动态平衡训练对膝关节位置觉干预效果的研究

目的:研究动态平衡训练对膝关节位置觉的干预效果及其预防损伤机制,比较平衡板、平衡气囊、瑞士球训练方法改善下肢本体感觉功能的效果,为预防运动损伤提供理论依据和实践指导.方法:41名受试者分成平衡板平衡气囊训练组(n=13),瑞士球训练组(n=14),对照组(n=14),训练时间共8周,每周3次,每次练习50分钟,8周训练前后测试膝关节主动和被动位置觉.结果:①8周平衡板气囊训练和瑞士球训练后,男女受试者右膝关节位置觉(主动和被动)比训练前减小但无显著性差异(P＞0.05);②平衡板气囊组与瑞士球组在改善膝关节位置觉无显著差异(P ＞0.05).结论:8周动态平衡训练时间较短不足以使膝关节位置觉显著改变,但训练后位置觉平均误差减小,表明平衡板气囊训练和瑞士球训练对改善膝关节位置觉感知能力有积极意义.     

太极拳训练与本体感觉训练对中老年人平衡能力影响

文章通过纵向观察3个月太极拳训练组和本体感觉训练组研究太极拳训练对中老年人平衡能力的影响,同时还分别进行平衡能力简单测试方法,如闭目原地踏步、强化Romberg检查、闭目单足站立、前庭步测试。动态平衡仪感觉整合能力平衡总分、闭目原地踏步、强化Romberg检查、闭目单足站立结果表明太极拳训练组要比本体感觉训练组明显好（P〈0.05,P〈0.001）。研究结果表明：太极拳锻炼对延缓和改善中老年人的平衡能力具有积极作用。     

低强度身体训练结合运动表象训练对老年人肌肉和大脑的积极效应

探讨了低强度身体训练结合运动表象训练(MIT)对于老年人肌肉力量的作用及其中枢神经系统的适应性改变.将27名健康老年人(年龄为75±7.9岁,其中8名女性)随机分为3组:低强度身体训练结合运动表象训练组(MIT组),传统力量训练组(CST组),以及无训练的对照组(CTL组).整个训练持续12周(5个单元/周).在训练前、后对所有研究参与者的右肘屈曲肌肉力量、表面肌电图(EMG)、运动相关的皮质电位(MRCP)、脑电频率谱都进行了测量.训练结束后,CST组的力量出现了最大的增长(17.6％,P＜0.001),MIT组的肌肉力量也出现了显著性增加(13.8％,P＜0.001),而且2组的力量增长无显著性差异.CTL组的肌肉力量无显著性改变.然而,训练结束后只有MIT组在MRCP数值上出现了显著性增加(28.6％,P＜0.001);CST组尽管力量增加最大,但MRCP却无显著性增加(9.9％,P＞0.05),CTL组的改变最小(4.9％,P＞0.05).研究结果表明,运动表象训练结合低强度身体训练对老年人力量增长是一种有效的方法.对大脑皮层运动控制中心的训练可以增强到目标肌肉的下行指令,进而引起老年人肌肉力量的增加.     

星形偏移平衡测试在评价优秀蹼泳运动员核心训练效果中的应用

通过采用8点星形偏移平衡测试来评价核心训练对优秀蹼泳运动员动态平衡能力的作用。以国家蹼泳队24名优秀蹼泳运动员为研究对象,随机分为两组:核心训练组和传统训练组。对两组进行为期8周,每周4次,每次50min的运动训练,核心训练组进行以S-E-T悬吊训练为主,瑞士球和其他垫上训练为辅的核心训练,传统训练组进行"V"字起等传统的蹼泳腰腹训练。在8周的实验前后进行SEBT测试,检验受试者动态平衡稳定能力的变化。研究结果表明,相较于传统蹼泳腰腹训练,8周的核心训练更能显著提高优秀蹼泳运动员的前庭觉、躯体感觉、视觉、中枢神经系统的调控、肌肉力量、抗外部干扰、行动的敏捷等之间的协调能力,从而提高了机体的平衡稳定能力,具有传统力量训练不可比拟的优势。动态的星形偏移平衡测试能较全面地反映机体对神经肌肉的控制能力、下肢力量、身体活动范围。     

