Emotion regulation in context: the jealousy complex between young siblings and its relations with child and family characteristics

Jealousy is a social emotion that has received little attention by developmental researchers. The current study examined sibling jealousy and its relations to child and family characteristics in 60 families with a 16-month-old toddler and an older preschool-age sibling. Sibling jealousy was elicited in social triads consisting of a parent (mother or father) and the two siblings. Positive marital relationship quality (i.e., love and relationship maintenance) was a particularly strong predictor of the older siblings' abilities to regulate jealousy reactions in the mother sessions. Younger siblings' jealous affect with mothers was linked to the child's temperament, whereas older siblings' jealous affect with mothers was related to the child's emotional understanding. Younger siblings displayed more behavioral dysregulation in the mother-sibling triads if there was greater sibling rivalry reported by mothers. Session order (i.e., which sibling was challenged first in the jealousy paradigm) had a strong effect on both the affect and behavioral dysregulation displayed by the older and younger siblings. Results are discussed with respect to the need for future research to consider social relationships as developmental contexts for young children's emotion regulation.     

公平与效率:省级层面教师流动政策主导价值取向

当前教师流动政策有两种价值取向:公平取向和效率取向。公平取向的教师流动政策受到更多省份的推崇,但其本身存在诸如推进困难、容易导致教育质量下降等缺点。因此,应该允许效率取向教师流动政策的存在和继续探索,开展公平取向的教师流动时应该做好各项准备工作。     

青少年嫉妒心理的表现、特点及对策

在分析青少年嫉妒心理特点的基础上,指出青少年远离嫉妒心理的对策,包括心理预防与心理疏导两个方面。     

从“嫉妒说”到“他者”的理论转向——论莎士比亚的《奥赛罗》兼及对主人公文化身份的理解

莎士比亚的著名的四大悲剧之一的《奥赛罗》曾经引起无数的争议,其中“嫉妒说”长期在《奥赛罗》研究中占据了统治地位,尽管一批著名莎学家、文学家从各种角度对嫉妒一说进行了否定,指出“嫉妒”并不能令人信服地全面解释《奥赛罗》中蕴涵的人文主义思想光辉。从“他者”文化身份认同危机的角度,可以看到不断被强化的文化身份认同危机是造成悲剧的根本原因。中国改编莎剧也注意到《奥赛罗》中文化身份的差异。     

Goal orientations, coping with school failure and school achievement

The present study examined the relationship between goal orientation, coping with school failure and school achievement. Two questionnaires, Goal Orientation (Niemivirta, 1996a) and The School Failure Coping Scale (Rijavec & Brdar, 1997), were administered to 1057 high school students (aged from 15 to 17 years). The first goal of this study was to explore whether students can be classified in groups according to their goal orientation. The results identified four clusters of students with different achievement profiles: learning oriented, work-avoidance oriented, both performance and learning oriented and both performance and work-avoidance oriented group. Learning oriented group used emotion-focused coping the least frequently while students with combined performance and work avoidanc orientation used this kind of coping the most frequently.     

Stimulating teachers' reflection and feedback asking: An interplay of self-efficacy,learning goal orientation,and transformational leadership

The goal of the study was to investigate how teachers' reflection and feedback asking – two crucial components of professional development – can be explained by occupational self-efficacy, learning goal orientation and transformational leadership. A survey study with data from 456 teachers from a Dutch College for Vocational Education and Training shows that occupational self-efficacy and learning goal orientation are positively related to reflection and feedback asking. Furthermore, learning goal orientation mediates the relationships between occupational self-efficacy and reflection and asking feedback. Finally, the positive relationship between transformational leadership and reflection and asking feedback appears to depend on learning goal orientation.     

A relational uncertainty analysis of jealousy,trust, and maintenance in long‐distance versus geographically close relationships

This study uses an uncertainty framework to uncover the patterns of relationships between uncertainty, jealousy, maintenance, and trust in two types of long‐distance relationships (LDRs; both those without face‐to‐face contact and those with some face‐to‐face contact) and geographically close relationships (GCRs). Data were collected from 311 individuals. Results supported the hypothesized relationships, with relational uncertainty positively related to cognitive and emotional jealousy, negatively related to five maintenance behaviors, and negatively related to trust. Counter to predictions, individuals in GCRs did not experience less relational uncertainty than individuals in LDRs with some face‐to‐face contact, but those in LDRs with some face‐to‐face contact were significantly more certain of their relationships than were those in LDRs without face‐to‐face contact. Finally, individuals in long‐distance relationships with no face‐to‐face interaction were significantly less likely to use the maintenance behaviors of assurances or sharing tasks, and expressed significantly less trust than individuals in long‐distance relationships with some face‐to‐face interaction.     

