当今美国移民儿童学校教育存在的问题

当今美国移民儿童的学校教育在受教育机会的平等性、移民儿童的学校适应性、学校的教育质量等方面存在一些问题，这既与移民的文化适应模式及受教育程度有关，也与社会环境外部因素有直接关系。     

论毕节方言词汇的来源系统

毕节方言词汇的来源较为多元化,既有普通话转借词语;又有借自四川方言、贵阳方言、湘赣方言、吴方言的词语,还有来自少数民族语言和英语的语汇以及新造词语。它们共同形成了毕节方言词汇的来源系统。在这些来源中,又主要以普通话词语和四川方言词语为主。这种状况形成的原因,主要有移民的影响,文化教育及中心城市的影响,地域因素及其他因素的影响。     

Education and Recreation Activities of Older Asian Immigrants

Older Asian immigrants experience a variety of challenges when attempting to adapt to life in a new society. Adjustment difficulties associated with cultural differences among older Asian immigrants and the host country may result in a certain levels of acculturative stress. This stress is negatively associated with health and quality of life. In spite of benefits of participation in recreation activities for older Asian immigrants, they continue to experience constraints to their leisure participation that are associated with cultural differences (e.g., language barriers, limited social networks, different family roles, lack of awareness of leisure resources). To address this challenge, it may be helpful to develop strategies to support older Asian immigrants in their leisure pursuits. The purpose of this paper is to (a) examine older Asian immigrants’ issues related to acculturation and their help-seeking patterns, (b) discuss potential leisure constraints associated with cultural differences for leisure participation, and (c) provide suggestions on ways leisure service providers can offer leisure education programs, meaningful recreation activities originating in Asia, and multicultural recreation events.     

The World Wide Web and School Culture

Abstract

The vast educational potential of the Web continues to be largely unrealized in schools. There are many reasons for this, including cultural lag and the speed of technical advancements. Specific problems include educational Web pages that lack interaction, educational fads, frantic implementation of distance education with no regard for quality control, lack of teacher training, lack of institutional technical and pedagogical infrastructure, limited Internet access, and antiquated hardware. The article concludes with a call for research into these problems.     

From Cultural Dissonance to Diasporic Affinity: The Experience of Jamaican Teachers in New York City Schools

This phenomenological study was designed to investigate the experience of Jamaican teachers recruited to serve in elementary and high schools in New York City. The study explored three broad questions: (1) What was teaching like for the participants before they assumed their assignments in the US? (2) What is teaching in the US like for them? and (3) What meanings/insights do they derive from their experience teaching in the US? The findings indicate that the immigrants’ experienced profound cultural dissonance in the classroom as their experiences in the US differed significantly from their previous experience in Jamaica. This dissonance was illustrated by four prominent themes that emerged from data collected through in-depth interviews: (1) lack of respect for teachers and other adults; (2) disregard for teacher authority; (3) lack of student appreciation for the teacher’s work; and (4) student apathy towards education. The cultural dissonance immigrants experienced made them more sensitive to the condition of African American and other minorities, disrupted their strong sense of nationalism, and engendered a growing allegiance to the black Diaspora.     

The Saudi Arabian international student experience: from a gender-segregated society to studying in a mixed-gender environment

In Saudi Arabia gender segregation is a cultural practice that occurs across all public and private domains. This segregation has shaped the lives of Saudi citizens and is driven socially through cultural and religious discourses and politically through regulation and policy. For Saudi students undertaking their education in western countries, the transitioning experience can be challenging. This paper draws on research conducted in Australia that has attempted to explore and understand this transitioning experience. The aim of the study was to highlight the dialectical relationship between participants’ cultural identity and the acculturation experience of cross-cultural contact. The findings indicate that Saudi students’ cultural identity has a significant influence on the experience of being in a mixed-gender environment. Findings also suggest a relationship between current experience and cultural identity. Drawing on in-depth interviews, the paper provides context to help understand the transitioning experience of Saudi students.     

Educational attainment of children of immigrants: Evidence from the national longitudinal survey of youth

This study investigates the educational attainment of children of immigrants in the United States. By employing a more detailed classification of children of immigrants, we examine whether a foreign place of birth of either parent or child affects the child's educational attainment. Our results indicate that the full-second generation (U.S.-born children with both foreign-born parents) achieves the highest educational attainment, while the full-first generation (foreign-born children with both foreign-born parents) achieves the second highest educational attainment compared to the other groups of children of immigrants and native children. Full-first and full-second generation females also achieve higher educational attainment than their native female peers. The results support the optimism theory of assimilation in which the educational attainment of children of immigrants relies on the combination of their foreign-born parents’ strong values on education and the children's English proficiency.     