不同运动类型运动员双任务下的静态平衡能力

目的 探究不同运动技能类型的运动员在不同任务下的静态平衡能力的差异。方法 选取67名在校高水平运动员,采用三维测力台和MARS平衡分析软件进行静态平衡能力测试,按照运动技能类型对运动员进行分组,对不同组别运动员平衡能力的差异性进行分析。结果 不同类型运动技能的运动员在双任务的情况下的静态平衡能力有着明显的差异性（p<0.05）,运动员在双重任务下的静态平衡能力要高于单任务的静态平衡能力。在睁眼条件下,闭锁式运动技能男运动员在有计算状态下的摆动面积均小于无计算状态（p<0.05）;在闭眼条件下,开放式运动技能男运动员的摆动面积在有计算状态下小于无计算状态（p<0.05）。结论开放式运动技能男运动员的静态平衡明显优于闭锁式运动技能男运动员,双重任务条件下开放和闭锁式运动技能男女运动员的静态平衡均好于单任务条件。     

发展高中生身体平衡能力的不同训练方法比较研究

采用实验法,选取广州市增城区派潭中学30名身体健康的高中成年学生,将其分成3组进行9周的三维椭圆运动、悬吊及常规活动训练,评价和对比以上3种不同训练方法对人体动静态平衡能力的影响.结果:实验组与悬吊训练组在多个指标上具有显著性差异,其中部分指标具有高度显著性差异.结论:有着特殊运动方式的三维椭圆运动训练对改善人体平衡能力具有与悬吊训练相当甚至更好的积极效果.     

双重认知任务介入对人体静态稳定性的影响

目的通过测试单认知任务与不同双重任务状态下静态平衡相关指标,以及探讨双重任务介入不同难度动作的姿势稳定性,旨在研究认知任务干预的情况下,比较不同难度认知任务对一般运动爱好者静态平衡能力的影响。方法选取12名男性一般运动爱好者进行静态平衡能力测试,通过附加心算计数认知任务干预(连续减3和连续减7),采用PK 252平衡测试仪测试单任务与双任务情境下,双足睁闭眼、优势腿睁闭眼状态下各压力中心移动轨迹指标的值,测试时间均为30s。结果与结论通过测试,认知任务务影响人的静态平衡能力,且对一般运动爱好者的静态平衡能力有积极影响,动作难度影响注意力分配和人体姿势稳定性,较低水平的认知任务对人体有益,并且视觉作为人体平衡指标重要影响因素,受认知任务和注意控制能力的影响。     

IGF-1和MGF在过度训练抑制大鼠腹膜巨噬细胞吞噬功能中的作用研究

目的:观察过度训练对大鼠腹膜巨噬细胞吞噬功能的影响及胰岛素样生长因子1(IGF-1)和机械生长因子(MGF)在其中所起的作用.方法:8周龄健康雄性Wistar大鼠16只,随机分为安静对照组(control)和过度训练组(overtraining).过度训练组进行11周递增负荷跑台训练.最后1次训练后36 h,记录体重变化并测定血液中血红蛋白和睾酮含量.断头处死大鼠并分离纯化腹膜巨噬细胞,中性红法测定巨噬细胞吞噬功能,荧光定量PCR技术测定IGF-1和MGF基因表达.离体状态下用不同浓度的IGF-1或MGF与巨噬细胞孵肓2h,观察IGF-1和MGF对巨噬细胞吞噬功能的影响.结果:与安静对照组相比,过度训练组大鼠体重、血红蛋白和睾酮含量均显著降低,分别下降了约19.3％(P＜0.01)、13.5％(P＜0.01)、55.3％ (P＜0.01).过度训练组巨噬细胞摄取中性红能力显著低于安静对照组,下降约27％(P＜0.05);过度训练组巨噬细胞IGF-1 mRNA水平约为安静对照组的21倍(P＜0.01),MGF mRNA水平约为安静对照组的92倍(P＜0.01);IGF-1对巨噬细胞吞噬功能无显著影响,各浓度组与未加药组相比均无显著性差异(P＞0.05); MGF呈浓度依赖性的抑制巨噬细胞吞噬功能,与未加药组相比,10 ng/ml、50 ng/ml组有显著性差异(P＜0.05),l00 ng/ml、200 ng/ml组有极显著性差异(P＜0.0l),各浓度组间比较无显著性差异(P＞0.05).结论:过度训练抑制巨噬细胞吞噬功能;过度训练诱导产生的MGF可能在过度训练抑制巨噬细胞吞噬功能中发挥关键作用.     

