巴西高等教育入学机会公平问题探析

本文阐述了巴西高等教育入学机会不公平问题的表现与原因,同时介绍并分析了巴西政府促进高等教育入学机会公平的方案,以期为同为发展中国家的中国的高等教育入学机会公平问题提供有益的借鉴与启示。     

高等教育入学机会公平之高考加分政策思考

高考加分问题是教育领域一直关注的话题,并且与整个社会息息相关.本文在简要介绍高考加分政策的由来和作用的基础上,关注目前社会舆论反响强烈的高考加分乱象问题.目的是回归高考加分政策的本真,让加分政策真正成为落实党的教育方针、促进学生全面而有个性地发展、为高校选拔人才提供多元评价信息的有力措施;发挥高考加分政策在推进中学实施素质教育、落实党和国家关心部分特殊群体的作用.     

高等教育入学机会的城乡差距及缩小差距的政策建议

自1999年我国高校大规模扩招后,高等教育入学机会的阶层差距、城乡差距、地区差距呈现出新的特征,并以城乡差距最为明显——从显性总量上的不均衡发展转为隐形的、更深层次的教育差距。高等教育入学机会的城乡差距是城乡社会经济和教育等多种因素共同作用的结果。要缩小高等教育入学机会的城乡差距,应坚持城乡基础教育的协调发展,加强社会补偿教育的改革,继续改革现行高校招生考试制度并完善现有学生资助政策。     

高等教育入学机会公平的财政促进政策探析

教育公平是社会公平的基础,高等教育入学机会是衡量教育公平水平的重要指标。我国高等教育入学机会因学生个体间家庭经济状况的差异、省区间教育经费配置的差异、中央政府对不同高校经费投入的差异而呈现出学生个体间入学机会不均、高校招生名额省区间分配差别较大与地区间招生录取分数线不一致等问题。从国家财政促进政策的角度看,需要各级政府加大基础教育的投入力度,缩小基础教育质量差距;多渠道筹集高等教育发展资金;优化高等教育投入模式;建立健全高等教育财政转移支付制度,推进高等教育入学机会日趋公平。     

高等教育入学机会的城乡差异

当前我国高等教育入学机会城乡差异的主要特征是,城乡差异在不断缩小,但差异仍然十分明显,特别是重点大学入学机会的城乡差距还比较大。城市化和高校扩招对缩小高等教育入学机会的城乡差异有重要作用。为了进一步缩小高等教育入学机会的城乡差异,应努力推进城市化进程,逐步缩小城乡基础教育办学条件的差异。     

高等教育规模扩张与各阶层子女入学机会变迁研究

在MMI和EMI理论及实证调查的基础上,本文以福建省为例,对改革开放后高等教育规模扩张过程中社会阶层子女入学机会分布的变化情况进行了研究。结果发现,各阶层子女总体的入学机会不均等程度有所改善。就不同层次高校而言,部属重点高校中的入学机会不均等程度经历了一个先扩大后缩小的过程,当前入学机会已开始下移,惠及部分中间阶层子女;普通本科院校和专科院校中的入学机会一直朝着均等化方向迈进,底层社会子女在此两类院校中获得的入学机会逐渐增多。     

我国农村学生高等教育入学机会研究

文章的研究表明,农村学生的高等教育入学机会与城市学生相比很少,不仅体现在接受高等教育机会的多少上,也体现在所接受的高等教育层次上.其主要影响因素是学生的家庭背景、基础教育质量、高校招生制度等.文章认为应采取有力的措施解决农村学生接受高等教育问题,促进教育公平的实现.     

高等教育入学机会:扩大之中的阶层差距

本文对部分高校不同家庭背景大学生的调查显示,在高等教育扩招之后,重点高校的农村学生比例明显下降,优势阶层的子女更多集中在热门专业,低阶层家庭子女的高考录取分数普遍高于优势阶层的子女,高等教育入学机会的阶层差距呈现扩大的趋势。它是高中阶段教育分层状况的积累和延续。     

二战后美国高等教育入学机会政策的发展与变革

二战后美国通过相关立法和政府资助,保障不利群体的受教育机会,从量上扩大了高等教育入学机会,使高等教育大众化进程加快并迅速步入普及化阶段.但受20世纪70年代经济危机的影响.B0年代以来,美国政府不得不对高等教育的资助政策作出调整,高等教育经费不足和大学学费的持续增长成为困扰美国高等教育的突出问题.     