The door‐in‐the‐face compliance strategy: An individual differences analysis of two models in an AIDS fundraising context

This study examined the reciprocal concessions and self‐presentation accounts of the door‐in‐the‐face (DITF) compliance strategy within a fundraising context. Subjects were classified as low or high in exchange orientation, and as low or high in approval motivation on the basis of a pretest questionnaire. As predicted on the basis of reciprocal concessions theory, a significant interaction was obtained between exchange‐orientation and message strategy. For high exchange‐oriented subjects, the DITF message strategy substantially increased compliance rates, relative to the single‐request control message. However, low exchange‐oriented subjects were actually more charitable in response to the control message. Analysis of a post‐treatment measure of obligation to the requestor revealed that obligation could account for less than half of the interaction effect, a finding which is inconsistent with concessions theory. Self‐presentation theory suggests that DITF should work best when directed toward targets who are high in their approval motivation, but this hypothesized interaction between approval motivation and message strategy did not materialize.     

Decoding Ability and Humor Production

Scholars have suggested that being “in tune” with others may be an important aspect of successful humor creation; however, few studies have specifically investigated this possibility. Thus, this study examined the relationship between decoding ability and humor orientation. Decoding ability was conceptualized as involving three communication constructs: conversational sensitivity, nonverbal sensitivity, and receiver apprehension. Consistent with predictions, results revealed positive relationships between (1) humor orientation and conversational sensitivity and (2) humor orientation and nonverbal sensitivity. Also consistent with predictions, a negative relationship was found between humor orientation and receiver apprehension. Further analysis indicated the three communication variables together accounted for 24% of the variance in humor orientation; only conversational sensitivity and receiver apprehension, however, accounted for unique variance. Overall, these findings suggest humor production may be related to the ways in which individuals attend to their social environments.     

Communicating Values,Valuing Community through Health-Care Websites: Midwifery's Online Ethos and Public Communication in Ontario

Drawing on the rhetorical concept of ethos, this study explores the professional identities, health-care relationships, and forms of community constructed by two midwifery websites in Ontario. Rather than facilitating communal and dialogic modes of communication with the public, these websites enact primarily a unidirectional consumption model. This design structure both reflects and reinforces the complexities of midwifery's recent shift from being an explicitly alternative form of health care, to becoming part of the dominant health-care framework.     

贯彻落实《教育规划纲要》重在实施教育内涵发展——来自一线教育管理干部的调查报告

一线教育管理干部(局长、校长)是贯彻落实《教育规划纲要》的行为主体和主要责任人,他们的态度和行为对实现教育事业科学发展、建设人力资源强国目标至关重要。调查反映,近八成一线教育管理干部对落实《教育规划纲要》怀有自信和自觉,基本认同以公平和质量为核心的内涵发展战略,同时,调查也反映出不同区域受访者在发展目标、关注重点和推进策略等方面的态度差异。一线管理干部对教育事业内涵发展的关切点集中在促进公平、提高质量、改革体制和强化保障方面。今后,各地需要不失时机地把工作重点转向促进公平(由机会公平向过程公平和结果公平迈进)、提高质量(由升学率主导向综合素质迈进)、改革体制(由过分集权向简政放权迈进)、强化保障(由硬件为主向软件为主迈进)。     

Developing relationships, being cool, and not looking like a loser: social goal orientation predicts children's responses to peer aggression

This research explored the contribution of social goal orientation, specifically, development (improving social skills and relationships), demonstration-approach (gaining positive judgments), and demonstration-avoidance (minimizing negative judgments). Children (N = 373; M age = 7.97, SD = .34) were followed from 2nd to 3rd grades. Validity of the social goal orientation construct was established through correlations with situation-specific goals and social adjustment. Development goals predicted adaptive responses (more effortful engagement, problem solving, advice seeking; fewer involuntary responses); demonstration goals predicted maladaptive responses (less effortful engagement, problem solving; more disengagement, retaliation). This study contributes to theoretical understanding of the process of peer aggression and interventions to promote optimal social health.     

Achievement goal orientations,learning strategies,and mathematics achievement: A comparison of Chinese Miao and Han students

This study compared the relationships between the goal orientations, learning strategies, and mathematics achievement of Chinese Miao and Han students. A total of 211 Han and 321 Miao fifth‐ and sixth‐grade students from Qiandongnan participated in the study. The results suggest that, in both samples, mastery orientation positively predicted the use of surface/deep learning strategies and mathematics achievement, and that performance‐approach orientation significantly predicted the use of surface strategies. Ethnic differences were also detected. The positive relationship of the performance‐approach orientation to deep strategies was stronger among the Han than the Miao students. Overall, our findings confirm that goal orientations have an important influence on Chinese students’ strategy use and achievement and that ethnic differences affect the patterns of these relationships. Possible explanations for the results and the practical implications for school practitioners are discussed.     

Instrumentality,task value,and intrinsic motivation: Making sense of their independent interdependence

The relationships among instrumentality, task value, and intrinsic orientation were investigated among undergraduate students. The sample comprised 207 undergraduates who were participating in a lower-division human development course. Results confirm that endogenous instrumentality is an independent construct, which—although related to task value and intrinsic motivation—is empirically and theoretically distinguishable. Results suggest that the present orientation of intrinsic motivation and task value (as measured by the MSLQ) may serve a different motivational function than the more future oriented endogenous instrumentality.     

