学术系统中的社会资本及其效应

学术系统中的社会资本是学者在学术活动中获取和使用的嵌入在学术交流与合作网络中的资源,兼具社会性和学术性,主要表现为毕业院校、师徒关系和任职院校等形式。学术性社会资本既发挥着重要的正面作用,也显示出令人担忧的负面效应。如何面对学术性社会资本以及如何规避它的负面效应就成为优化学术系统运行机制、健全学术制度时不得不予以反思的两个问题。     

Religious engagement and attitudes to the role of religion in society: their effect on civic and social values in an Asian context

This paper explored the impact of religious engagement (religious background, religious service attendance and religious activities participation) on adolescents’ civic and social values. Attitudes towards the influence of religion on society were investigated as a possible mediator/moderator of religious engagement. A model based on Western literature was tested using a sample of over 2000 Hong Kong students. Secondary data were drawn from the International Civics and Citizenship Education Study 2009. Multi-level modelling was used to assess individual and school level effects on civic and social values. Results indicated that religious engagement exerted varied effects. Religious background showed small and negative effects on students’ civic and social values. Participation in religious services indicated a small, positive and significant effect on social but not on civic values. Participation in religious activities showed no significant effect on either social or civic values. These variables exerted a small moderating effect on social and civic values through attitudes to the influence of religion on society. The latter exerted a positive and significant effect on civic values and a negative effect on social values. These results suggested that Western models depicting the positive relationship between religious engagement and citizenship values may not hold for Asian societies.     

新农村建设的社会资本路径探析

社会资本意指普通公民的民间参与网络,以及体现在这种约定中的公共精神、社会舆论和互惠规范,它通常被理解成结构型和认知型源泉之间的某种组合。结构型社会资本和认知型社会资本通过不同的作用机制推动新农村建设的进程。乡村社会资本因其公共物品性面临供给和投资不足的困境,乡镇政府应当承担起投资乡村社会资本的责任。     

Filtering informal learning in everyday life: invoking ordinariness and moving to civic engagement

This article explores the role of informal learning from television as it is anchored within the ordinariness of daily life. It examines the consequences for pedagogy and civic engagement, questioning how informal learning from television can enhance civic engagement. For many, this learning was localised through personalised and interpersonal relations of everyday life. Learning was not viewed as a distant institutional force but as an embedded part of an ordinary life. The invoking of ordinariness rendered the relationship between learning and civic engagement unproblematic. Learning was localised in subjective terms for self‐identity and interpersonal relations rather than critically reflecting on the power structures of everyday life.     

Measuring Social Capital as an Outcome of Service Learning

Service-learning has been put forth as one of the proposed solutions to increasing social capital. However, service-learning research has not significantly addressed the impact of service learning on social capital. Unlike most previous studies, this research used quantitative analysis to measure the effect of university service-learning programs on social capital by examining the question: What impact do service-learning programs have on social capital post-graduation? This study showed that service learning addresses the civic engagement problem by providing evidence suggesting that service learning predicts social capital post-graduation.     

Politics,media and youth: understanding political socialization via video production in secondary schools

Research on the lack of civic and political engagement on the part of today’s youth has relied on traditional, often quantitative, measures of political knowledge that may miss important elements of the process. Using an ethnographic approach with a group of inner‐city high school students, our study reveals a richer construction of students’ awareness of political issues, or political socialization than previously documented by conventional survey measures. Notably present is a sophisticated awareness of and identification with non‐news television formats which suggests that sources such as TV talk and reality shows may be important sources of political discourse and even civic engagement. Our study also supports the value of hands‐on media production projects for understanding youth political knowledge and awareness, suggesting an additional tool for political communication and civic engagement research.     

《手机》的传播学解读——兼议电子对话式传播及其与真实交流的关系

电视剧《手机》以虚构叙事文本反映了手机对人和社会的巨大影响,描绘出当代社会媒介大发展和人际关系疏离、传统价值观念滑落之间的因果关系图谱。如果将新媒介的考察纳入到勒纳＂社会演进三阶段＂的谱系中就会发现,以手机为代表的电子媒介的应用的确表征着社会进步。但信息传播新技术的介入形成了一种有别于传统人际传播形态的电子对话式传播,而后者的显要特征是人际传播＂非在场性＂的出现和＂感觉上的可靠性＂的下降。这虽然影响着人际传播的效果,但判断人际传播能否达到理想效果的重要标准是个体间＂自我属性＂的相遇,而非传播媒介的应用及其先进与否。     

