Unit costs of interlibrary loans and photocopies at a regional medical library. Preliminary report

UNIT COSTS OF PROVIDING INTERLIBRARY LOANS AND PHOTOCOPIES WERE DETERMINED BY A METHOD NOT PREVIOUSLY USED FOR LIBRARY COST STUDIES: random time sampling with self-observation. The working time of all appropriate personnel was sampled using Random Alarm Mechanisms and a structured checklist of tasks. The total lender's unit cost per request received, including direct labor, materials, fringe benefits, and overhead, was $1.526 for originals mailed postpaid by lender, and $1.534 for photocopies mailed. Corresponding unit costs per request filled were: originals, $1.932, and photocopies, $1.763.     

Journalism and Mass Media

1977 Newspaper Edition (the publication will appear quarterly—apparently covering a different medium each issue, 342 Madison Ave., New York, N.Y. 10017— available without charge to key personnel concerned with media decisions at agencies and clients, $18.00 per copy to others)

1977 City and Regional Magazine Directory (Conference Management Corp., 500 Summer St., Stamford, Ct. 06901—$19.95, paper)

Washington Journalism Review (WJR, 3122 M St. NW, Washington, D.C. 20007—$16.00 per year/12 issues, with single copies at $2.00)

Maurice Rickards' This is Ephemera: Collecting Printed Throwaways (Brattleboro, Vt.: Stephen Greene Press, 1977—$7.00/3.9)

Prakash Sethi's Advocacy Advertising and Large Corporations: Social Conflict, Big Business Image, the News Media, and Public Policy (Lexington, Mass.: Lexington Books [D.C. Heath] , 1977—$25.00)     

Physician's referral letter bibliographic service: a new method of disseminating medical information

At the time this paper was written a unique trial project for disseminating medical literature to physicians had been in operation for six months (October 1971-April 1972) at the Virginia Medical Information System. Doctors in the state who referred patients to the Medical College of Virginia received short lists of references relevant to the problems of their patients as described in referral letters sent them by MCV consultants. Doctors receiving such lists were offered free photocopies of the articles cited if they could not obtain them locally. Of some 700 reference lists sent out, VAMIS received 12(1/2) percent direct responses, and 22 percent of respondents to a questionnaire reported obtaining articles elsewhere. Ninety percent of the respondents favored the service and approved of its method. Funding problems necessitated revision of the service in the summer of 1972. Presently the service is provided only on request of the referring physician.     

NERMLS: The first year

The Countway Library, Boston, was the nation's first Regional Medical Library under the Regional Medical Library Program of the NLM. New England Regional Medical Library Service (NERMLS) began in October 1967 and is the outgrowth of traditional extramural services of the Harvard and Boston Medical Libraries (constituents of the Countway). During the first year over 27,000 requests were received of which 84 percent were filled. Some problems of document delivery (and their solution) are recounted. Other activities were: a limited amount of reference work; distribution of a Serials List; and planning for a region-wide medical library service. Proposals call for consultation and education, regional reference service, and improved document delivery service. Emphasis is placed on the role of the Community Hospital as a center for continuing education and the need to strengthen and assist hospital medical libraries. With the Postgraduate Medical Institute, Boston, NERMLS assisted in the compilation of a small physician-selected medical Core Collection which would serve as a minimum standard collection for community hospital libraries.     

Observations on the AIM-TWX service at the University of Virginia Medical Library

This paper is an analysis of 100 short questionaires which were completed by patrons of the AIM-TWX computerized, on-line bibliographical search service at the Medical Library of the University of Virginia during the period from August 1971 to January 1972. The survey indicates strengths and weaknesses of the new system.     

Borrowing trouble? The impact of a systematic review service on interlibrary loan borrowing in an academic health sciences library

Background:With the mandate to review all available literature in the study''s inclusion parameters, systematic review projects are likely to require full-text access to a significant number of articles that are not available in a library''s collection, thereby necessitating ordering content via interlibrary loan (ILL). The aim of this study is to understand what effect a systematic review service has on the copyright royalty fees accompanying ILL requests at an academic health sciences library.Case Presentation:The library created a custom report using ILLiad data to look specifically at 2018 ILL borrowing requests that were known to be part of systematic reviews. This subset of borrowing activity was then analyzed to determine its impact on the library''s copyright royalty expenditures for the year. In 2018, copyright eligible borrowing requests that were known to be part of systematic reviews represented only approximately 5% of total filled requests that involved copyright eligible borrowing. However, these systematic review requests directly or indirectly caused approximately 10% of all the Spencer S. Eccles Library copyright royalty expenditures for 2018 requests.Conclusion:Based on the sample data set, the library''s copyright royalty expenditures did increase, but the overall financial impact was modest.     

Alternate Media and Cable

William R. Stround's Selected Bibliography on Telecommunications will now be available in an updated format from the Wisconsin Library Association, c/o Madison Public Library, 201 W. Mifflin Street, Madison, Wisc. 53703, for $1.50.