教育理论原创:缺失归因与解决策略

教育理论的原创研究是基于本土、面向本土的研究 ,解决本土现实的教育问题。由于各国的教育有着共通性 ,这种基于本土的原创性教育理论就必然地具有一定的世界性。我国教育理论原创缺失因历史的原因使原创的努力失去传统积淀的支撑 ;缺乏时代的精神文化氛围 ,学术批判力的弱化 ,问题意识的淡薄 ,教育理论与实践的疏离亦是其缺失的原因。而学术批判力的提高 ,教育研究问题意识的增强 ,教育理论向教育实践的回归 ,树立教育研究的超功利关怀等 ,使提高教育理论的原创成为可能。     

从“技术熟练者”到“反思性实践家”——试论新课改背景下的教师新形象

教师是新课程改革顺利推进的决定性教育因素。“技术熟练者”教师角色形成的文化背景主要为现代知识观、行为主义心理学、泰勒的“目标模式”,其主要特征为教育理论知识缺乏,知识结构单一;教育智慧缺乏,实践能力差;质疑和批判精神缺乏,思想守旧、落后。“反思性实践家”的教师角色形成的文化背景主要为后现代知识观、认知主义心理学、批判理论,其主要特征为知识结构复杂,自我更新能力强;教育智慧充盈,实践能力强;质疑与批判精神丰厚,思想开放、进步。走向“反思性实践家”教师角色的条件主要有后现代文化转向和行动研究运用。     

论教育理论的文化意蕴

教育理论的文化性体现在教育理论的多样性。各类教育理论具有不同的文化意蕴,教育理论的文化性源于教育实践的文化模式依赖。教育实践中的行动模式明显地呈现惯习依赖。教育实践的逻辑既缺乏严密性也缺乏恒定性,既没有严格性也没有连贯性,不论哪种教育理论对教育实践作出的描述,一旦被解释,就会使实践逻辑变形。     

Educational Justice and Occupational Mobility: The Role of Civic Commitment and of Imagination

In Italy, the exploration of, and debate on, problems of educational rights and justice are not subsumed under the comprehensive rubric of “Urban Education”. They are rather studied from disciplinary realms and approaches such as social education or intercultural education that aim to understand and respond to issues of pressing social, political and educational concerns relative to migration, educational inclusion of immigrants’ and minorities’ children, recognition of cultural diversities as teaching and learning resources, among others. In this article the intercultural perspective is focused on the Italian occupational minority of the fairground and circus people, whose intensely mobile way of life impacts on their children’s school attendance and learning, and on the schools’ capacity to elaborate effective educational paths also able to valorize those people’s cultural diversity. Three relevant “bottom up” projects are here presented that mean to positively answer the mismatch between the mobility of the attractionist students and the schooling curricula, the annual teaching schedule and the attendance requirements.     

RETHINKING EDUCATION FOR AUTONOMY IN PLURALISTIC SOCIETIES

If we are to posit, as do many liberal theorists, that autonomy is an educational goal that the state should endorse across cultural difference, key questions remain: What type of autonomy should we strive for, exactly, and how should this goal be achieved? Many liberal philosophers of education have argued that autonomy should enable cultural choice and that the development of autonomy requires students to be exposed to different beliefs and traditions. Shelley Burtt has challenged this dominant position, however, insisting that autonomy (properly understood) can be developed within a “comprehensive education” that does not seek to sympathetically expose students to cultural difference. In this essay, Bryan Warnick responds that Burtt's arguments are inconsistent and lack cultural imagination, and that her underlying concept of autonomy is inadequate, primarily because it lacks a compelling picture of cultural self‐criticism. There is a lack of appreciation, he argues, for how frameworks of cultural comparison are necessary in the development of this self‐criticism. At the same time, Warnick argues that there is much to be learned from Burtt's analysis about the tough choices that need to be made as liberals seek to champion autonomy as an educational end across cultural difference.     

Educational progression of second-generation immigrants and immigrant children

This paper provides important new insights into the reasons for the observed gap in educational attainment between children of immigrants and natives in Denmark using a dynamic discrete model of educational choices to determine at what stages of their educational careers children of immigrants face barriers to educational progression and how background characteristics affect educational choices at different points in the educational system. The main findings of the paper are that dropout rates from vocational upper secondary education are much higher among children of immigrants and that strengthening family characteristics reduces the dropout rates. However, behavioral differences and/or differences in constraints and institutional factors are also important barriers and thus determinants of the observed educational gaps as is age at immigration.     

Developing alternative frameworks for exploring intercultural learning: a critique of Hofstede's cultural difference model

Hofstede's model of cultural difference has been used widely for exploring aspects of culture in educational settings. In this paper, we review Hofstede's model and explore some of its limitations, particularly in relation to the field of higher education. These limitations include an oversimplification of cultural differences, inconsistencies between his categories, lack of empirical evidence from educational settings and overall a model of culture as static (instead of dynamic). We argue that educationalists interested in the field of students’ experiences in internationally diverse settings ought to treat Hofstede's model more critically. Other models are recommended that take into account flexible notions of culture, based on research evidence from a range of educational settings, which can be critically and explicitly examined against different educational theories.     

