Microbial activity and community diversity in a variable charge soil as affected by cadmium exposure levels and time

Effects of cadmium (Cd) on microbial biomass, activity and community diversity were assessed in a representative variable charge soil (Typic Aquult) using an incubation study. Cadmium was added as Cd(NO3)2> to reach a concentration range of 0～16 mg Cd/kg soil. Soil extractable Cd generally increased with Cd loading rate, but decreased with incubation time. Soil mi-crobial biomass was enhanced at low Cd levels (0.5～1 mg/kg), but was inhibited consistently with increasing Cd rate. The ratio of microbial biomass C/N varied with Cd treatment levels, decreasing at low Cd rate (<0.7 mg/kg available Cd), but increasing progressively with Cd loading. Soil respiration was restrained at low Cd loading (<1 mg/kg), and enhanced at higher Cd levels. Soil microbial metabolic quotient (MMQ) was generally greater at high Cd loading (1～16 mg/kg). However, the MMQ is also affected by other factors. Cd contamination reduces species diversity of soil microbial communities and their ability to metabolize different C substrates. Soils with higher levels of Cd contamination showed decreases in indicator phospholipids fatty acids (PLFAs) for Gram-negative bacteria and actinomycetes, while the indicator PLFAs for Gram-positive bacteria and fungi increased with increasing levels of Cd contamination.     

Engineering aspects of landfilling municipal solid waste

Sanitary landfilling is the most important method of municipal solid waste disposal in China. Landfill sites are always set up in mountain valley, on plain or beside seashore. A complete landfill consists of base system, cover system, and leachate collection and gas extraction system. This paper reviews the state-of-the-art landfilling technology in China and collection discusses research projects for engineers. Project(59878050) supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC)     

Biodegradability of leachates from Chinese and German municipal solid waste

The quantitative and qualitative composition of Chinese municipal solid waste （MSW） differs significantly from German waste. The focus of this paper is on whether these differences also lead to dissimilar qualities of leachates during storage or landfilling. Leachates ingredients determine the appropriate treatment technique. MSW compositions of the two cities Guilin （China） and Essen （Germany）, each with approx. 600000 inhabitants, are used to simulate Chinese and German MSW types. A sequencing batch reactor （SBR） is used, combining aerobic and anaerobic reaction principles, to test the biodegradability of leachates. Leachates are tested for temperature, pH-value, redox potentials, and oxygen concentration. Chemical oxygen demand （COD） values are determined. Within 8 h, the biodegradation rates for both kinds of leachates are more than 90%. Due to the high organic content of Chinese waste, the degradation rate for Guilin MSW leachate is even higher, up to 97%. The effluent from SBR technique is suitable for direct discharge into bodies of water.     

生活垃圾焚烧残灰中有毒成分的排放特性

目的：探索中国生活垃圾焚烧残灰中重金属、氯苯、多环芳烃等有毒成分的排放特性、排放水平及相互之间的关联特性,并认识其产生、排放与焚烧炉型、焚烧条件的关联,以探索控制其危害的有效方法。方法：1.对中国几个典型的生活垃圾焚烧炉现场采样,获得多个飞灰和底渣的样品;2.通过多种不同的检测手段和方法,分别检测残灰的基本物理化学特性、氯苯、多环芳烃和主要金属元素的浓度;3.结合焚烧炉型和焚烧特性等条件,分析各有毒成分的排放特性和相互之间的关联特性。结论：1.氯苯、多环芳烃和重金属受焚烧因素影响,在残灰中的排放特性各不相同,流化床焚烧炉能消除焚烧和原始垃圾的扰动,能控制氯苯在残灰中的排放,但多环芳烃排放控制不如炉排焚烧炉;2.残灰中主要的有机有毒成分为高氯代氯苯和2至4环等少环类多环芳烃;3.氯苯和多环芳烃在残灰中的含量可能因为不同的产生机理而表现出一定的负关联特点;4.残灰中的金属主要为铝和铁等轻金属,浓度远高于重金属元素,而无毒重金属（主要为Mn、Ni、As和Zn）浓度高于有毒重金属元素（Cu、Pb和Cr）,且不同金属表现出不同的对氯苯和多环芳烃的催化促进或抑制作用。     

Simulation of municipal solid waste gasification for syngas production in fixed bed reactors

