Preadolescent perceptions of challenging and difficult course activities and their motivational distinctions

The present research sought to determine if primary school students differentiate between classes that are challenging and those that are difficult, and how these distinctions relate to their motivation and achievement. Results indicated that there are three types of challenges/difficulties. Challenging classes are those that are demanding of the students but within their ability, are important and are tied to interests; students in these classes are more likely to adopt mastery goal orientations. Purely difficult classes are not valued, require a lot of effort, but are threatening to students’ efficacy. Classes that are difficult compared to others are those that are more demanding for the student than other students or other classes. These classes are not valued and are also seen as a threat to efficacy. Both purely difficult and difficult compared to others classes were negatively related to achievement, and students in these classes are more likely to adopt performance avoidance goal orientations.     

现代汉语句法、语义歧义成因探讨

句法歧义产生的原因有：层次和句法结构关系都不同产生的岐义、句法结构关系相同而层次不同产生的岐义、层次相同而句法结构关系不同产生的歧义、词类不同产生的岐义、词和短语同形产生的歧义；语义歧义产生的原因有：语义指向的多向性产生的岐义、某些词语义特征不同产生的岐义、两种语义格交叉产生的歧义、修饰关系或修饰范围不确定产生的岐义。     

剧本问题是阻碍中国电影发展的瓶颈

探讨在中国电影发展的百年历程中,剧本成为瓶颈的原因,认为主要是缺少优秀剧本、创作队伍不能适应新时期电影事业发展的需要、电影剧本题材范围狭小、禁忌太多、内容缺乏真实的沉淀力量、思想肤浅、缺乏令人思索的深度、热衷于自然主义的描写和急功近利的心态导致粗制滥造。等等。并针对这些问题提出了解决方法,以期有利于中国电影的健康发展。     

宜州德胜百姓话音系

宜州德胜百姓话语音系统复杂,存在大量又读现象。主要语音特点是:古全浊声母今读塞音、塞擦音的95%不送气,非组与晓组互混,塞擦音只有一套,有鼻音和塞音两套完整的辅音韵尾,蟹摄开口、效摄、山摄合口的一等与二等有区别,声调十类,其中四类入声。     

Coco Solo: From the party for the sun to the marble mason

These stories are part of a collection in progress to be entitled It Happened in the Neighborhood. They deal with events that occurred in Coco Solo, a small marginalized neighborhood of Havana. The characters are real; the events are mostly real. Many situations that appear surreal certainly happened. Popular imagination, tales transmitted from one generation toanother, or the author's imagination are also present, but the stories are always based on what happened in the neighborhood.     

Hypervideo

Methods for incorporating video in hypermedia programs are discussed in this article. Hypermedia is defined, and linear and interactive video are contrasted. It is argued that hypermedia presents unique problems in knowledge representation affecting video production, and that techniques are required differing from those for linear video and other forms of interactive video. Suggestions are made for giving interactive video the “look and feel” of hypermedia that primarily involve condensing information and accelerating presentation pace. They are based on the authors' experiences evaluating interactive media and creating “compressed” video programs. Existing media and visual ability research is re-interpreted to support these interactive, “hypervideo” methods.     

Finding and then counting out-of-school children

In developing countries, population estimates and assessments of progress towards the Millennium Development Goals are based increasingly on household surveys. It is not recognised that they are inappropriate for obtaining information about the poorest of the poor. Typically, they omit by design: those not in households because they are homeless; those who are in institutions; and mobile, nomadic or pastoralist populations. In addition, in practice, because they are difficult to reach, household surveys will typically under-represent: those in fragile, disjointed or multiple occupancy households; those in urban slums; and may omit certain areas of a country because of security considerations. This article reviews estimates of the numbers of children in each sub-group, focussing on countries endorsed by the Fast Track Initiative, and estimates that 21 million rather than 14 million children are out-of-school in those countries; and that worldwide 115 million rather than 67.5 million are out-of-school. Methods of improving population counts are briefly discussed.     