女子田径运动员单组力量训练与多组力量训练效果比较

比较女子田径运动员单组力量训练和多组力量训练的效果差异.27名有一定力量训练基础的女子田径运动员随机分配在单组力量训练组(SS组)(n=9),多组(三组)力量训练组(MS组)(n=9),以及控制组(CON组)(n=9).两个力量训练组进行6周、每周两次的力量训练.训练内容包括:双腿屈伸、双腿弯举、腹肌收缩,坐位大腿内收外展、坐式卧推、坐姿滑轮侧下拉.SS组的力量训练为完成1组所有动作,每个动作重复6～9次直至疲劳;MS组完成3组所有动作,每个动作重复6～9次(组间间隔时间为2min).分别在力量训练前、力量训练后三天测试受试者腿屈伸和坐式卧推的最大力量.结果显示,两个力量训练组腿屈伸最大力量都有明显提高(MS组提高15％,SS组提高6％;P＜0.05);坐式卧推最大力量仅MS组明显提高(提高10％).CON组没有显著性变化(P＞0.05).综上所述,多组力量训练与单组力量训练相比,更有利于女子田径运动员最大力量的提高.     

TMG评估振动训练对CAI患者的康复效果

目的：通过新型的肌肉无创诊断技术--肌肉功能状态分析仪（TMG）,分析振动训练后下肢肌肉的机械收缩状态,评估振动训练的效果和慢性踝关节不稳（CAI）患者恢复过程中下肢肌肉功能状态的变化。方法：招募并筛选出慢性踝关节不稳患者13例,随机分为实验组（振动训练组,7人）和对照组（非振动训练组,6人）。振动训练组下肢功能训练在Power Plate振动台上进行,而对照组的训练在非振动台上进行。训练负荷及时间：持续时间30 min,刺激频率为45 Hz,一周两次,共8周。两组受试者者在病情、症状、体征、纳入标准上均无差异。测试指标：采用肌肉状态分析仪（TMG）测试肌肉的机械收缩指标,主要指标有肌肉收缩时间（Tc）、放松时间（Tr）、径向位移（Dm）。测试肌肉包括腓肠肌内、外侧（GM、GL）和胫骨前肌（TA）。结果：8周的训练后与实验前相比,振动训练组和对照组较实验前Tc都有所增加,但对照组增加的更多,两组较实验前都没有显著性差异。振动训练组GM的Tr时间缩短了12.3%,对照组增加了45.7%,较实验前有显著性差异,P＜0.05。对照组变化的比率较振动训练组也有显著性差异,P＜0.05, 而TA和GL虽有变化,但无显著差异。振动训练组TA的Dm增长13.52%,对照组却缩短了0.25%,但都没有显著性差异。振动训练组GL、GM的Dm分别增长了42.7%、38.4%,较对照组有显著性差异。实验组受试者睁眼单腿站立时间较实验前提高61.2%,差异显著,P＜0.05。对照组睁眼单腿站立时间较实验前提高44.9%,无显著性差异。结论：CAI患者在康复训练过程中,TA、GM和GL的收缩时间和径向位移均增加,而放松时间没有明显的一致性变化,这提示振动训练可以提高CAI患者的肌肉收缩能力。振动训练和常规训练均可以提高CAI患者的平衡能力,但振动训练的效果更显著。TMG可以作为CAI患者康复过程中肌肉功能状态的评估手段。     

Use of dual-task methodology for skill assessment and development: examples from rugby league

