组大鼠比目鱼肌超微结构的变化。结果显示：长期的大负荷训练对大鼠机体造成运动损伤,表现在大鼠比目鱼肌肌组织结构产生病理化变化;运动强度不变,运动时间减少的减量训练4周后,能缓解大鼠机体前一段时间大负荷训练造成的疲劳积累并且肌组织损伤在一定程度上得到修复并产生适应。     

运动对抑郁模型大鼠额前皮质BDNF、HSP70及氧化应激水平影响的研究

目的观察运动对抑郁模型大鼠额前皮质BDNF、HSP70及氧化应激水平的影响,为进一步理解运动改善抑郁症的作用机制提供实验依据和数据支持。方法 Wistar大鼠16只,随机分为对照组和运动干预组。4周时间内,通过给予慢性不可预知性应激刺激建立抑郁大鼠模型,运动组除接受应激刺激外,每日进行小强度运动训练。4周后,对大鼠进行类抑郁行为评估,断头取脑后对额前皮质BDNF、HSP70水平及氧化应激水平进行测定。结果 4周运动干预后,与对照组相比,运动干预组大鼠在5 min的强迫游泳过程中,累计不动时间显著低于对照组(P<0.05);运动干预组大鼠额皮质BDNF水平、HSP70含量及抗氧化损伤能力(总抗氧化能力及SOD活性)均显著升高(P<0.05),而反映氧化损伤水平的MDA含量下降(P<0.05)。结论额前皮质可能是运动干预抑郁症的作用脑区之一,且这一作用可能是由额前皮质BDNF、HSP70及抗氧化能力上调共同介导的。     

微压氧对大强度训练大鼠氧化应激的影响

目的：围绕氧化应激中自由基的产生和清除来探讨微压氧对于大强度训练后的恢复机制,为微压氧在运动训练后恢复中的应用提供理论依据和实验支持。方法：8周龄雄性SD大鼠40只,经一周的适应性训练后筛选出30只,随机分为对照组（C组）、大强度训练后自然恢复组（HQ组,26.8 m/min,10°坡度）和微压氧恢复组（HM组）,每组10只。本实验采用的微压氧仓氧浓度为26%左右,压强为3.6 PSI。训练周期为8周,每周训练5 d,每天1 h。HM组每次训练结束后即刻放入微压氧仓恢复1 h。在第8周最后一次训练结束24 h后进行麻醉,切取左侧腓肠肌用于氧化应激指标的检测和观察腓肠肌组织形态。结果：（1）与HQ组大鼠相比,HM组大鼠跑至力竭时间显著性长于HQ组（P＜0.05）。（2）HQ组肌肉MDA含量高于C组和HM组,具有显著性差异;HM组肌肉超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性显著性高于C组;HM组肌肉GSH-PX的活性高于C组和HQ组。（3）与C组相比,HQ组大鼠和HM组大鼠骨骼肌损伤轻微,但是HM组轻于HQ组。结论：大强度训练可造成大鼠骨骼肌氧化应激损伤,使其运动能力下降;而微压氧可提高骨骼肌抗氧化酶活性,减少骨骼肌脂质过氧化反应,提高运动能力。     

停训和减量训练对骨骼肌的影响

笔者着重从运动员停训和减量训练而导致对骨骼肌的影响进行综述,从而使体育科研工作者利用停训和减量训练理论,去科学地进行指导训练和比赛。     

The effects of 4 weeks normobaric hypoxia training on microvascular responses in the forearm flexor

Intermittent exposure to hypoxia can lead to improved endurance performance. Currently, it is unclear whether peripheral adaptions play a role in improving oxygen delivery and utilization following both training and detraining. This study aimed to characterize skeletal muscle blood flow (mBF), oxygen consumption (mV?O₂), and perfusion adaptations to i) 4-weeks handgrip training in hypoxic and normoxic conditions, and ii) following 4-weeks detraining. Using a randomised crossover design, 9 males completed 30-min handgrip training four times a week in hypoxic (14% FiO₂ ~ 3250m altitude) and normoxic conditions. mBF, mV?O₂ and perfusion were assessed pre, post 4-weeks training, and following 4-weeks detraining. Hierarchical linear modelling found that mV?O₂ increased at a significantly faster rate (58%) with hypoxic training (0.09 mlO₂·min^?1 · 100g^?1 per week); perfusion increased at a significantly (69%) faster rate with hypoxic training (3.72 μM per week). mBF did not significantly change for the normoxic condition, but there was a significant increase of 0.38 ml· min^?1 · 100ml^?1 per week (95% CI: 0.35, 0.40) for the hypoxic condition. During 4-weeks detraining, mV?O₂ and perfusion significantly declined at similar rates for both conditions, whereas mBF decreased significantly faster following hypoxic training. Four weeks hypoxic training increases the delivery and utilisation of oxygen in the periphery.     

Effect of resistance training with different frequencies and subsequent detraining on muscle mass and appendicular lean soft tissue,IGF-1, and testosterone in older women

Objective: To analyse the effect of resistance training (RT) frequency on muscle mass, appendicular lean soft tissue, insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), testosterone, and their changes with detraining in older women. Methods: Forty-five physically independent older women (≥ 60?years) were randomly assigned to perform RT either two (G2X, n = 21) or three times/week (G3X, n = 24), during 12?weeks (8 exercises, 1 set of 10–15 repetition maximum). Muscle mass and appendicular lean soft tissue, IGF-1, testosterone, and dietary intake were measured at pre-training, post-training, and after detraining (12?weeks). Results: Muscle mass and appendicular lean soft tissue significantly increased post-training (G2X?=?+5.5% and G3X?=?+5.8%, P?P?P?Conclusion: We conclude that lower RT frequency is as effective as higher frequency to improve muscle mass and appendicular lean soft tissue, and to maintain testosterone and IGF-1. Additionally, detraining may reduce testosterone regardless of RT frequency. These results are specifically for community-dwelling older women and may not be generalized to other populations.     