Lorenzo Milam, Sex in Broadcasting: A Handbook on Starting Community Radio Stations (Los Gatos, Calif.: Dildo Press, 1972 – $2.00, paper)

The Radio Times (5 University Ave., Los Gatos, Calif. 950-30, monthly, $20.00)

Alternate Radio Exchange (Box 852, Felton, Ca. 95018, published roughly every three weeks "more or less often as information available permits." $10.00 for a year with free ad service, or $5.00 per five months with no ad service.)     

Impact of DOCLINE on interlibrary loan service at the National Library of Medicine

In March 1985, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) began implementation of DOCLINE, its automated interlibrary loan request routing and referral system. By the end of fiscal year (FY) 1987, over 1,400 biomedical libraries in all seven regions of the Regional Medical Library network were using the system. This report summarizes the findings of an analysis of the interlibrary loan (ILL) requests received in FY 1987, comparing the results with a similar analysis done in FY 1984 to describe any changes in the requests or service which might be attributable to DOCLINE implementation. DOCLINE has had a substantial impact upon ILL loan service at NLM. An increase in the number of ILL requests (35% over FY 1984) can be attributed to the speed and ease with which requests may be routed to NLM through DOCLINE. Requests which cannot be filled by local or regional libraries are automatically routed by the system to NLM as the library of last resort. NLM's fill rate for serial requests has declined, however, from 78% filled in FY 1984 to 67% filled in FY 1987. Some of the decline results from the 11,000 requests that NLM did not fill because the borrowing libraries were not willing to pay the NLM charge for filling the loans.     

The Maine electronic document delivery project: a cooperative project of Maine hospital libraries and the NN/LM New England Region

The article discusses an Ariel document delivery project with seven Maine hospital libraries, the University of Massachusetts Medical School Library (UMass), and the New England Regional office of the National Network of Libraries of Medicine. Funding was awarded to six network members to purchase equipment or Ariel software. UMass served as a document provider. During the test, libraries received documents from UMass via Ariel or via the Web as a PDF document. This form of document delivery was faster than standard service with better quality of delivered articles. The column describes the project and outlines possible future steps.     

Constant Data to the Max: Constant Data for Each Patron

ABSTRACT

The increase in Interlibrary Loan requests, along with a decrease in library budgets has made it necessary for Interlibrary Loan departments to find and use many labor and time saving methods in order to maintain good service. Creating a Constant Data Record for each patron is an excellent time saving method. Each patron has a Constant Data Record created that contains all the information that is necessary and helpful for both the borrowing and lending library. This is easily done by having a very accurate and complete Constant Data Default Screen. By using a formula for each patron their completed workform can be called up as needed. A book request can be sent with just seven key strokes after the bibliography is located, if Custom Holdings are used. Journal articles require more key strokes, because more information is needed to locate a specific article, but input time is still saved.     

创新型国家的信息服务体制与信息保障体系构建（2）——基于创新价值链的信息服务转型

创新型国家建设中,创新价值链的形成以及自主创新主体信息需求的变化,促使信息服务转型,并向社会化发展。从国家创新价值链的形成和创新价值链活动中创新主体信息需求的变革出发,分析自主创新价值导向下的信息服务转型要求,探讨基于创新价值链的信息服务的社会化发展问题,包括信息服务的体制改革、体系重构和战略实现。     

A study in usability: redesigning a health sciences library's mobile site

A mobile site redesign was conducted at a medium-sized academic health sciences library with the goal of creating a site that meets the mobile information needs of its users. The redesign phases included (1) needs assessment, (2) usability testing, and (3) site design. The survey results showed that Apple devices were the most prevalent; the most desirable activities performed on a mobile site were searching for articles, accessing full-text articles and e-books, searching databases, and searching the catalog. These activities guided the development of the usability testing tasks and the redesign. All phases were completed within six months, and the total project cost was $50 for incentive purchases.     

Mobilization of duplicates in a Regional Medical Library Program.

An overabundance of duplicate journals without an efficient and economical method of distribution caused one library's staff to reassess traditional methods of dispersal. A simplified form for listing duplicates was devised. In conjunction with the Regional Medical Library Program and the extension program, lists of duplicates were distributed to hospital and clinical libraries. These libraries selected materials to strengthen their ability to fill information needs at the local level and to conserve RMLP support for esoteric and expensive materials. In a two-year period, 86,000 individual pieces were distributed. Some lessening of interlibrary loan requests from heavy users was documented. In an evaluation survey users expressed satisfaction with the program. The successful use of the duplicate program will lead to a further experiment--the library will attempt to fill interlibrary loan requests for common journals with hard copy rather than photocopy in a cost and time reduction effort.     