We assessed the attentional demands of drawing and passing in rugby league players and investigated the effects of single-task and dual-task training on the acquisition, retention, and transfer of skill in these athletes. In Study 1, high-skilled and lesser-skilled rugby league players performed a standardized 2-on-1 drill under single-task (primary skill in isolation) and dual-task (primary skill while performing a secondary verbal tone recognition task) conditions. No differences were detected in primary task performance between groups, although the performance of the high-skilled players was more resistant to skill decrement under dual-task conditions. In Study 2, high-performance rugby league players were randomly allocated to either a single-task or dual-task training group. Each group underwent 8 weeks of training between the pre- and post-test sessions. While the mean improvement for draw and pass proficiency under dual-task conditions in the dual-task training group was greater than in the single-task training group (10.0% vs. 2.3%), the differences, while providing a moderate effect size (d = 0.57), were not statistically significant. These results suggest that the attentional demands of drawing and passing are reduced in high-skilled rugby league players compared with their lesser-skilled counterparts. In addition, compared with single-task training, dual-task training appears to improve the ability to perform dual-task draw and pass tasks (possibly through an improvement in time-sharing skills). Further studies are required to verify the efficacy of dual-task training as a training stimulus.     

Use of dual-task methodology for skill assessment and development: Examples from rugby league

Abstract

We assessed the attentional demands of drawing and passing in rugby league players and investigated the effects of single-task and dual-task training on the acquisition, retention, and transfer of skill in these athletes. In Study 1, high-skilled and lesser-skilled rugby league players performed a standardized 2-on-1 drill under single-task (primary skill in isolation) and dual-task (primary skill while performing a secondary verbal tone recognition task) conditions. No differences were detected in primary task performance between groups, although the performance of the high-skilled players was more resistant to skill decrement under dual-task conditions. In Study 2, high-performance rugby league players were randomly allocated to either a single-task or dual-task training group. Each group underwent 8 weeks of training between the pre- and post-test sessions. While the mean improvement for draw and pass proficiency under dual-task conditions in the dual-task training group was greater than in the single-task training group (10.0% vs. 2.3%), the differences, while providing a moderate effect size (d = 0.57), were not statistically significant. These results suggest that the attentional demands of drawing and passing are reduced in high-skilled rugby league players compared with their lesser-skilled counterparts. In addition, compared with single-task training, dual-task training appears to improve the ability to perform dual-task draw and pass tasks (possibly through an improvement in time-sharing skills). Further studies are required to verify the efficacy of dual-task training as a training stimulus.     

多模态功能训练对女大学生功能性踝关节不稳患者下肢肌力、本体感觉和动态平衡能力的影响

目的:探讨多模态功能训练对功能性踝关节不稳(Functional ankle instability,FAI)患者肌肉力量、本体感觉功能和动态平衡能力的影响。方法:45名FAI患者随机分为常规力量训练组(strengh training,ST组,n=22)和多模态功能训练组(multimodal function training,MFT组,n=23)。ST组常规力量训练,MFT组在常规力量力量训练的基础上增加本体感觉和姿势控制训练,康复训练共进行8周,2个训练周期。实验前后分别对2组实验对象患侧踝关节屈、伸、内翻和外翻肌群60°/s和180°/s等动向心收缩相对峰值力矩、本体感觉(踝关节屈、伸、内收和外翻运动感觉功能、腓骨肌反应时)和动态平衡能力(前方得分(A)、后内侧得分(PM)、后外侧得分(PL)和YBT-CS总得分)进行测试。结果:1)2组受试者患侧踝关节60°/s和180°/s等动向心踝关节肌群相对峰值力矩均显著大于实验前(P<0.05),且二者组间没有显著性差异(P>0.05);2)实验后,ST组本体感觉功能没有显著性改变(P>0.05),MFI组本体感觉各项指标均显著小于实验前(P<0.005,P<0.01,P<0.05),且均显著低于ST组(P<0.05);3)试验后,2组受试者动态平衡各指标均优于实验前(P<0.05,P<0.01),且MFI动态平衡各项指标均优于ST组(P>0.05)。结论:MFT康复训练能够显著改善FAI患者肌力、本体感觉和动态平衡能力,且效果更优于ST组。     

Static and dynamic single leg postural control performance during dual-task paradigms