运动员停训后心肺功能、能量代谢和骨骼肌代谢的变化

通过对短期停训引起运动员心肺功能、能量代谢及骨骼肌机能代谢等方面的变化进行分析,表明运动员停训两周即可出现其功能的显著变化,并且随着停训时间的延长,这些变化更为明显,从而影响到运动成绩。因此,要充分注意运动员在停训期各系统机能代谢的变化规律,有效地降低这些变化对运动成绩的负面影响。     

快速力量训练停训后对大鼠骨骼肌中酶及糖原影响的实验研究

笔者选用成年SD雄性大鼠40只,体重为200 220g,按体重分层,随机分为2组,正常对照组(NC,16只),快速力量训练组(PT,24只),快速力量训练6w后,PT组又分为快速力量训练对照组(PTC,12只)和快速力量停训组(PTD,12只),PTC组继续进行训练,PTD组进行6w停训观察,对大鼠左侧后腿腓肠肌进行组织化学实验。结果表明,快速力量训练后停训,肌肉中ATPase快速下降且不易恢复,SDH、LDH和Gn都呈现先下降后恢复,但并不同步,SDH和Gn都是先下降先恢复。     

The effect of a complex training and detraining programme on selected strength and power variables in early pubertal boys

Complex training, a combination of resistance training and plyometrics is growing in popularity, despite limited support for its efficacy. In pre- and early pubertal children, the study of complex training has been limited, and to our knowledge an examination of its effect on anaerobic performance characteristics of the upper and lower body has not been undertaken. Furthermore, the effect of detraining after complex training requires clarification. The physical characteristics (mean+/-s) of the 54 male participants in the present study were as follows: age 12.3 +/- 0.3 years, height 1.57 +/- 0.07 m, body mass 50.3 +/- 11.0 kg. Participants were randomly assigned to an experimental (n = 33) or control group (n = 21). The training, which was performed three times a week for 12 weeks, included a combination of dynamic constant external resistance and plyometrics. After training, participants completed 12 weeks of detraining. At baseline, after training and after detraining, peak and mean anaerobic power, dynamic strength and athletic performance were assessed. Twenty-six participants completed the training and none reported any training-related injury. Complex training was associated with small increases (< or =5.5%) in peak and mean power during training, followed by decreases of a similar magnitude (< or = -5.9%) during detraining (P < 0.05). No changes or minor, progressive increases (< or =1.5%) were evident in the control group (P > 0.05). In the experimental group, dynamic strength was increased by 24.3 - 71.4% (dependent on muscle group; P < 0.01), whereas growth-related changes in the control group varied from 0 to 4.4% (P > 0.05). For 40-m sprint running, basketball chest pass and vertical jump test performance, the experimental group saw a small improvement (< or =4.0%) after training followed by a decline (< or = -4.4%) towards baseline during detraining (P < 0.05), whereas the control group experienced no change (P > 0.05). In conclusion, in pre- and early pubertal boys, upper and lower body complex training is a time-effective and safe training modality that confers small improvements in anaerobic power and jumping, throwing and sprinting performance, and marked improvements in dynamic strength. However, after detraining, the benefits of complex training are lost at similar rates to other training modalities.     

停训后SJ形式蹬伸力量的动力学分析

在运动训练实践中,广大教练员运用超量恢复理论指导训练,即训练-停训周期交替进行,在停训时期内,选择训练后机体的超量恢复阶段施以新负荷,使技能水平不断提高。对于长期运动训练的运动员,如何合理有效地安排停训时间,基于其肌肉力量素质的变化规律。体育运动项目繁多,每个项目     

补充扇贝肽对运动大鼠停训后萎缩骨骼肌细胞Caspase-3活性的影响

目的:通过测试萎缩骨骼肌细胞Caspase-3、SOD活性和MDA含量,观察补充扇贝肽对运动大鼠停训导致骨骼肌萎缩后肌细胞Caspase-3活性及其抗氧化能力的影响,研究扇贝肽对停训后骨骼肌萎缩的干预作用。方法:40只SD雄性大鼠以15 m/min的速度,持续性水平跑台训练30 min开始进行递增负荷运动,运动6 d/周,休息1 d/周,速度递增3 m/min/周,时间递增30 min/周,运动3周后即刻处死10只大鼠为基础对照组,其余大鼠随机分组为补充安慰剂阴性对照组、补充牛乳阳性对照组和补充扇贝肽实验组,30只大鼠左侧后肢实施石膏固定模拟停训模型,并进行扇贝肽补充实验。实验组和对照组所有动物每天分别进行灌胃15%扇贝肽饮料2mL、等量的安慰剂和牛乳。结果:发现补充扇贝肽可显著减低停训后萎缩骨骼肌细胞MDA含量增加,增加SOD活性,提高细胞内抗氧化能力,可显著抑制停训后萎缩骨骼肌细胞Caspase-3的活性,从而抑制骨骼肌收缩蛋白和结构蛋白的降解,促进萎缩骨骼肌的恢复。