Stressors,coping, and coping effectiveness: Gender,type of sport,and skill differences

Abstract

The aim of this study was to examine stressors, coping, and coping effectiveness as a function of gender, type of sport, and skill. The sample consisted of 749 undergraduate athletes (455 males, 294 females) aged 18 – 38 years (mean = 19.8 years). Skill was classified as international/national, county, university, and club standard. Participants completed a stressor and coping concept map (Novak & Gowin, 1984 Novak, J. D. and Gowin, D. B. 1984. Learning how to learn, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. [Crossref] , [Google Scholar]). The results revealed gender, type of sport, and skill differences in relation to stressor frequencies, coping strategy deployment, and coping effectiveness. In contrast to previous research, females used a variety of problem-focused (e.g. planning, communication, technique-orientated coping) strategies more frequently than males. Team sport athletes reported a variety of sport-specific stressors relating to the demands of playing in a team environment. The group of national/international athletes reported using more planning, blocking, and visualization, and also reported that their coping was more effective than that of less-skilled athletes.     

Stressors, coping, and coping effectiveness: gender, type of sport, and skill differences

The aim of this study was to examine stressors, coping, and coping effectiveness as a function of gender, type of sport, and skill. The sample consisted of 749 undergraduate athletes (455 males, 294 females) aged 18-38 years (mean= 19.8 years). Skill was classified as international/national, county, university, and club standard. Participants completed a stressor and coping concept map (Novak & Gowin, 1984). The results revealed gender, type of sport, and skill differences in relation to stressor frequencies, coping strategy deployment, and coping effectiveness. In contrast to previous research, females used a variety of problem-focused (e.g. planning, communication, technique-orientated coping) strategies more frequently than males. Team sport athletes reported a variety of sport-specific stressors relating to the demands of playing in a team environment. The group of national/international athletes reported using more planning, blocking, and visualization, and also reported that their coping was more effective than that of less-skilled athletes.     

Media,Culture, and the Meanings of Hockey

This essay describes a plan for investigating the cultural meanings of hockey in Canada by examining media narratives of high-level amateur and professional hockey during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. In particular, this project analyzes English Canadian newspaper coverage of Stanley Cup games between 1894 and 1907, as well as the telegraph reconstructions that enabled fans to share a simultaneous experience of distant games. Media coverage of hockey brought Canadians into local and national communities of interest, while constructing narratives of manhood, regional rivalry, and civic pride. Hockey played a significant role in the construction of gender and class identities, and in debates about amateurism, professionalism, and community representation in sport. By exploring key issues related to media, gender, and community identities in early hockey, this research addresses important gaps in the study of sport history and the analysis of sport and Canadian popular culture.     

西北民族大学彝、瑶、哈尼族学生身体机能、素质、形态的调查与分析

收集西北民族大学2013-2014学年在校彝族、瑶族、哈尼族学生身体机能、身体素质、身体形态3个方面的体质健康测试数据,对测试结果进行统计分析,整合体能测试数据,对比分析彝族、瑶族、哈尼族学生身体机能、素质、形态体质健康的差异,讨论彝族、瑶族、哈尼族学生体质健康存在差异的原因并提出建议。按照《国家学生体质健康标准》的评分标准进行数据统计,结果显示:彝族、瑶族、哈尼族3个民族大学生体质健康测试的总合格率为89.8%(其中彝族为93.4%,瑶族为89.3%,哈尼族为86.8%)。比较以上数据,彝族大学生的身体健康体质优于瑶族和哈尼族,研究比较客观的反映了3个民族的体质健康特征差异。     

Attitudes,Beliefs, Behavioral Intentions,and Behaviors of Women and Men toward Regular Jogging

Abstract

Fishbein's Behavioral Intention Model was examined in a study of the beliefs, attitudes, and behavioral intentions of women and men toward regular jogging. Data were collected from 296 female and male joggers and nonexercisers who were 30 years of age and older using a mail questionnaire which was constructed according to Fishbein's specifications. Significant and meaningful differences were found between joggers' and nonexercisers' beliefs. Nonexercisers thought jogging would require too much discipline, take too much time, and make them too tired. Joggers were more likely than nonexercisers to believe that regular jogging would have positive effects, and joggers evaluated being in good physical and mental condition more positively than nonexercisers. Nonexercisers indicated it was unlikely their referents (particularly physicians) thought they should jog regularly. The results supported the theory upon which the model was based: the relationship between the intention to jog and jogging behavior was high (r = .82) and behavioral intention was predicted from an attitudinal and a normative component alone (R = .742). The results of the study suggest that educators can develop behavior change strategies by focusing on change of beliefs and attitudes identifiable through the model.     

