College basketball governance in the Philippines: actors,stakeholders, issues,and challenges

Collegiate basketball is one of the most popular and most watched forms of amateur sport in the Philippines. Like any sport, collegiate basketball is governed by actors and stakeholders and characterized by issues and challenges. Employing a policy-capacity and synthesis integrative review approach, this article identifies the actors, stakeholders, and institutions of the Philippines two leading college basketball leagues, namely, the Universities Athletic Association of the Philippines and the National Collegiate Athletic Association and analyses the critical issues that confront these leagues in the context of college basketball governance. Issues include an overly powerful board of directors in relation to league commissioners, a lack of accountability mechanisms, alleged piracy of coaches and players, recruitment of players and coaches, the two-year residency rule, and parity in media coverage. Accordingly, the article assesses necessary on-going policy capacities and reforms which college basketball leagues undertake to achieve sound governance.     

Sexual violence in organized sport in Germany

Although the topic of sexual violence in sport has gained considerable attention in recent years, prevalence rates of sexual violence experience in German athletes are not yet available. Therefore, the current study aimed to address this by assessing prevalence rates in a comprehensive sample of German elite athletes. Overall, 1529 German elite athletes over 16 years of age from 128 different sports took part in an online survey. Mean age was 21.6 years; 56% were female. Participants were presented with seventeen different sexual violence situations (from sexist jokes to forced penetration) and asked to indicate how often they had experienced each particular situation in the sport setting. Results revealed that 37.6% of the athletes had experienced at least one sexual violence situation in organized sport; 11.2% reported a severe form of sexual violence. Female athletes were affected significantly more often than male athletes, and persons with a sexual orientation other than heterosexual more often than heterosexuals. No significant differences could be found with regard to age, level of performance, type of sports, dis-/ability or migration background of the athletes. These results indicate that sexual violence is a problem that needs to be addressed across elite sports in Germany. Prevention concepts need to be developed and applied across sports contexts.     

Organisational factors and non-accidental violence in sport: A systematic review

The objective of the current systematic review was to investigate the organisational factors that enable and motivate non-accidental violence towards athletes in the sport context. The authors identified and reviewed 43 qualitative studies investigating psychological, physical, and sexual abuse of athletes, and developed a framework of organisational factors (i.e., structural, social, and stress factors) related to non-accidental violence. Athletes were the key informants, yet some studies included athletes’ entourages. The authors independently coded the findings sections of the primary research, using the developed framework. Organisational tolerance for abuse and conformity to dominant values within sports were related to all three types of non-accidental violence. Power imbalance appeared as a relevant factor in both psychological and sexual abuse, while isolation was also relevant in sexual abuse. Believing that non-accidental violence had instrumental effects appeared related to both psychological and physical abuse, whereas a winner-take-all reward system was related to physical abuse. Based on this systematic review, the authors proposed an integrated perspective of the organisational factors driving non-accidental violence in sport and conclude by proposing a whole-of-system approach to the prevention and management of non-accidental violence.     

对足球运动员比赛中攻击与暴力行为的分析研究

现代体育运动竞争激烈,在足球运动中球场上的暴力事件层出不穷,足球运动员在比赛中攻击和暴力行为也频频出现。本文通过对体育竞赛中攻击性行为和暴力行为的概念以及攻击理论的分析研究,归纳了足球运动员在比赛中攻击性行为和暴力行为产生的因素,以及对此现象的控制和预防措施,以期在足球比赛中运动员尽量避免不文明行为的发生,净化赛场风气。     

我国皮划艇激流回旋运动员运动损伤特点及预防

通过对国家皮划艇激流回旋队和省代表队激流皮划艇运动员9个多月训练和比赛期间运动创伤诊疗情况进行统计和调查，找出运动损伤的主要原因、常见部位及受伤容易发生的情况，并针对性地提出了防治的综合措施。     

对体育“暴力”的文化人类学解读

从文化人类学的视角,通过对宗教仪式和竞技体育中"暴力"文化的比较研究,从暴力与集体记忆、暴力与社会秩序、暴力与"虐恋"文化3个层次,探讨竞技体育"暴力"文化在人类社会生活中存在的价值和理由,以及它所隐喻的社会结构和象征意义.     