基于合作性教学理念的教学方法创新研究

合作性教学对教学方法有五点新的要求,即教学方法的指导思想必须是"以生为本",出发点必须是"恰如其分的学习任务",操作流程必须是"发散的争议流程",教师职责必须是"裁判与字典的功能",终极目的必须是"知识内化为能力"。从当前合作性教学的实践来看,其运用存在五大误区,即"生本"理念下教师成"牧童","合作"形式下知识无体系,"讨论"过程中观点无创新,"自主"背后学习过程难监控,"评价"模式下效果难评估。只有在合作性教学过程中,从议题设计、情境设置、过程监控、教学评价、教师职能等方面进行创新,才能完善与合作性教学相适应的教学方法。     

Building self-discipline to promote learning: students’ volitional strategies to navigate the demands of schooling

Volitional issues are important in today’s classrooms where autonomous students are expected to manage school demands on their own. A new kind of challenge has appeared with the advent of free Internet access in the classroom. Motivational conflicts may therefore arise between (1) immediate rewards of electronic chatting, surfing, and games and (2) the long-term rewards of academic achievement. Paradoxes of our educational system are emerging in the technology-rich classroom, for example, the basic need of student autonomy versus dealing with constraints to regulate one’s own behaviour. The main purposes of this article are, first, to discuss volitional issues on a theoretical level. Second, a field study is used to identify how students are using volitional (or self-discipline) strategies in technology-rich laissez-faire classrooms. Third, how schools may design institutional arrangements which can scaffold the student’s use of self-discipline strategies are discussed. The strategies which are enumerated may contribute to school programs that are to build self-discipline. Understanding how to design institutional features to influence students’ choices in directions that improve their academic achievement is one of the major challenges in education.

THE FORCED-FREE DISTINCTION IN Q TECHNIQUE1

Arguments favoring free- over forced-distribution Q sorts have assumed that forcing leads to loss of important statistical information and interferes with interval properties, rendering Pearson's r inappropriate for analysis. Q sorts with identical item orderings but with varied distributions are shown to provide essentially the same correlations and factor structures when coefficients are computed using Spearman's r^s, Kendall's τ, and Pearson's r, leading to the conclusion that the same results are obtained, despite distribution and whether interval or ordinal statistics are used.     

Null Hypothesis Significance Testing and p Values

p values are commonly reported in quantitative research, but are often misunderstood and misinterpreted by research consumers. Our aim in this article is to provide special educators with guidance for appropriately interpreting p values, with the broader goal of improving research consumers’ understanding and interpretation of research findings. Specifically, we discuss null hypothesis significance testing, describe what p values mean and how they are reported, describe some common misconceptions of p values, and provide two examples from the research literature to illustrate how p values are used in the field. Our take‐home message is that p values indicate how likely study results are to occur if the null hypothesis is true, and that p values should be cautiously interpreted.     

高校教学团队建设的思考——以2007、2008年国家级教学团队为例

目前高校教学团队建设存在一些问题:团队带头人年龄偏大、行政化倾向明显;团队规模过大;建设经费一次性拨付。建议团队带头人的年龄一般不超过57岁,学校中、高层领导不担任教学团队负责人;团队规模原则上不超过15人;建设经费分期拨付,以保证教学团队建设的实效性。     

西部中小学英语教师置换培训模式研究———以广西教育学院国培项目为例

国培计划是一种新式教师培训模式.西部英语教师置换培训模式存在的缺陷：忽略教师自我专业发展所需的指导;培训内容脱离现实需求;教学专家缺乏相关培训和研究;培训方式缺乏创新;忽视农村英语基础教育实际.教师置换培训模式的有效建构策略有：创新培训的方式;设置有针对性的培训课程;突出农村中小学英语教师培训的特征;加强对指导教师和专家的培训.     