Standardization of lower secondary civic education and inequality of the civic and political engagement of students

In this paper, the relation between the standardization of civic education and the inequality of civic engagement is examined. Using data from the International Civic and Citizenship Education Study 2009 among early adolescents and Eurydice country-level data, three-level analysis and variance function regression are applied to examine whether there is a relation between measures of civic education standardization and inequality in three dimensions of civic engagement: civic knowledge, interest in social and political issues, and participation in the community. Inequality is conceptualized as differences in students’ civic engagement between schools and the association between social origin and civic engagement. The results demonstrate that accountability is associated with more inequality in civic knowledge, whereas centralization is associated with less inequality in non-cognitive civic engagement.     

Delphi基于元数据开发管理信息系统的两种实现方式

基于元数据开发管理信息系统极大地提高了系统的开发效率。对以Delphi 7.0基于元数据开发管理信息系统的两种实现方式进行了论述和比较,探讨了基于元数据开发管理信息系统的主要优缺点。     

The Influence of Service Learning on Students' Personal and Social Development

Abstract. An explanatory methods design was used to evaluate the influence of a service learning course on learning, personal, and social outcomes for service learning (n = 142) students. These students showed improvements in diversity and political awareness, community self-efficacy, and civic engagement scores from the beginning to the end of the semester. In addition, the students' academic learning, personal and interpersonal development, and community engagement were detected as the major benefits from engaging in service learning. The findings of this study suggest that service learning contributes to students' academic learning and personal and social development through social-emotional processes.     

Measuring social capital among youth: applications in environmental education

Although critiqued for circular reasoning and lack of definitional and analytic clarity, social capital has garnered widespread interest in two areas relevant to environmental education (EE): the impact of family and community-level social capital on positive youth development and of community-level social capital in fostering collective action to manage natural resources. Although EE is normally considered for its value relative to environmental outcomes or natural capital, intergenerational, community, and other approaches to EE may also foster social capital. Drawing on Putnam’s definition of social capital, which emphasizes civic engagement, we developed and tested for reliability a survey to measure cognitive and structural attributes of social capital among youth. We conclude that although several attributes of our instrument are useful for use with youth aged 10–18 years in EE contexts, much more work needs to be done on conceptualizing and developing measures of social capital that are relevant to EE. Further, we suggest that social capital presents a framework for how EE programs can bring youth and adults together to create the conditions that enable collective action, as a complement to ongoing work in EE focusing on individual behaviors.     

What Social Scientists Have Learned About Civic Education: A Review of the Literature

Historically there has been a relative dearth of social science research into civic education—even in political science, a discipline that had civic education as one of its founding objectives. This is partly due to the mistaken impression that civics instruction has no effect on civic and political participation, a conclusion that was once conventional wisdom but has since been refuted. More and more evidence has accumulated that well-designed civic education—both formal and informal—has meaningful, long-lasting effects on the civic engagement of young people. Existing research finds four aspects of schooling that affect civic learning and engagement: classroom instruction, extracurricular activities, service learning, and a school’s ethos. Furthermore, state-level civics exams can positively affect knowledge about politics and government. The unifying theme that arises from this burgeoning literature is that effective civic education can compensate for a dearth of civic resources in the home and community. However, the renaissance of research into civic education is only just beginning, as more needs to be done. The existing data are too limited, and randomized studies are rare. Truly advancing our understanding of civic education will require a large-scale, multi-method, interdisciplinary effort.     

Civic learning: moving from the apolitical to the socially just

This study examines the knowledge and skills that characterize civic learning for young people. Building on a literature review, it reports an exploratory case study with students and teachers in four secondary schools in the Ottawa, Canada region. The perspectives of researchers co‐operating with educators and students against a backdrop of provincial government curricula and secondary literature on youth citizenship engagement provide an enriched understanding of the state and potential of civic learning. It concludes that current civic learning is primarily characterized by procedural knowledge and compliant codes of behaviour that do not envelope students in collective action for systemic understandings of political issues. This study argues for renewed efforts to put social justice at the heart of student learning. To present a convincing civic educational programme, schools should prepare students to analyse power relationships, investigate the ambiguities of political issues, and embrace opportunities for social change.     