This study proposes a model of syngas production from municipal solid waste （MSW） gasification with air in fixed bed reactors. The model （using Aspen plus simulator） is used to predict the results of MSW gasification and to provide some process fundamentals concerning syngas production from MSW gasification. The effects of gasification temperature, air equiva- lence ratio and moisture concentration on the composition of syngas, lower heating value （LHV） of syngas, heat conversion efficiency, and carbon conversion are discussed. The results indicate that higher temperature improves gasification, and higher air equivalence ratio increases the carbon conversion while decreasing syngas LHV. Heat conversion efficiency increases and reaches the maximum and then decreases with the increase of air equivalence ratio. Higher moisture concentration increases the carbon conversion and increases the heat conversion efficiency at lower ratios. Higher temperature and a lower equivalence ratio are favorable for obtaining a higher LHV of syngas at the same moisture concentration.     

Quick start-up of EGSB reactor treating fresh leachate of municipal solid waste

An expanded granular sludge bed (EGSB) reactor inoculated with anaerobic granular sludge was started up with its COD removal performance, self-balancing of pH, biogas production rate and characteristics of the granular sludge during the start-up period being investigated. The results indicated that the EGSB reactor can be started up successfully in 27 d by increasing the organic loading rate rapidly. The removal efficiency of COD was maintained above 93% with influent COD concentration of 25 000 mg/L and OL...     

Influence of temperature fluctuation on thermophilic anaerobic digestion of municipal organic solid waste

INTRODUCTION The use of anaerobic process to treat municipal organic solid waste (MOSW) has dramatically in-creased recently. Anaerobic digestion can be carried out under ambient (<25 °C), mesophilic (25~45 °C) and thermophilic (>45 °C) conditions (El-Mashad et al., 2004). Thermophilic digestion has many advan-tages such as higher metabolic rate and higher con-sequent specific growth rate compared with meso-philic digestion, although the thermophilic bacteria death rate is higher (…     

Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in flue gas emissions from municipal solid waste incinerators in China

Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and furalls(PCDD/Fs)emissions in flue gas from two types of municipal solid waste incinerators(MSWIs)most commonly used in China were investigated in this study.The selected incinerators include two grate-type MSWIs:MSWl-A(350 t/d)and MSWI-B(150 t/d),and two fluidized bed MSWIs:MSWI-C(400 t/d) and MSWI-D (400 t/d),which are all equipped with semi-dry lime scrubber and bag filter except MSWI-D equipped with cyclone and wet scrubber(WS)as air pollutant conffol device(APCD).Results indicated that the emission concentration and the international toxic equivalents(I-TEQs)of the PCDD/Fs from the stacks were in the range of 1.210～10.273 ng/Nm3 and 0.019～0.201 ngI-TEQ/Nm3,respectively.They were greatly lower than the emission regulation standard of PCDD/FS in China(1.0 ng I-TEQ/Nm3).However,only the PCDD/Fs emission Ievel from MSWI-C Was below 0.1 ng I-TEQ/Nm3.Although the homologue profiles were distinct,the contributions of the 2,3,7,8-subsituted congenem to the total I-TEQ were similar among all the investigated MSWIs.Two major 2,3,7,8-substituted congeners,2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF and 1,2,3,7,8-PeCDD,account for 47% and 9%(average values)of the total I-TEQ values,respectively.The correlation between PCDD/Fs levels and composition of flue gas Was also discussed.     

城市生活垃圾产量的组合预测

引入一种新的预测垃圾产量的方法——组合预测方法,该法能够综合利用不同预测方法提供的信息提高预测精度。结合厦门市1996～2008年的垃圾产量,分析不同预测方法的预测精度,并预测5年后的垃圾产量。通过研究发现:单一预测模型中,线性回归法和年增长率法的预测结果偏小,误差较大,灰色理论GM(1,1)的预测结果偏大,误差较小,基本在10%以内;组合预测模型的预测精度高于单一预测模型;厦门市城市生活垃圾年平均增长率约为10%,低于国民生产总值和社会消费品零售总额年平均增长率,高于城镇居民消费性支出年平均增长率。     

Removal of PCDDs/Fs from municipal solid waste incineration by entrained-flow adsorption technology