Analysis of external and internal interlibrary loan requests: aid in collection management

The analysis of 60,779 external interlibrary loan requests for copies of periodical articles from the collection of Erasmus University Medical Library in 1988 is described. The study was used for planning the length of backruns to be retained due to space limitations that forced the disposal of older volumes. More than 50% of requests were for the most recent two-year period, and 90% of requests could be filled with a twenty-year run of periodicals. In 1989, 4,157 internal requests were received for periodicals not owned; these were analyzed to determine those most commonly requested. Prior to subscribing, new titles were reviewed as to price, bibliometric indicators, number of requests, length of backfile, and the number of requesting departments. The Library Advisory Board decides on cancellation or purchase of periodicals; the elements considered are described.     

The costs and effectiveness of information-skills training and mediated searching: quantitative results from the EMPIRIC project

OBJECTIVES: To compare the effectiveness and costs of providing information for patient care via librarian-mediated searches and information-skills training. METHODS: A questionnaire survey to library staff and health professionals in the North West. Data was collected on perceptions of services, satisfaction and service usage, allowing a cost analysis to be undertaken. Statistical data was analysed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (spss). RESULTS: Using satisfaction and use of skills as outcome measures, both mediated searches and information skills training are effective. A breakdown of costs per type of training session and literature search is provided. Cost-effectiveness is dependent on whether costs are viewed from a library or trust point of view. Providing information skills training does not reduce the volume of mediated-search requests. CONCLUSIONS: No one method of providing information for health professionals is more effective or cost-effective than another. A decision about which services to provide cannot be made on the basis of effectiveness or costs alone; the views of library staff and the health professionals they serve should also be taken into account. A proactive approach and targeting training towards those who are most likely to benefit may be an appropriate way forward.     

AIM-TWX service at the University of Virginia: a review and evaluation

The paper reviews the highlights of a four-week trial period (November 19-December 18, 1970) during which the Medical Library of the University of Virginia experimented with a new remote-access bibliographical control and retrieval system via its TWX machine. The system, called AIM-TWX, was sponsored by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications and utilizes a timeshared IBM 360/67 computer in Santa Monica, California. Citations from 109 clinically-oriented journals from 1966 to date, including those currently included in the Abridged Index Medicus, may be retrieved either on- or off-line.Various aspects of this service are described, including problems of staffing, training, and record keeping, as well as the role of the MeSH vocabulary which is the principle "language" of the man-computer dialog.The statistical results indicated that the system was used for approximately 200 minutes on nineteen days and that an average of sixteen searches were run on any given day, or about 4.6 searches per hour of use. In spite of an inexperienced staff who had little knowledge of the MeSH vocabulary and whose training schedule was limited to one four-hour session, the experiment was highly successful in terms of searches and citations.At the end of the period, 298 searches had been run for 114 requestors, and 5,343 citations had been produced. Only fifty-five searches yielded no citations. The experiment generated a great deal of excitement and interest among the staff of the Library and of the Medical Center. Moreover, a large number of medical practitioners in large and small communities of Virginia participated in this experiment, indicating that there exists a great demand for this type of literature searching which AIM-TWX is able to provide with great rapidity.     

数字图书馆知识服务实现的思考

随着知识经济的产生、网络信息环境的飞速发展，知识服务受到越来越多的关注。从文献信息服务转向提供知识的服务成为当前数字图书馆信息服务的必然趋势。这要求数字图书馆的信息服务工作立足于知识服务的特点上，树立全新的服务理念，采取一些行之有效的新方法和措施，为用户提供全新的服务模式。     

The nature of the use and users of the Midwest Regional Medical Library

Using a 10 percent random sample of all requests submitted to the Midwest Regional Medical Library during 1968-1969, this study has revealed that physicians constitute the user group making the most requests, that physicians request periodical materials most, that 86.6 percent of materials requested were for periodicals, and that over one-third of materials requested was more than ten years old. It was found that 66.3 percent of requests were filled, that "Pathology, Diseases, and Treatment" was the subject category with the highest percentage of requests, and that this category and Materia Medica were the subjects accounting for over 50 percent of the requests from all users. The subject categories most frequently requested by physicians were found to be the same (Pathology, Diseases, and Treatment and Materia Medica) as for educators and researchers. The most requests from students were in the Materia Medica and "other" subject categories. These findings are significant for drawing up acquisition policy for both the John Crerar Library, which supplies the physical facilities for the MRML, and the borrowing library which submits the requests for users.     

参考文献首页复印件对科技论文参考文献编校质量影响的定量研究

为了更加全面、精确地了解请作者提供首页(期刊)或版权页(书籍)复印件这项工作对科技论文参考文献编校质量的影响,2002年应用复印件比对**稿件的参考文献,统计作者复印件的提供率及依据复印件而发现的错漏情况.结果发现,复印件的提供率为92.78%,存在错漏的参考文献计459条,参考文献总体错漏率达28.02%;因此,由作者提供参考文献首页复印件,再经责任编辑逐条核对,可以避免这种现象,大幅度提高科技论文参考文献的编校质量.