上海体育旅游的现状及发展

借鉴了国外体育旅游发展的经验,剖析了上海体育旅游的状况及其存在的主要问题,提出了上海体育旅游发展对策和建议：统筹规划,加强体育与旅游等行业的合作;加大政策支持力度,完善法律、法规;创建都市体育旅游品牌,加大宣传力度;多渠道培养人才,提高综合服务质量。     

大型体育赛事体育暴力的法律规制

大型体育赛事中的体育暴力危害城市的公共安全。文章从竞赛暴力和观众暴力两个层面对体育暴力的法律规制进行探讨,对竞赛暴力提出行业内部处罚,适当追究民法责任和刑法责任,同时在刑法干预时要谨慎。并对观众暴力法律规制的情况进行分析,根据现实情况提出完善相关法律的建议。     

Sport to the Rescue of the Suburbs: Sport to Educate? Sport to Reassure? When Politicians Respond to the Signs of Disturbance of Law and Order

Since the beginning of the 1980s, sport has appeared to be the last recourse against the worsening of living conditions, lack of job security and the ghettoisation of certain boroughs that stand out mostly because of continuing urban riots and juvenile violence. All of this is continually exaggerated by the media and politicians in their continual desire to dramatise and exaggerate. Certain sub-issues immediately emerge: what are the theoretical or ideological foundations on which this concept of making sport a lever for preventive policies is based? And what sport are we talking about? Is it the physical activities and sport (PAS) practised in the schools and institutes, civil sport or sport in the streets? Why do young people increasingly abandon civil/federated sport to practise ‘adventure sports’ or self-organised sports? Can self-organised sports and, more precisely, sport played outside the tower blocks favour the ‘self-control of impulses’? And if they can, under what conditions can they favour socialisation and contribute to preventing vandalism or violent acts? If it must be admitted that the links between sport and education, sport and prevention, sport and insertion, etc., are considered to be self-evident, they are rarely analysed or questioned.     

日本综合型社区体育俱乐部基本状况和存在的问题

本文通过对文献资料的收集、分析、研究认为,日本综合型体育俱乐部是日本社区体育的进一步发展,它对大众体育的稳定和发展有很大的促进作用。它由政府行政、财政的积极支持和民间参与形成了其发展的模式,它的存在和发展有赖于政府的财政支援和政策、法律的保证。     

What limits of legitimate discourse? The case of elite sport as ‘thinkable’ official knowledge in the Norwegian national curriculum

In 2006, elite sport was introduced into the Norwegian national curriculum as an elective subject in the pre-tertiary school. Grades achieved in this 5-hours-a-week subject count towards school-leavers' overall attainment grades. Prior to 2006, this subject was only offered as a specially adapted, alternative pedagogy in private schools. The paper analyzes how ideas about elite performance have become mainstream, particularly in light of the seeming lack of public policy supporting such a development. By using Bernstein's conceptual tools, it analyzes the few existing policy statements about elite sport in the pre-tertiary education sector and builds on interview data with key policy players in the Norwegian Parliament in order to shed light on this seemingly market-driven development. It asks which discourses have legitimated the transformation of elite sport skills, knowledge and values from an exclusive private school niche to national curricular knowledge to meet the physically, most-able and ambitious athlete-students in the pre-tertiary schools, and in so doing, include the development of sport athletes as an educational task of the comprehensive school system. Finally, it addresses whether agencies outside education policy circles may have affected the legitimation of elite sport as elective curricular knowledge to a certain group of students.     

Understanding sports violence: revisiting foundational explorations

Within this paper, we discuss the importance of attending to definitions of ‘violence’. Through a return to a selection of important foundational works, we attempt to unpack the fundamental meanings of violence in a general sense, and sport violence in particular. With a specific focus on the need for definitional clarity, and particular attention to the ‘ritual’ dimensions of sport violence, we argue that engaging with these concepts is essential when conducting research on ‘violent’ contexts. Based on a critical reading of a small selection of relatively recent scholarship in sports settings, we ultimately argue that without careful consideration of what can constitute ‘violence’, scholars risk misrepresenting the social worlds they investigate. In conclusion, we call for researchers to enter into a dialogue with foundational explorations of violence, and also to attend more closely to the definitions favoured by practitioners who engage with apparent ‘violence’ on a regular basis.     

韩国政府大众体育促进政策展望与构想(英文)

随着人们参与体育活动需要的增加，政府的体育政策已成为政策的制订者，体育方面的专家和体育科研工作需全国以赴研究的重要议题。1993年，韩国政府开始实施名为“提升国民体育的5年总体计划”的体育政策，该文旨在通过回顾全民健身的措施来阐述全民健身政策的成就，引用了文化旅游部的报告和国家针对国民体育参与的调查。结果表明，从1993年到2002年两个5年总体计划实施期间，全民健康政策在全民健身的基础设施建设方面已经取得了成效。在体育设施的兴建，体育活动计划和比赛项目的发展，公益体育俱乐部的增加以及体育活动指导者和练习的大量出现方面效果显著，因为人们有规律地体育参与已经明显增加了。然而，文章指出，全民健身应从数量的增长转变到质量的提高上；公共体育设施应得到切实和有效的管理，地方政府在全民健身中的角色应加强并被赋予相应的权力；体育俱乐部要比以前更有活力；用好体育锻炼指导者要比大量培养他们得到更多的考虑；老年人、妇女和乡村居民参加体育锻炼的障碍应该通过出台合理的计划和调节城市和乡村的体育设施建设来消除。最后，文章强调，第三个5年总体计划（2003－2007）应把焦点集中在解决在前两个5年计划期间经常出现的失误上。     