INTRODUCTION Polychlorinated dibenzodioxins and poly- chlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDDs/Fs) are some major toxic substances unintentionally produced mainly from municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI). Attention has been focused on the best way for controlling and regulating such emissions. Among flue gas treatment technologies for post combustion zone emission control (Buekens and Huang, 1998; McKay, 2002), activated carbon adsorption (ACA) and techniques involving physical adsorp…     

Safety impact of piled municipal solid waste dumps in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region on water quality

The safety of water quality in the Three Gorges Reservoir(TGR)is very important.Protections and remediation of environment safety are very crucial for guaranteeing TGR environmental quality.When piled municipal solid waste(MSW) dumps are submerged without treatment,pollutants in the MSW will leach into the water and threaten the water safety of the reservoir.Based on the surveys of the amount,distribution and characteristics of piled MSW in the TGR area,this study focusing on the MSW dumps at the water leve...     

Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in flue gas emissions from municipal solid waste incinerators in China

Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and furans （PCDD/Fs） emissions in flue gas from two types of municipal solid waste incinerators （MSWIs） most commonly used in China were investigated in this study. The selected incinerators include two grate-type MSWIs： MSWI-A （350 t/d） and MSWI-B 050 t/d）, and two fluidized bed MSWIs： MSWI-C （400 t/d） and MSWI-D （400 t/d）, which are all equipped with semi-dry lime scrubber and bag filter except MSWI-D equipped with cyclone and wet scrubber （WS） as air pollutant control device （APCD）. Results indicated that the emission concentration and the international toxic equivalents （I-TEQs） of the PCDD/Fs from the stacks were in the range of 1.210-10.273 ng/Nm^3 and 0.019-0.201 ng I-TEQ/Nm^3, respectively. They were greatly lower than the emission regulation standard of PCDD/Fs in China （1.0 ng I-TEQ/Nm^3）. However, only the PCDD/Fs emission level from MSWI-C was below 0.1 ng I-TEQ/Nm^3. Although the homologue profiles were distinct, the contributions of the 2,3,7,8-subsituted congeners to the total I-TEQ were similar among all the investigated MSWIs. Two major 2,3,7,8-substituted congeners, 2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF and 1,2,3,7,8-PeCDD, account for 47% and 9% （average values） of the total I-TEQ values, respectively. The correlation between PCDD/Fs levels and composition of flue gas was also discussed.     

Dispersion modeling and health risk assessment of dioxin emissions from a municipal solid waste incinerator in Hangzhou, China

The emission of dioxins from municipal solid waste incinerators (MSWIs) has become a widespread concern. The effect of meteorological parameters (wind speed, atmospheric stability and mixing height) on the hourly ground level concentration (GLC) of dioxins was estimated using air dispersion models. Moreover, the health risks of dioxin exposure were evaluated for children and adults using the Nouwen equation. The total environmental exposure via air inhalation and food ingestion was calculated, based on linear fit equations. The results indicate that potentially severe pollution from dioxins occurs at a wind speed of 1.5 m/s with atmospheric stability class F. In addition, local residents in the study area are exposed to severe weather conditions most of the time, and the risk exposures for children are far higher than those for adults. The total exposure for children far exceeds the tolerable daily intake of dioxin recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) of 1–4 pg TEQ/(kg·d) under severe weather conditions. Results from modeling calculations of health risk assessment were consistent with dioxin levels obtained during actual monitoring of emissions.     

四川雅安市社区矫正现状及社区矫正制度的完善

社区矫正已经成为我国刑事法制改革的一个必然选择。在我国社区矫正试点开展三年多的时间里,尽管成绩有目共睹,但更主要的任务应在于发现存在的问题,为我国进一步深化刑罚改革提供思路。不久前,四川开始了第三批社区矫正工作试点,四川农业大学法学系的志愿者利用社会实践的机会,在雅安地区针对群众对社区矫正基本知识的了解展开了问卷调查,通过本次调查发现了一些问题并提出一些建设性意见和建议,供决策者参考。     

关于我国城镇社区自治的思考

我国的城镇社区自治制度建设已经展开，这对于推进我国的民主政治建设，促进社会的和谐稳定，实现依法治国具有重要意义。但我国的城镇社区自治尚处于初创阶段，还存在许多问题，有必要采取适当措施加以完善，以推进我国城镇社区自治的进程。     

Soil bacterial and fungal community successions under the stress of chlorpyrifos application and molecular characterization of chlorpyrifos-degrading isolates using ERIC-PCR