Combining dynamic postural control assessments and cognitive tasks may give clinicians a more accurate indication of postural control under sport-like conditions compared to single-task assessments. We examined postural control, cognitive and squatting performance of healthy individuals during static and dynamic postural control assessments in single- and dual-task paradigms. Thirty participants (female = 22, male = 8; age = 20.8 ± 1.6 years, height = 157.9 ± 13.0 cm, mass = 67.8 ± 20.6 kg) completed single-leg stance and single-leg squat assessments on a force plate individually (single-task) and concurrently (dual-task) with two cognitive assessments, a modified Stroop test and the Brooks Spatial Memory Test. Outcomes included centre of pressure speed, 95% confidence ellipse, squat depth and speed and cognitive test measures (percentage of correct answers and reaction time). Postural control performance varied between postural control assessments and testing paradigms. Participants did not squat as deep and squatted slower (P < 0.001) during dual-task paradigms (≤12.69 ± 3.4 cm squat depth, ≤16.20 ± 4.6 cm · s^?1 squat speed) compared to single-task paradigms (14.57 ± 3.6 cm squat depth, 19.65 ± 5.5 cm · s^?1 squat speed). The percentage of correct answers did not change across testing conditions, but Stroop reaction time (725.81 ± 59.2 ms; F_2,58 = 7.725, P = 0.001) was slowest during single-leg squats compared to baseline (691.64 ± 80.1 ms; P = 0.038) and single-task paradigms (681.33 ± 51.5 ms; P < 0.001). Dynamic dual-task assessments may be more challenging to the postural control system and may better represent postural control performance during dynamic activities.     

The effect of unilateral balance training on postural control of the contralateral limb

To investigate the impact of unilateral balance training on postural control of the trained and contralateral limb in healthy elderly. Fifty-one healthy old adults were randomly assigned into training group (TG) and control group (CG). Participants of the TG performed unilateral balance training (dominant (DOM) leg) over 4 weeks (4×/week). Centre of pressure analysis was performed at baseline, 5 weeks follow-up and 9 weeks follow-up under the following conditions: (1) one-leg stance without additional task, (2) one-leg stance with motor task and (3) one-leg stance with cognitive task. From baseline to 5 weeks follow-up, a mixed analysis of variance detected a significant time × group interaction for the DOM leg (P < 0.05), indicating higher improvement of the TG in comparison to CG. No significant interaction effect was found for the non-DOM leg. Within the TG, the non-DOM leg significantly improved in mean velocity (P = 0.001) and anterior–posterior range (P < 0.001). Unilateral balance training was effective to improve postural control of the trained leg. The effect on the contralateral leg was small and not significant within this study design. Improvements were retained after 4 weeks without training. A tendency is given that unilateral balance training might be beneficial to improve postural control of the contralateral leg.     

Preliminary Investigation on the Effect of Cognition on Jump-Landing Performance Using a Clinically Relevant Setup

Objective: Little is known about cognition’s effect on jump-landing movement patterns. Design: Participants completed three baseline cognitive tasks. Then, participants performed three jump-landing trials per condition (dual-task trials (DT)): Stroop Color Word test (SCWT), Symbol Digits Modalities test (SDMT), Brooks Visuospatial task (BVT), and no concurrent cognitive task (single-task). Main Outcome Measures: Total Landing Error Scoring System (LESS) scores were used to evaluate movement patterns. Participant’s reaction time (RT) for the jump-landing task was recorded. Results: LESS scores were not different between conditions (F_{3, 17} = 1.77, p = 0.16). RT was different between DT-SCWT and single-task (difference = ?0.107 sec, SD = 0.095) and DT-SDMT and single-task (difference = ?0.164 sec, SD = 0.245). Additionally, correctness on the BVT (t₁₉ = 2.57, p = 0.019) and SDMT (t₁₉ = 2.93, p = 0.009) decreased significantly during the dual-task condition relative to baseline task scores. Conclusion: Individuals slowed their RT and were less accurate on the cognitive task during a dual-task condition to create an appropriate jump-landing movement.     

跆拳道训练对学龄儿童静态平衡能力的影响

研究目的：通过对比正常学龄儿童与跆拳道训练的学龄儿童平衡能力,以探索跆拳道训练对学龄儿童静态平衡能力的影响。研究方法：选取参加跆拳道训练的学龄儿童10名作为实验组,匹配10名无跆拳道训练、武术及其他专项练习的学龄儿童作为对照组。采用win-pod平衡功能检测系统对受试者进行单足和双足平衡能力测试。研究结果：双足睁眼或闭眼测试时,有跆拳道训练的学龄儿童与无跆拳道训练、武术及其他静力练习的学龄儿童相比静态平衡能力差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;在睁眼左足测试时,实验组与对照组差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）主要体现在重心动摇轨迹长、重心平均动摇速度、Y轴动摇速度这些指标上;而在睁眼右足测试时,实验组与对照组各项指标中除了Y轴平均摆幅这项指标,其他指标在两组之间差异都有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;闭眼单足测试时,从左右足依次来看,实验组与对照组分别在Y轴动摇速度和Y轴平均摆幅差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。研究结论：跆拳道训练能够有效增强学龄儿童在双足和右足站立静态站立的静态平衡能力,提高站立的姿势稳定性。     