日本体育政策的新动向——《体育振兴基本计划》解析

日本《体育振兴基本计划》作为一部体育法规明确规定了2001-2010年日本体育发展的总体目标、具体内容和实施细则，反映了新世纪日本体育政策的新变化，强调了大众体育与竞技体育协调发展，并在加快竞技体育发展的政策上有所突破。《体育振兴基本计划》出台了一系列新的举措，其中建立综合型区域体育俱乐部和泛区域体育中心、建立一条龙的训练体系两大举措将对日本体育产生深远影响，日本在2004年雅典奥运会上取得16枚金牌，提前实现计划中的金牌指标，群众体育更加蓬勃发展，已显示出实施该计划的效果。     

我国网球男选手竞技水平现状及相对落后原因分析

分析自1885年网球运动传入中国以来,特别是1973年以后,国际职业网球联合会实行新的排名法之后,我国网球男子排名（双打或单打）从未进入世界前一百名,和女子网球竞技水平相比形成“阴盛阳衰”。分析认为导致我国网球落后的因素有：教练员本身及其训练方面存在的问题;运动员综合素质较差;体育科技实施滞后;中国特色社会主义体育政策不够完善;历史、经济、自然条件的影响。应针对性地采取措施,以提高我国男子网球竞技水平成绩。     

社会主义新农村建设过程中河南省农民体育的现状特征及发展对策的研究

社会主义新农村建设是一个全面、系统的工程,体育事业则是社会主义新农村建设过程中投资最少,见效最快的一个工程。改革开放20多年来,我国的综合国力得到显著增强,国民生活水平得到快速提高,体育活动成为了衡量国民生活质量的一个重要指标。尤其现阶段中央提出加快建设社会主义新农村这一伟大决定,研究河南省农民体育的现状和对策有很重要的现实意义。     

Football: A Sociology of the Global Game By Richard Giulianotti. Published 1999 by Polity Press, 65 Bridge Street,Cambridge, CB2 1UR,UK. (256 pp., $29.95)

Martial-arts practice is not quite anything else: it is like sport, but is not sport; it constantly refers to and as it were cohabits with violence, but is not violent; it is dance-like but not dance. It shares a common athleticism with sports and dance, yet stands apart from both, especially through its paradoxical commitment to the external value of being an instrument of violence. My discussion seeks to illuminate martial arts practice by systematic contrast to games of sport and works of performance art, especially dance.     

东京奥运会后的日本体育发展给我们的启示--兼论2008年北京奥运会后我国的体育方针

本研究在全面考察战后日本的体育方针及体育发展的基础上，重点剖析了东京奥运会后日本的体育方针与体育发展之间的关系，并对北京奥运会后我国发展体育适宜采取的方针进行了探讨。东京奥运会后的日本体育发展表明，对于体育是外来文化的国家，奥运会后发展体育应当兼顾“普及”和“提高”，不可厚此薄彼。综观今后我国的社会发展和体育发展，北京奥运会后适宜采取“普及为重点，各类体育协调发展”的方针发展体育。     

运动竞赛语言暴力问题研究

从语言学角度阐述了运动竞赛语言暴力的内涵、实施手段、性质,针对运动竞赛语言暴力现状对其产生原因进行了分析,并提出了消除运动竞赛语言暴力的对策:提倡比赛文明用语,培育良好的竞赛语言环境;制定相应竞赛规则和管理制度,完善奖惩机制;提高运动竞赛参与者素质,提高体育职业道德水准;加强心理健康教育,提高自我控制能力.     

Sport and Civilisation: Violence Mastered? From Civilising Functions to Pacifying Functions

Explaining that it is not possible to divide human activity (political, economic, social, sport, etc.) into different sectors, as they all originate from the same actors, Norbert Elias and Eric Dunning thus came to formulate the central hypothesis of a network which linked the process of pacification of customs, the development of a parliamentary system for society, the state monopoly of violence, the euphemisation of violence in the aristocracy, the genesis of sport and, by recursion, the roles and functions of modern sports in the state control of violence and the learning of self-control. Elias and Dunning contrast modern sports with the ancient games, euphemisation and the persistence of violence, ‘sport’ leisure characteristic of ‘modern’ societies and traditional games in the ‘ancient’ societies, which accompanied the religious calendars and rites of passage. But do they really question society? This paper shows how the problems posed by Elias' theory are, essentially, of three types: first, those linked to the methodology used; second, those related to the limits imposed by the notion of self-constraint; and, finally, those concerning the pacifying function attributed to sport.