不公平地扩充——审视巴西当前的高等教育政策

巴西高等教育在迅速发展的过程中，仍存在大众化程度不够和教育不公平的问题，为此，巴西政府在私立和公立高校分别实行了一系列新政策，以期改变这种状况。但事实上，这些措施并不能有效解决教育不公平问题，只会导致高等教育不公平地扩充。     

Expansion without equity: An analysis of current policy on access to higher education in Brazil

Access to higher education in Brazil is to a large extent restricted to the higher socio-economic groups. Public universities have limited places and entry is determined by highly competitive exams, thereby excluding those who have not had a high quality secondary education or attended an expensive preparatory course. There has been considerable growth in the private sector to absorb the excess demand, but the majority of Brazilians cannot afford the fees. This paper develops a concept of equity in higher education in which, firstly, there should be sufficient places in the system as a whole and, secondly, all people should have a fair opportunity of attending the university of their choice regardless of socio-economic background. Recent efforts to expand access are analysed, including incentives for the growth of private universities, student loans and the new Prouni initiative, in which private institutions provide free places to low-income students in return for tax exemptions. While these initiatives have the potential to increase the total number of places, they will not lead to an equitable expansion, as disadvantaged students will still be confined to courses of lower quality or with lower subsequent value on the employment market. Initiatives aimed at the public sector such as the introduction of quotas and changes to entry examinations are also discussed. Finally, some implications for future policy development are outlined. An earlier version of this paper was presented at the World Congress of Comparative Education Societies, Havana, 25th–29th October 2004.     

规模扩大与高等教育入学机会均等化

This paper explores the role of socio-economic status in determining access to higher education over time. Findings show that the overall equality of higher education opportunity has improved because of the inclusion of more marginal students into lower-tier higher education institutions (HEIs); however, students from higher socio-economic status have benefited disproportionably from the expansion in elite universities. A brief discussion of the potential implications is presented. Translated from Beijing Daxue Jiaoyu Pinglun 北京大学教育评论 (Peking University Education Review), 2006, (1): 24–33     

The impact of federal financial aid policy upon higher education access

This article reviews the history of financial aid policy from the Higher Education Act of 1965 to its reauthorisation in 1992 and the subsequent ramifications upon African-American students. It considers issues of race and class with regard to college access. This work concludes with a look at contemporary aid, as well as offers race- and class-conscious financial aid by increasing college affordability to low-income students, as potential solutions to broadening educational access to Black Americans.     

Equity in Spanish higher education

The most outstanding event in the recent evolution of higher education in developed countries has been the continuously increasing proportion of students entering higher education and, therefore, its extension to more and more inclusive groups. It seems reasonable to assume that the expansion of higher education must have facilitated access of less privileged social classes, but it is important to analyze to what extent this significant increase in higher education participation has reached all social, economic, and cultural groups. This analysis could be useful in designing a policy to help those students who have more difficulty accessing higher education. The goal in this paper is to analyze this subject thoroughly focusing especially on the level of participation of young adults in Spanish higher education controlling for economic level, parental education and occupation, and other environmental characteristics. We present a logistic model which jointly values the influence of different family and social characteristics of the individual on his/her decision to enroll in higher education. The main conclusions of the study are these: (a) There has been improvement in the equity of access to higher education. In spite of this overall improvement, about 30 per cent of the less privileged population is still underrepresented in higher education, (b) Family educational level is the most important factor in the decision to enter higher education. The weight of these educational characteristics exceeds by far the influence of family income level.     

浅析巴西私立高等教育扩张对教育公平的影响

近年来,巴西私立高等教育急剧扩张,但由于高昂的学费以及学位价值与支出的课程费用的不相称,大多数巴西人并不能就读私立大学。这不仅产生了教育的质量问题,而且也出现了教育不公平的现象。尽管私立高等教育中的助学贷款和政府补贴有所增加,但教育公平仍不能真正实现。     

高等教育大众化进程中的公平和效率

高等教育的公平和效率是一对矛盾 ,随着社会经济的发展 ,这对矛盾已经越来越突出。但它们既是对立又是统一的 ,如果确立了高等教育大众化的观点 ,公平和效率是可以兼顾的 ,美国和英国高等教育大众化的实例就是证明。当然 ,要注意公平是有相对性的。     

Transformation impossible: policy,evidence and change in South African higher education

Higher Education - A quarter of a century after South Africa’s transition to democracy, the rhetoric of ‘transformation’ remains firmly ingrained in its higher education policy...     

地方高校发展与高等教育政策调整

近年来,我国地方高校在规模迅猛扩张的同时,普遍陷入了多重发展困境之中。从制度变迁的类型和路径依赖两个角度来看,这种困境产生的制度根源有两个:一是以中央政府为主体的激进式强制性制度变迁的局限性,二是对传统高等教育管理模式的路径依赖。今后高等教育政策调整必须遵循两个基本的指导思想:一是弥补激进式强制性制度变迁的局限,二是摆脱对传统高等教育管理方式的路径依赖。