Cognitive-motor dual-task ability of athletes with and without intellectual impairment

Cognition is important in many sports, for example, making split-second-decisions under pressure, or memorising complex movement sequences. The dual-task (DT) paradigm is an ecologically valid approach for the assessment of cognitive function in conjunction with motor demands. This study aimed to determine the impact of impaired intelligence on DT performance. The motor task required balancing on one leg on a beam, and the cognitive task was a multiple-object-tracking (MOT) task assessing dynamic visual-search capacity. The sample included 206 well-trained athletes with and without intellectual impairment (II), matched for sport, age and training volume (140 males, 66 females, M age = 23.2 ± 4.1 years, M training experience = 12.3 ± 5.7 years). In the single-task condition, II-athletes showed reduced balance control (F = 55.9, P < .001, η² = .23) and reduced MOT (F = 86.3, P < .001, η² = .32) compared to the control group. A mixed-model ANCOVA revealed significant differences in DT performance for the balance and the MOT task between both groups. The DT costs were significantly larger for the II-athletes (?8.28% versus ?1.34% for MOT and ?33.13% versus ?12.89% for balance). The assessment of MOT in a DT paradigm provided insight in how impaired intelligence constrains the ability of II-athletes to successfully perform at the highest levels in the complex and dynamical sport-environment.     

A comparison of self-focus versus attentional explanations of choking

This study examined attentional processes underlying skilled motor performance in threatening situations. Twenty-four trained participants performed a simulated rally driving task under conditions designed either to direct the focus of attention toward the explicit monitoring of driving or a distracting secondary task. Performance (lap time) was compared with a "driving only" control condition. Each condition was completed under nonevaluative and evaluative instructional sets designed to manipulate anxiety. Mental effort was indexed by self-report and dual-task performance measures. The results showed little change in performance in the high-threat explicit monitoring task condition, compared with either the low-threat or the high-threat distraction conditions. Mental effort increased, however, in all high- as opposed to low-threat conditions. Performance effectiveness was therefore maintained under threat although this was at the expense of reduced processing efficiency. The results provide stronger support for the predictions of processing efficiency theory than self-focus theories of choking.     

Part I: Biomechanics

The purpose of this study was to determine whether the sequence of strength training before endurance training (ST/ET) is more or less effective than endurance training followed by strength training (ET/ST). Twenty‐three females and 11 males were assigned to one of three groups: ST/ET (n= 15), ET/ST (n= 15) or control (n = 4). The 7‐week training programme consisted of strength training using 10 exercises for two sets of 3–12 repetitions and running for 20–25 min at 60–90% of heart rate reserve. Maximal oxygen uptake (VO₂ max) was measured during a graded treadmill test, and muscular strength was assessed using one‐repetition maximum tests for the bench press (BP), shoulder press (SP), arm curl (AC) and leg press (LP). The VO₂ max significantly (P < 0.05) increased 6.7 and 6.2% for the ST/ET and ET/ST groups, respectively. There was no significant (P > 0.05) difference between the two experimental groups. Muscular strength significantly (P <0.05) improved by 15.2% (BP), 16.6% (SP), 17.2% (AC) and 11.9% (LP) for the ST/ET group and 19.9% (BP), 24.1% (SP), 20.9% (AC) and 14.0% (LP) for the ET/ST group. There were no significant (P > 0.05) differences between the two experimental groups for the BP, AC and LP; however, the ET/ST group increased (P < 0.05) SP strength more than the ST/ET group. In conclusion, adaptations to a combination of short‐term endurance and strength training as assessed by VO₂ max and BP, AC and LP strength appear to be independent of whether endurance training occurs prior to or following strength training.