论汉字的性质

我们从三个角度来讨论汉字的性质。先评论了以往的各种说法，后提出了作赞同的看法：古字阶段的汉字是语素 形意音 图符字，隶楷阶段的字是语素 意音区别 字符字。     

Piaget's theory and instruction: How compatible are they?

Three views of the compatibility of Piaget's theory and educational practice are considered: (a) it is a useful framework to guide instruction; (b) it is antithetical or unrelated to the goals of instruction; and (c) there are some instructional features of the theory that can be operationalized and studied empirically. The findings of such studies are briefly discussed, and in general, more research is deemed needed to establish the validity of Piaget's most educationally relevant constructs. Some general features of Piaget's theory that have attracted teachers are described, and the implications of Piaget's more recent theoretical emphasis on social factors such as conflict are considered.     

The Implications of the 'New Literacy Studies' for Literacy Education

This paper deals with the following questions:

• 1 The ‘problem’: what is the ‘Literacy Debate’ and why do such apparently arcane accounts of language and literacy have such a high profile in popular media?
• 2 What are the New Literacy Studies (NLS) and what are the new understandings of language and of literacy on which NLS are based?
• 3 . What are the implications for literacy education?

     

论网络教育精品课程建设的若干关键问题

当前网络教育精品课程建设的关键问题有:课程教师难以全身心投入网络教学;网络课件不符合学生自主学习需要;网络教学缺乏过程性;学习支持服务不规范。针对上述问题提出了以下对策措施:建立一支专兼结合、分工明确的教师队伍;设计适合学生自主学习的网络课件;积极开展网络教学活动;通过制度建设改进学习支持服务的规范性;积极争取学校的政策支持。     

邓小平同志关于有中国特色的社会主义的本质特征

邓小平同志关于有中国特色的社会主义的本质特征是：发展生产力是首要任务;公有制为主体,多种经济成分并存;按劳分配为主,其他分配方式补充;实现从计划经济向市场经济的转轨;消灭剥削,消除两极分化,最终达到共同富裕;坚持无产阶级专政,进行政治体制改革;加强民主和法制建设;以马克思主义为指导的精神文明建设;建立民族区域自治制度;用“一国两制”方式实现祖国统一大业;维护国家主权,反对霸权主义,促进世界和平;坚持、加强和改善党的领导。以上概括可以理解为马克思恩格斯创立的科学社会主义理论在中国实践中表现出来的具体特点,即中国特色的具体化     

The much exaggerated death of positivism

Approaches to research in the social sciences often embrace schema that are consistent with positivism, even though it is widely held that positivism is discredited and essentially dead. Accordingly, many of the methods used in present day scholarship are supported by the tenets of positivism, and are sources of hegemony. We exhort researchers to employ reflexive methods to identify the epistemologies, ontologies and axiologies that are salient in their scholarship and, when necessary, transform practices such that forms of oppression associated with crypto-positivism are identified and extinguished.

Two approaches to the handling of child abuse: A comparison of the English and Dutch systems

The legal and administrative systems for handling child abuse cases in England and The Netherlands are briefly described and it is argued that the two systems illustrate respectively the “legal” and “medical” models. The implications for this in practice are contrasted. In England the stress is on careful adherence to criteria for abuse, on procedures for placing children's names on child abuse registers, and removing them if they are no longer at risk, while in The Netherlands the stress is on family need with the abusive incident being regarded as no more than a signal that help is needed. This allows a much wider definition of abuse. In England sexual and emotional abuse are still relatively rarely used as grounds for intervention whereas in the Netherlands concepts such as “cognitive abuse” and “sexual neglect” are gaining currency. Other implications of the models such as differences in attitudes to confidentiality and public attitudes to authority and to seeking help are considered, as are the consequences for incidence figures. The handling of two cases with very similar circumstances are compared. Finally, it is argued that while each system might present the other with new ideas, the systems have to be seen in the social context of the two countries and neither system is likely to appear superior to professionals in the other country.