Situations,interaction, process and affordances: An ecological psychology perspective

From an ecological psychology perspective, afull analysis of any learning context mustacknowledge the complex nonlinear dynamics thatunfold as an intentionally-driven learnerinteracts with a technology-based purposefullydesigned learning environment. Further, a fullanalysis must avoid focusing only on theindividual within the learning context and notaccounting for the intentionality andconstraining influence of the designer and thebroader community. Finally, such an analysismust either pin down how learning anddevelopment can be driven by perception of theenvironment alone (detection of affordances),or alternatively from an ecologicalperspective, by a cyclical interaction ofperception and action. This paperpresents these parameters for any model ofcontext or situation in relationship to theissues raised by Akhras and Self's (this issue)presentation on intelligent learningenvironments. We propose that a full situationmodel would need to incorporate constraints notonly from the environment, but also from theindividual and most precisely from the specificinteraction at the moment of an occasion.     

利用Web Services实现网络个性化学习

本文描述了一个基于Web的多重代理的个性化学习系统。系统中利用代理监视学习者,客户端与学习者模型服务器通过Web services进行交互,在服务器端的学习者模型可以使分布在Internet应用动态地集成,而不考虑下面的平台,保证了学习者模型的完整。     

计算机网络环境下大学英语自主学习的优势和学习策略

在自主学习的理论依据和学习模式基础上分析了计算机网络教学在实际应用中的优势及要求,并依据教学实践提出计算机网络环境下大学英语自主学习的策略。     

A practical approach for applying online remote experiments: OnPReX

The development of Internet technologies stimulates the increase of online technology-supported education in universities. Online learning based on remote experiments is capable of diminishing the scantiness in practical courses. In this paper, we present online practical courses based on remote experiments (OnPReX). These courses consist of online experiments, interactive graphics and an online tutoring-system organised at the Berlin Institute of Technology (TUB). We developed two online practical courses, one focusing on classical and the other on modern physics, for bachelor and intermediate diploma engineering students. Our online practical courses based on remote experiments took place in two test phases during two semesters. These courses were evaluated and the results were used to improve the courses. Our online practical courses on remote experiments have successfully been integrated as electives at the TUB.     

Peer Tutoring, Metacognitive Processes and Multimedia Problem-based Learning: The Effect of Mediation Training on Critical Thinking

The main objective of the study reported was to explore the effect on young children’s critical thinking of a peer-tutoring training embedded with the metacognitive processes required for problem-based learning and, consequently, for critical thinking. The sample consisted of 90 first- and third-grade pupils (45 pairs) randomly assigned to the experimental or control group. The experimental tutors received the Peer Mediation training, an intervention containing embedded metacognitive processes. The control children received a general preparation for peer-assisted learning. Following their respective preparations, all the children participated in a peer-tutoring condition, videotaped for 25 min and subsequently analyzed with an adaptation of the Newman et al. (Interpers Comput Technol 3(2):56–77, 1995) content analysis instrument. Analysis of the discourse conducted during the tutoring session indicated that the tutors and tutees in the experimental groups exhibited greater depth of critical thinking, demonstrated in the higher Quality of Discourse Ratio calculated, than did the tutors and tutees in the control group. The findings supported previous results showing the efficacy of the Peer Mediation for Young Children mediation-training program, with its embedded metacognitive competencies, for reinforcing young children’s higher-order thinking. Implications for educators are discussed.     

基于工作过程的高职交换技术课程开发与建设

以通信专业核心课程——交换技术为案例,详细介绍了基于工作过程的课程开发关键环节,包括岗位能力分析、学习领域和学习情境的研究、项目教学及师资队伍建设等,为其他课程建设提供参考．     

新中国建立后中共信访权利观的生成：情境、语境与困境

中共关于信访是一种民主权利的观点,在某种程度上是信访利益主体博弈的产物,也是反对信访官僚主义的一种策略和话语,其生成时具有工具理性特点.为当时政治、法律和思想意识等约束条件所制约,有关信访权利的法制规范具有某些不可避免的缺陷,我们从中可以得到一些启示.     