Responses to Jealousy Situations That Evoke Uncertainty in Married and Dating Relationships

This study examined jealousy situations among married versus dating relationships, the uncertainty jealousy induced, and communicative responses. Participants (N = 155) described situations, and analytic inductive procedures identified 9 jealousy situations. Comparisons indicate the Presence of Attractive Romantic Alternative and Choice of a Non-Romantic Other situations are most common among dating partners, whereas Choice of a Non-Romantic Other and Never Experienced Jealousy are most common among married couples. Dating partners experienced greater partner uncertainty following jealous situations. Situations differed in production of partner and relational uncertainty, satisfaction, and impact on other aspects of life.     

Predicting Girls’ Learning Behaviour in Secondary School Mathematics Lessons from Motivational and Learning Environment Factors

Previous studies in secondary schools in disadvantaged areas have shown that learning intentions and behaviour in lessons could be predicted from factors related to the classroom context, such as prior learning behaviour and self efficacy judgements. However, attitudes and perceived pressures do not predict intentions and behaviour. In addition to investigating these relationships in an independent girls’ school, this study also explored the significance of goal orientation and perceived learning environment for learning intentions and behaviour. Seventy pupils aged 12‐14 years from two age groups, each with two ability groups, took part in a repeated measures study during maths lessons over 7 weeks. The results confirmed that attitudes and subjective norm did not predict intention and learning behaviour. Past learning behaviour related predictively to lesson behaviour and self efficacy judgements about being able to engage in learning behaviours. Self efficacy, which was itself predicted by perceptions of class cohesion and reports of goal orientation, was the best predictor of learning intentions, which was in turn the only predictor of learning behaviour. The results are discussed in terms of the possible significance of learning attitudes when there is subject choice. They also point to the need for further study of the relationships between perceived learning environment, self efficacy and learning intentions.     

A futures orientation in the Australian Curriculum: current levels of teacher interest,activity and support in Western Australia

The soon to be implemented Australian Curriculum aims to integrate a futures orientation across subject areas. Guidelines and support for this specific initiative are being finalized. Only a little is known about the current teaching of a futures orientation or of secondary teacher interest, understanding and support for this important but challenging direction. This initial study surveyed 115 teachers from twelve secondary schools in Western Australia and aims to provide a basis for implementing the futures oriented elements into the year 7 to 10 curriculum. Most questions of respondents related directly to elements of the Australian Curriculum’s cross-curriculum priority of sustainability and of the general capabilities; these were extended to include a general appraisal of teachers’ interest in broader global issues, their self-efficacy in pursuing their interests and their suggestions for curriculum support. In overview, this initial study has shown that many Western Australian teachers are very receptive to developing a futures orientation into their classrooms in keeping with the rationale in the new national curriculum. It provides a foundation for follow up studies, supporting existing school interest and exploring specific opportunities for enhancing a futures orientation. It raises the possibility of engaging further with highly motivated teachers and schools in implementing the futures orientation components of the Australian Curriculum through its cross-curriculum priorities and general capabilities.     

Students at risk: Students' general study orientations and abandoning/prolonging the course of studies

The purpose of the study was twofold. Firstly, we aimed at distinguishing groups of students with differing general orientations to university studies. Secondly, our goal was to establish a connection between orientations and students' intentions to discontinue their studies as well as their actual absences. The participants of the study were all the first year students of a multi-disciplinary Finnish university. A questionnaire was used including the Inventory of General Study Orientations (IGSO) and questions about students' motives for entrance and intentions to discontinue their studies. Archive data from the university's student register were also utilised to examine study orientations' connections with actual absences and study success.Students were divided into three study orientation groups: study-oriented students, work-life oriented students, and non-committed students. Students' intentions to discontinue their studies were related according to their study orientation. It was found that students who intended to change their major subject or to abandon their studies altogether belonged most often to the group of non-committed students. The same was true concerning students' actual absences during the first two years of studying. Regarding the study success as measured by study credits and grades, work-life oriented students obtained the best result.     

Trigger videos on the Web: Impact of audiovisual design

Audiovisual design might impact emotional responses, as studies from the 1970s and 1980s on movie and television content show. Given today's abundant presence of web‐based videos, this study investigates whether audiovisual design will impact web‐video content in a similar way. The study is motivated by the potential influence of video‐evoked emotional responses to related activities in a web‐based learning environment. To examine this, a video scene was designed that follows the concept of an educational trigger video. A trigger video aims to evoking affective responses in viewers with respect to a social problem situation. An experiment was conducted that explored whether the manipulation of two audiovisual design variables—shot length and camera height—of a web trigger video affects how the problem situation and the characters are perceived. The results showed that audiovisual design did impact these video‐related tasks.     

团队文化和领导方式对团队创新的影响及其机制

以中国南方某省级电信运营公司及其所属18个市级分公司的90个团队、306名团队成员为样本,探讨了市场导向、学习导向这两种团队文化特质与团队创新的关系及其影响机制。回归分析结果表明:(1)市场导向与学习导向正向预测团队创新。(2)团队反思在市场导向、学习导向与团队创新关系中起着完全中介作用。(3)领导方式在团队文化与团队反思的关系中具有调节作用,总体而言,在一个有利于创新的团队文化氛围中,变革型领导相比交易型领导更能促成反思和创新,但其正向调节效应并不十分稳定。