论竞技武术的强化、异化与软化

对竞技武术的发展过程中得失、原因及其未来发展之路进行了梳理。指出：竞技武术经过强化，在国际化和现代化的进程中取得了巨大成就，但过度的文化模仿和对进入奥运会的过分追求，使竞技武术发生异化；在竞技武术强化、异化的同时，一个值得期待的发展倾向正在悄然形成，就是竞技武术正在软化，正在回归传统，回复中国武术原有的技击内核，回复“内敛”的传统文化品性，这是一个可喜的变化，也是武术发展的正途。     

Age,Physical Activity,Physical Fitness,Body Composition,and Incidence of Orthopedic Problems

Abstract

The incidence of orthopedic problems was examined in 5, 582 men and women who attended the Cooper Clinic in Dallas, Texas between 1974 and 1982. The effects of age, physical activity, physical fitness, and body mass index (EMI) on the occurrence of these problems were examined using a proportional hazards approach. The expected risk of orthopedic problems per person-year was 0.045 for men and 0.046 for women. For men, physical fitness, BMI, and physical activity were associated with orthopedic problems, while for women, physical activity was the main predictor. Age was not a factor for either gender. The effect of change in physical fitness, physical activity, and BMI was examined in a subset of 2, 325 persons with more than one visit to the clinic. For women, physical activity and a decrease in BMI were associated with orthopedic problems, while for men none of those factors were significant. Again, age was not a factor in either group. The absence of any age effect on the occurrence of problems suggests that with regard to orthopedic problems, moderate amounts of physical activity in generally healthy persons may be recommended without special consideration as to age.     

Age, physical activity, physical fitness, body composition, and incidence of orthopedic problems

The incidence of orthopedic problems was examined in 5,582 men and women who attended the Cooper Clinic in Dallas, Texas between 1974 and 1982. The effects of age, physical activity, physical fitness, and body mass index (BMI) on the occurrence of these problems were examined using a proportional hazards approach. The expected risk of orthopedic problems per person-year was 0.045 for men and 0.046 for women. For men, physical fitness, BMI, and physical activity were associated with orthopedic problems, while for women, physical activity was the main predictor. Age was not a factor for either gender. The effect of change in physical fitness, physical activity, and BMI was examined in a subset of 2,325 persons with more than one visit to the clinic. For women, physical activity and a decrease in BMI were associated with orthopedic problems, while for men none of those factors were significant. Again, age was not a factor in either group. The absence of any age effect on the occurrence of problems suggests that with regard to orthopedic problems, moderate amounts of physical activity in generally healthy persons may be recommended without special consideration as to age.     

谷氨酰胺对过度训练状态下大鼠肠粘膜超微结构、MDA、SOD、GSH、Gln及IgA变化的干预作用

探讨过度训练状态下肠粘膜免疫屏障结构和功能的变化及谷氨酰胺(Gln)的干预作用及其机制。采用过度训练大鼠模型,通过补充外源性Gln的对比试验,应用形态学手段结合免疫组织化学和图像分析方法,对训练后大鼠肠道粘膜的超微结构、脂质过氧化反应产物丙二醛(MDA)含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量、Gln含量和粘膜IgA的产生及含量做定位和定量研究。结果显示,过度训练组与普通训练组(对照组)比较,电镜下肠道粘膜超微结构明显改变,MDA含量显著升高,GSH和Gln含量明显降低,SOD活性显著下降,IgA浆细胞计数及其平均吸光度以及粘液IgA水平显著降低(P<0.01),补充外源性Gln,对这些变化有显著抑制作用。结果表明,过度训练大鼠肠粘膜超微结构和免疫功能发生了显著改变,这些变化可能与肠粘膜脂质过氧化水平升高和Gln代谢紊乱有关,补充外源性Gln对这些改变有显著干预作用。     