The ‘Employer Engagement Cycle’ in Secondary Education: analysing the testimonies of young British adults

Work experience placements are mandatory in the UK for all young people aged 16–18 in education, and their employability effects and associated wage premia are well noted in the literature. Through Bourdieu’s lens, this article analyses and conceptualises a unique data set of reflective testimonies submitted in response to a YouGov survey of over one thousand young people. Different capitals are detected, their distributions are observed, and correlations with key variables such as social background and school type are reported. Emerging through young people’s perceptions of employer engagement is a complex web of human, social and cultural capital accumulation. Overlaps are frequent, with newly acquired forms of capital often activating others. We argue that because of the cyclical nature of employer engagement gains, benefits accumulate exponentially for some young people while leaving others increasingly detached from the capitals that are most important for labour market success.     

Teaching Educational Psychology by TV

A pedagogy of dialogue can facilitate student civic engagement and critical self-reflection into divisive social issues. Although several scholars theorize and support this claim, few describe their practices for teaching students how to become agents of social change in their everyday lives through dialogic public discourse. This paper describes the context and methods used to foster students’ understandings of divergent points of view during a winter intersession colloquium that was affiliated with a campus and community lecture series at a women's liberal arts college.     

公共政策的伦理基础及其反思——基于社会资本的视角

公共利益作为公共政策的伦理基础指导着一系列权威性的分配决定和行动。但由于公共利益的宽泛性与不确定性,使其在概念界定上不够清晰。通过引入社会资本概念,从社会信任,互惠规范和公民参与网络三个维度对公共利益进行反思,使公共利益概念更为直观具体,以期更好地规范公共政策。     

Civic Knowledge,Engagement, and Participation Narratives of Youth of Color in Urban Schools

The issues associated with students’ civic knowledge, engagement, and participation have been heightened in intellectual debates and public discussions. However, these discussions have not focused heavily on urban youths’ civic identities or the locations of these identities within the youths’ personal narratives of ethnicity, race, class, and gender. This article presents the narratives of four urban high school youths of color, selected from a larger study about youths’ experiences in school and society and the ways in which classroom learning encouraged their inquiry, assessment of their social worlds and personal goals, and emerging personal and civic identities. Our purpose was to gain insights regarding the youths’ sociopolitical perspectives on local educational and social issues affecting them and to understand their multiple literacies in the context of their civic engagement, increasing youth advocacy, and larger political tensions. The theoretical framing of this investigation is grounded in democratic education and sociopolitical consciousness and draws upon research that focuses on civic participation and democratic society. Four dominant themes emerged from the analysis: educational inequality, social media, schooling, and race and mass incarceration. This article contributes to an expansive framing for civic education by examining the civic knowledge of urban youths of color and offers implications for research, practice, and policy.     

以社会资本理论看现代大学文化的构建

社会资本理论的核心是合作精神、参与规则和信任,它为在新时代背景下重新构建理想的现代大学文化提供了新的视野。现代大学精神文化的塑造应以社会资本理论为平台,在沟通、对话中发展创新、合作、民主的师生关系和学术氛围,应对环境文化建设中的物质环境和制度环境进行人本化管理,从而构建和谐的现代大学文化。     

国内人际交往能力的研究述评——基于多民族混合学校学生心理素质的研究

目前国内对人际交往能力的定义一般认为是指在人际交往活动时,影响人际交往活动的效率和保证人际交往活动顺利进行的心理特征。家庭环境、社区环境和学校环境是影响人际交往能力的三种客观因素,认知、个性、情绪和交往技能是影响人际交往能力的四种主观因素。文章分别从人际交往能力与心理健康、人际交往能力与社会适应以及人际交往能力与父母教养方式三个方面阐述最新的一些研究成果。最后提出本领域研究的不足及今后应改进的方向。     

Fostering Community Life and Human Civility in Academic Departments Through Covenant Practice

Creating desirable academic departments for individuals’ well-being and quality scholarship is an important effort as well as a novel idea. The focus of this reflective article is twofold: (a) We present a social capital theory of social justice covenants as a product and process of community building, and (b) we share the multiple lived experiences of three scholars within the context of our department's covenant ideology and practice. We explore how faculty can promote community and civility by not only developing but also enacting an internally generated covenant while operating within a larger institutional context that produces tension. As related to our purposes, we examined the relevant literature on social capital, capacity building, workplace environments, and organizational covenants to frame our discussion of community-driven action in education. We include an extended application of a covenant that guides our departmental faculty's social outlook, interpersonal behavior, scholarly work, and communal activism. Although our focus is on change-oriented, grassroots activity within higher education, the public schooling context is considered.