A Trial of the Five Es: A Referent Model for Constructivist Teaching and Learning

The science and technology education literature indicates that teaching within a constructivist paradigm is an effective way to promote student learning. Despite this, most primary school teachers do not use constructivist theoretical approaches because they are perceived as difficult and impractical to implement. To promote constructivist teaching and learning approaches in schools, teachers need access to models and strategies they can implement effectively and with relative ease. A unit of work was developed, based on the Five Es model (Engagement, Exploration, Explanation, Elaboration and Evaluation), and taught to a year 3 class. Ten students were participants in the study and became the sample. Data were analysed using two different methods to compare and validate findings. The unit of work, based on the Five Es model, was found to be interesting and fun by students, and motivated student learning and promoted student higher-order thinking.     

高校智慧学习空间:内涵、发展与趋势

新媒体新技术支持下的高校各学科教与学的变革越发受到重视,作为教学载体的学习空间从传统型向智慧型的演化成为人们的关注焦点,是未来学习环境改革的重要方向。以对现有相关文献和应用实例的深入分析为基础,总结并提出了高校智慧学习空间的特征与结构模型;采用关键词共现分析等方法,对近年来高校智慧学习空间的建设与发展开展了探究;剖析了高校智慧学习空间在实际建设中存在的一些问题,并预测了其发展趋势。     

高校学分制实施现状及改革方略研究

学分制是以学分为计量单位并以此来衡量学生学习的质与量的教学管理制度。与传统的学年制相比,学分制在学习内容的选择性和时间的灵活性上体现出极大的优越性,一个多世纪以来,学分制为世界各国许多高校所用,并产生了深远影响。近年来,我国许多高校先后从学年制向学分制过渡,但受多种因素影响,这项教学管理体制改革遇到许多问题。本文拟从当前高校学分制实施现状出发,寻求学分制改革发展的有效途径。     

注重制度建设 落实激励政策切实推进人才培养模式改革

在外聘教师担任辅导教师的情况下，建立助理辅导教师制度有利于为学员提供更好的学习支持服务，有利于尽快建立适应试点工作的教师队伍；推行个别化学习模式，要把课内外教学看成一个整体，综合确定一个合理的计酬方法，切实落实激励政策；指导教师是个目标性、专业性很强的工作，应由本专业教师担任；开放教育更注重教学过程和学习方法，在知识和获取知识能力两方面更注重能力的培养。     

知易行难:信息素养视角下的高校教学信息化

最近十多年,国内外诸多知名高校纷纷致力于通过教学信息化建设来提高教学效果,为学生提供丰富多样的学习资料以及灵活的学习模式。与此同时,高校教学信息化还是高校培养和提升学生信息素养的主要途径。教学信息化为学生营造了一个自主学习的环境,长期在这个环境中学习,学生的信息素养在潜移默化中得到提升。尽管国内外高校普遍认为教学信息化建设有利于全面提升学生的素养,但是其建设却是一个知易行难的过程,因为涉及到对整个高校教学管理体制的改革。     

Resources for Science Learning: Tools,Tasks, and Environment

This article addresses the question of how science learning can be improved. It recognizes that, while learners themselves are responsible for their own learning, the quality of this learning is greatly influenced when appropriate resources are available to learners. These resources are provided through a partnership between teachers and learners. Three different types of resource are discussed. Tools, in the form of computer tools and conceptual tools, make tasks easier and allow learners to undertake tasks they would not otherwise be able to do. Tasks can facilitate effective learning by creating effective spaces for learners to work in, embodying key aspects of the disciplines of science, providing effective and authentic opportunities for learners to learn, and facilitating a dialogue between learners ideas and their experiences of the natural world. Environment – the ecology in which learning happens – provides three sources of information through the human, social, and conceptual worlds. When key aspects of these worlds are manifested in the environment, they scaffold the learning of science content, the nature of science, and the learning process itself, all of which are required for the deep understanding of science that constitutes improved science learning.     