运动与元素钙、铁、锌、镁、铜的研究

钙、铁、锌、镁、铜元素在机体代谢和运动能力提高中起着非常重要的作用。建议在运动训练中要定期的监测和评定运动员体内这些元素含量,并适当补充。     

Effect of loading on peak power of the bar,body, and system during power cleans,squats, and jump squats

Abstract

Nine males (age 24.7 ± 2.1 years, height 175.3 ± 5.5 cm, body mass 80.8 ± 7.2 kg, power clean 1-RM 97.1 ± 6.36 kg, squat 1-RM = 138.3 ± 20.9 kg) participated in this study. On day 1, the participants performed a one-repetition maximum (1-RM) in the power clean and the squat. On days 2, 3, and 4, participants performed the power clean, squat or jump squat. Loading for the power clean ranged from 30% to 90% of the participant's power clean 1-RM and loading for the squat and jump squat ranged from 0% to 90% of the participant's squat 1-RM, all at 10% increments. Peak force, velocity, and power were calculated for the bar, body, and system (bar + body) for all power clean, squat, and jump squat trials. Results indicate that peak power for the bar, body, and system is differentially affected by load and movement pattern. When using the power clean, squat or jump squat for training, the optimal load in each exercise may vary. Throwing athletes or weightlifters may be most concerned with bar power, but jumpers or sprinters may be more concerned with body or system power. Thus, the exercise type and load vary according to the desired stimulus.     

循证体育学的定义、基础、发展与实践

为了推动传统体育学的进一步发展,运用文献资料法和系统评价,对循证体育学的定义、基础、发展与实践进行综述.研究结论:(1)循证体育学的定义:即遵循当前最新、最佳证琚的体育学,是国际体育领域近年来迅速发展起来的一种新的体育实践模式.其核心思想是:任何体育决策的确定都应基于客观的体育学研究证据;(2)循证体育学的基础:任何体育的决策,必须建立在当前最新、最佳的研究证据与体育专业知识和体育的主体/体育实践者/体育参与者的价值结合的基础上;(3)循证体育学的实践:第一步、提出一个或多个合理的并有可能被解决的问题;第二步、检索证据;第三步、评价证据;第四步、应用证据;第五步、后效的评价,藉此可提高体育学循证实践的合理性与标准化.     

论太极拳技术的三大要素：螺旋、阴阳、归圆

通过对各派太极拳技术的演变进行梳理,并与专家学者以及民间拳师进行交流和商榷,结合自身多年对太极拳的体悟,对太极拳技术特点进行分析。由此得出：阴阳是太极拳技术的理法,圆是太极拳运行的核心,螺旋是太极拳的技法。正所谓太极拳运动,不离方圆,阴阳互变,旨在螺旋。     

Pain Tolerance,Arousal, and Personality Relationships of Athletes and Nonathletes

Abstract

Eighty-four subjects were randomly selected from intercollegiate sport groups of basketball, baseball, football linemen, football backs, track distance runners, track field and sprint men, and nonathlete males. Subjects submitted to a muscular endurance task employed to determine pain tolerance during which Galvanic Skin Response measures of arousal were obtained. The Bernreuter Personality Inventory was administered to each subject following the treatment. Data were treated by ANCOVA and discriminant analysis techniques for sport and nonsport group comparisons of pain tolerance, arousal, and personality. No differences were found among groups.     

Development of perceived competence,tactical skills,motivation, technical skills,and speed and agility in young soccer players

ABSTRACT

The objective of this 1-year, longitudinal study was to examine the development of perceived competence, tactical skills, motivation, technical skills, and speed and agility characteristics of young Finnish soccer players. We also examined associations between latent growth models of perceived competence and other recorded variables. Participants were 288 competitive male soccer players ranging from 12 to 14 years (12.7 ± 0.6) from 16 soccer clubs. Players completed the self-assessments of perceived competence, tactical skills, and motivation, and participated in technical, and speed and agility tests. Results of this study showed that players’ levels of perceived competence, tactical skills, motivation, technical skills, and speed and agility characteristics remained relatively high and stable across the period of 1 year. Positive relationships were found between these levels and changes in perceived competence and motivation, and levels of perceived competence and speed and agility characteristics. Together these results illustrate the multi-dimensional nature of talent development processes in soccer. Moreover, it seems crucial in coaching to support the development of perceived competence and motivation in young soccer players and that it might be even more important in later maturing players.