研究目的：评价毒死蜱施用后对土壤细菌和真菌群落结构的影响,并对降解功能菌株进行分析。创新要点：通过聚合酶链式反应–变性梯度凝胶电泳（PCR-DGGE）方法,揭示了毒死蜱施用后土壤细菌和真菌群落结构动态变化,并对试验土壤中的降解菌群进行分子鉴定。研究方法：将农田土壤用终质量分数5 mg/kg和20 mg/kg毒死蜱处理,同时以不施用毒死蜱为对照,定期采集土样进行毒死蜱残留测定并提取土壤DNA。将提取的土壤总DNA作为PCR反应模板,细菌群落结构分析采用对大多数细菌16S rRNA基因V3区具有特异性的引物GC-341F和517R,真菌群落结构分析采用ITS区特异引物对GC-ITS1f和ITS2f。DGGE图谱经Quantity One软件进行数字化分析,各泳道中的条带经标准化处理之后,条带的相对光密度构成一个矩阵,用Matlab软件进行主成分分析（PCA）,用Dice法计算相似性指数CS,用MEGA 4.1软件构建系统发育树,进行聚类分析。之后,采用LB、察氏和高氏三种培养基结合的纯培养分离方法,从毒死蜱处理土样中分离具有降解功能的菌株。分别提取纯培养物的染色体DNA,利用ERIC-PCR对分离到的降解菌进行基因组指纹图谱分析,将典型肠杆菌基因间的重复共有序列–聚合酶链式反应（ERIC-PCR）指纹图谱类型的代表菌株进行16S rRNA基因（细菌和放线菌）或ITS区（真菌）扩增并测序,测序结果提交GenBank基因库,并进行BLAST比对,初步确定降解菌株的分子地位。重要结论：本实验条件下,毒死蜱降解符合一级动力学,5 mg/kg和20 mg/kg毒死蜱浓度下的降解方程分别为y=5.252e-0.09x和y=19.41e-0.08x。DGGE指纹图谱显示,毒死蜱施用后土壤真菌群落结构与对照相比发生很大改变,且毒死蜱处理样品真菌群落结构保持基本稳定,多样性指数明显提高（见图2b）;主成分分析显示,毒死蜱处理样品与对照明显分在2个不同的区域,充分表明毒死蜱对土壤真菌群落结构影响迅速且持久（见图3b）。毒死蜱处理样品细菌群落结构只在试验前30天与对照相比明显不同,60天时已经恢复对照水平（见图2a）,同时主成分分析图上,毒死蜱处理样品与对照也越来越靠近,最后聚在一起（见图3a）,说明毒死蜱对土壤细菌群落结构影响短暂。最后,获得了9个典型的ERIC型毒死蜱降解菌株。     

The development of community competence in the teacher education curriculum

Teachers are expected to frequently collaborate within teacher communities in schools. This requires teacher education to prepare student teachers by developing the necessary community competence. The present study empirically investigates the extent to which teacher education programmes pay attention to and aim to stimulate the development of community competence in the intended curriculum, the implemented curriculum and the attained curriculum. Various types of data are gathered and analysed in respect of these three curriculum representations. It appears that community competence is weakly conceptualised in the intended curriculum. In the implemented, and especially the attained curriculum, this results in no systematic and explicit practice in terms of the development of community competence.     

泉州社区大学老年教育的探索与实践

HUANG Li-ming(Quanzhou Branch,Fujian Radio and Television University,Quanzhou,Fujian,362000,China)     

脱域视角下我国当代城市社区建设分析

近些年来,在政府的倡导与推动下,社区建设已在全国各地城市中取得了一些进展,但在社区建设过程中也逐渐暴露出一个明显的问题就是社区主要成员的主要社会活动脱离社区,居民生活脱域现象加剧。文章试图从脱域的视角切入,分析社区居民社会生活脱域的因素,并提出缓解脱域对社区建设制约的相关建议,来改变目前社区建设缺乏居民积极主动参与的平静化状态。     

石家庄市社区文化建设及相关角色定位

社区文化包括物质文化和精神文化两个层面。社区文化建设是解决石家庄市社区矛盾纷争的一剂良方,是业主、开发商的福祉,是物业企业的利器。在社区文化建设园地中,开发商、物业企业扮演着“园丁”角色,业主、住户才是行动的主体。