Advancing intercultural competency: Canadian engineering employers’ experiences with immigrant engineers

This paper explores Canadian engineering employers’ perceptions of and experiences with internationally educated engineers (recent immigrants to Canada) employed in their organisations for varying lengths of time. Qualitative data were collected from employers using focus group methodology. Findings reflected employers’ observations of culturally different behaviours and characteristics in their internationally educated employees, employers’ reactions to cultural differences ranging from negative attributions to tolerance, and the implementation of largely ad hoc intra-organisational strategies for managing cultural differences in employer–employee relationships. Findings exposed the lack of corporate intercultural competency in the Canadian engineering profession. Equity and gatekeeping implications are discussed.     

乌江流域历代移民述论

乌江流域移民源远流长,绵延不断。几千年来,他们基于生存选择、政府组织、自发流动等诸多迁移原由,或成规模、或零散迁入并最终扎根定居于此,不但促进了中国西南边疆地区经济、政治和文化的发展,而且促进了各民族之间的融合,为中华民族共同心理素质的形成奠定了良好的基础。     

Brief Talk About Australia Dating and Marriage Culture——For If You Are The Only One

This paper seeing big things through small ones probes into why the dating show If You Are The One is so popular in Australia, take which as a standard to talk about Australian dating and marriage culture, and then naturally transitioning to the point that Australia as a country of immigrants is tolerant to various cultures. Mass media has great influence on individual idea of love and marriage of Chinese people with which we are supposed to carefully confront.     

Cultural transition and academic achievement of students from ethnic minority backgrounds: a content analysis of empirical research on acculturation

Background: The achievement gap between immigrant and non-immigrant students that has been identified in most OECD countries and the considerable educational dropout rate among students from ethnic minority backgrounds in some countries have become serious challenges for national educational systems. The educational underachievement of young people from ethnic minority backgrounds is embedded in the process of their acculturation. In the tradition of cross-cultural psychology, acculturation describes individual or ethno-cultural group changes in behaviour and attitudes in the situation of intercultural contact. Such cultural changes are central to the experience of ethnic minority students including newly arriving immigrants, children of immigrants and members of marginalised ethnic and racial groups. Acculturation has been described as a stressful process, and acculturation orientations adopted by young people from ethnic minority backgrounds have been shown to have an impact on their adjustment.

Purpose: The school context has been recognised to be the crucial context for acculturation of young people from ethnic minority backgrounds. The academic achievement of these students is thus embedded in the acculturation process, which involves cultural identity development, psychological adjustment and behavioural adjustment. The study is aimed at analysing and systematising the findings of empirical research on acculturation in the school context with a focus on the academic achievement of young people from minority backgrounds.

Design and methods: For this study, 29 peer-reviewed articles from a total of 348 articles that matched the search criteria in the database of the Education Resources Information Centre were selected according to inclusion criteria. The selected articles addressed academic achievement of young people from minority backgrounds in relation to at least one of the issues of acculturation such as cultural identity, psychological adjustment and behavioural adjustment. The articles were analysed by applying the method of qualitative content analysis, using MAXQDA software. The findings presented in the selected articles were analysed and integrated according to a deductively developed and inductively enriched category system.

Conclusions: Overall, the results of our analysis offer insight into issues of acculturation in relation to academic achievement. Moreover, our findings reveal the complexity of the relationship between cultural transition and school adjustment for young people. As shown in our review, although a bi-cultural orientation was predominantly positively related to school adjustment of minority students, some studies also identified assimilative attitudes as advantageous for students’ academic achievement as well as for their psychological and behavioural adjustment. Moreover, our study has also shown that young people’s acculturative attitudes may have a different impact on their school adjustment relative to acculturative behaviours.     

Multiculturalism and education in Britain: an internally contested debate

A British discourse on race, cultural diversity, and education began to evolve in the 1960s in response to the growing population of immigrants from the West Indies, India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh. By the 1980s that discourse had become fractured, with contending educational theories of multicultural and antiracist education. In retrospect, each of these positions can be seen to embody partial truths, but neither is adequate to the complex contemporary situation of Britain's racial minorities. The emergence of a Muslim assertiveness, polarized qualification levels, new feminist interventions, and the wide appeal of black youth culture all challenge earlier notions of multiculturalism and anti-racism.     

Learning as sociocultural practice: Chinese immigrant professionals negotiating differences and identities in the Canadian labour market

The last few decades have witnessed both an expansion and a transformation of immigration flows, which pose significant challenges with respect to how people work with differences across culture and space. Against this background, this paper explores how some Chinese immigrant engineers respond to differences in the Canadian labour market. It not only examines some of the learning practices engaged by the immigrants as they negotiate professional niches and professional identities, but also demonstrates how their learning process is socially mediated. In particular, it shows that licensure processes and immigrant settlement services are instrumental in entering immigrants into the cultural and social order in the Canadian labour market. It pinpoints a lack of recognitive justice in the ways in which immigrants' learning processes are institutionally reshaped. Informed by the sociocultural approach, this paper treats learning as a social participatory process, through which individual identities are constituted and reconstituted.