Introduction Teaching Situations as Object of Research: Empirical Studies within Theoretical Perspectives

This volume gathers contributions that share the same double concern: to focus on teaching situations in classrooms, especially the work of the teacher, and to be strongly anchored in original theoretical frameworks allowing to take the classroom situation as unit of analysis. The contributions are not a representative sample of all research sharing this focus worldwide. The theoretical frameworks are grounded mainly (but not solely) in the theory of didactic situations (Brousseau, 1997) and the anthropological theory of didactics (Chevallard, 1992, 1999). There are 11 articles altogether, 9 of which present research works within the chosen theme and focus. The other two are commentary papers offering a reflection on studies of classroom situations from the point of view of other theoretical viewpoints. “Original” in the sense of having been developed specifically for research in mathematics education and not borrowed from other domains such as psychology, sociology, etc.     

Interference, Inhibition, and Learning Disability: A Commentary on Dempster and Corkill

This paper examines the implications of Dempster and Corkill's Interference and Inhibition in Cognition and Behavior: Unifying Themes for Educational Psychology for the field of learning disabilities (LD). The LD concept has been anchored in assumptions that the condition is related to neurological dysfunction and psychological processing deficits. These concepts have proved problematic, and consequently, theoretical understanding of LD has been limited. The concepts of interference and inhibition offer two advantages for explaining LD. First, they suggest a different perspective about the nature of process deficits associated with LD. Second, they may be more confidently related to brain functioning. A more comprehensive view of LD is thus possible that may lead to enhanced understanding and explanation.     

真实学习:意义、特征、挑战与设计

真实学习的理论观点和实践主张强调学生通过解决真实世界的问题进行学习,从而逐步发展信息时代所需要的多种能力。真实学习涉及学习者面对的问题和任务、结果或者产品、环境和过程等多个层面的真实性,因而给学校教育情境中的实现带来了巨大挑战。为应对这些挑战,教师在教学设计和实施过程中,可以采用重构学习单元、聚焦核心知识的理解与建构、将真实活动结构化、设计清晰的支持系统等策略,设计真实学习活动和学习支持系统。通过分析人如何与现代信息技术共存,将为运用信息技术促进真实学习的实现及整个学校学习的革新提供基础。     

境内外学生对网上学习环境的评价之比较

在全球范围内网上教学越来越成为主要的教学模式之一.然而,我国内地和境外的高等院校建构了怎样的网上学习环境呢？本研究邀请具有网上教学经验的四所内地高校和七所境外高校参加,采用问卷调查和比较研究的方法,通过学生对网上学习环境的评价,比较我国内地和境外高等院校的网上学习环境.本调查收回有效问卷2,311份,内容包括八个方面：技术支持、教学设计、内容设计、网站设计、灵活性、学生互动、教师支持,以及学习评估.研究表明,我国内地和境外高校建立的网上学习环境都注重到了以上八个层面的主题,然而,内地的高校提供更多的是技术支持,而境外高校在教学设计、课程设计、网站设计、灵活性等方面则给予了更多的重视.作者希望,本研究结果能有助于远程教育机构改进网上学习环境,增进网上教学的效果.     

从“工作流”到“学习流”：E-learning系统设计的新视角

目前大多数E-learning支持系统基于内容对象设计,由此造成的学习者控制、网络迷失和认知超载等问题已成为制约E—learning发展的瓶颈。本文借鉴“工作流”的理念,结合学习活动的流程化特性,提出了“学习流”的概念,并建立了学习流的数学模型——ATC模型,在此基础上分析了学习流的构成要素和控制策略设计,试图为E—learning系统的设计和开发提供新的思路和视角。最后简要介绍了本研究开发的基于“学习流”理念的管理系统功能架构,该系统已于2006年成功地应用于一项由教育部主持的面向全国的教师培训项目。研究结果表明,学习者对于“学习流”管理系统支持下的培训有着很高的评价和认同度;采用基于“学习流”的方式组织和管理学习活动,可以大大提高系统的易用性和学习活动的组织效率,避免学习者网络迷航,从而为实施有效教学、促进有意义的学习创造了条件。