教学设计与软件工程结合的教学软件开发模式

针对当前国内教学软件开发模式的缺陷,分析教学软件开发中的教学设计过程和软件工程成分,明确两者结合的基本关系,提出教学系统设计与软件工程结合的开发模式,阐述了它的要素和阶段。     

Modeling Nonlinear Structural Equation Models: A Comparison of the Two-Stage Generalized Additive Models and the Finite Mixture Structural Equation Model

Researchers have devoted some time and effort to developing methods for fitting nonlinear relationships among latent variables. In particular, most of these have focused on correctly modeling interactions between 2 exogenous latent variables, and quadratic relationships between exogenous and endogenous variables. All of these approaches require prespecification of the nonlinearity by the researcher, and are limited to fairly simple nonlinear relationships. Other work has been done using mixture structural equation models (SEMM) in an attempt to fit more complex nonlinear relationships. This study expands on this earlier work by introducing the 2-stage generalized additive model (2SGAM) approach for fitting regression splines in the context of structural equation models. The model is first described and then investigated through the use of simulated data, in which it was compared with the SEMM approach. Results demonstrate that the 2SGAM is an effective tool for fitting a variety of nonlinear relationships between latent variables, and can be easily and accurately extended to models including multiple latent variables. Implications of these results are discussed.     

教学传播过程中的干扰

现代信息技术已经进入课堂,但是如何实现现代信息技术和教学的整合,真正地提高教学效果,优化学生的学习,依然是一个悬而未决的难题。本文从传播理论、信息加工学习理论、教学理论的角度阐述了学生在不同学习阶段会产生技术、加工、概念干扰,在相应阶段利用现代多媒体技术,解决干扰,就可以大大增进学习者的学习效果和教师的教学效率。     

教学设计模式的定性及其要素构成的层次关系

从当前关于教学设计理论的研究情况来看,有必要对教学设计模式的定性与模式分类标准的选择这两者之间的相互一致性进行深入讨论,因为它不仅是一个理论问题,而且直接涉及到教学实践中对教学设计模式的把握和运用。就理论指导实践的有效性来讲,这一讨论至少应该包括四个方面的问题,即分类与分类标准的关系、分类方法的有效性、系统构成要素之间的关系,以及针对外部影响和分类对象的调整。     

教学效率数学模型建构的教育原理及意义

如何提高教学效率,是各层次各类教学研究的重要问题。在教学理论和实践基础上首次提出的“教学效率的数学模型”,可以直观地理解教学效率的三个限制性原理,即在学校教育中不能仅仅强调学生自主学习,不能仅仅强调教师单向传授知识,教与学是相互“耦合”的。其原理表明三个不可能：只要求学生自主学习,不可能高效;只要求教师灌输,不可能高效;不将教师的教学转化为学生的自学,不可能高效。以此模型推论,对于不同学科、不同水平的教师和学生,两条“学历一效率”曲线的交点0是不同的。这就为因材施教地研究教学效率提供了新思路。在系统研究教学模型基础上建构的“教学模型的数学模型”,是“模式的模式”,即元模式。元模式的研究具有方法论价值,为教师在教学中选择合适的教学模型提供了实用的模式“网络结构”。这些数学模型之于远程教育的意义是：远程教学十分需要新的突破。     

论教学语言的评价标准

确立教学语言的评价标准,是建设教学语言科学理论体系的需要,使我们能够以此正确判别教学语言的优劣高下,论定教师驾驭和运用语言的水准,切实、有效指导教学实践活动.教学语言的评价的总体标准毫无疑问是教学目的达成,它可以分解成沟通性标准、理解性标准、艺术性标准.这三条标准是有机的整体,相互联系,逐层提高.     

Revisiting the Model Size Effect in Structural Equation Modeling

Fitting a large structural equation modeling (SEM) model with moderate to small sample sizes results in an inflated Type I error rate for the likelihood ratio test statistic under the chi-square reference distribution, known as the model size effect. In this article, we show that the number of observed variables (p) and the number of free parameters (q) have unique effects on the Type I error rate of the likelihood ratio test statistic. In addition, the effects of p and q cannot be fully explained using degrees of freedom (df). We also evaluated the performance of 4 correctional methods for the model size effect, including Bartlett’s (1950), Swain’s (1975), and Yuan’s (2005) corrected statistics, and Yuan, Tian, and Yanagihara’s (2015) empirically corrected statistic. We found that Yuan et al.’s (2015) empirically corrected statistic generally yields the best performance in controlling the Type I error rate when fitting large SEM models.     

协作式教学设计过程模式研究

该文从传统的教学设计理论与实践的不足、设计人员自身素质的缺陷、理论专家的关注等几个方面,论证了开展协作式教学设计的必要性。同时借鉴企业管理的思想,论证了在教师之间建立一种“学习型组织”,从而保证开展协作式教学设计的可行性。此外列出了几种教师协作的组织形式,并尝试性地给出一种协作式的教学设计过程模式。     

基于教育二重性的教学设计过程模式初探

教育既具有科学属性,又具有艺术属性。以往教学设计理论及过程模式都只是将教育教学活动视为一门科学,忽视了其艺术性的一面。该文基于教育二重性观点,提出了新的教学设计过程模式,讨论了艺术化设计的基本原则,并对教学设计中科学性与艺术性的比例关系进行了初步探讨。     

高师院校《现代教育技术》公共课教学的新模式——关于《现代教育技术》公共课教学的改革构想

该文基于对高师《现代教育技术》公共课教学现状和问题的考察 ,提出了以“面向全体师范生 ,切实提高教育技术应用能力”为目标 ,构建高师《现代教育技术》公共课教学新模式的若干设想。内容主要包括教学内容改革设想 ,教学方法与教学模式的改革设想以及教学管理与评估改革设想三个方面。其中教学模式的改革是本构想的核心 ,其关键是实现《现代教育技术》公共课与学科专业教学的三个结合 ,即 :教学设计和常规媒体技术与学科专业教学相结合 ;现代信息技术应用与计算机公共课教学相结合 ;教育技术技能的训练和评估与微格教学和教育实习相结合等     

Evaluation of Test Statistics for Robust Structural Equation Modeling With Nonnormal Missing Data

A 2-stage robust procedure as well as an R package, rsem, were recently developed for structural equation modeling with nonnormal missing data by Yuan and Zhang (2012). Several test statistics that have been used for complete data analysis are employed to evaluate model fit in the 2-stage robust method. However, properties of these statistics under robust procedures for incomplete nonnormal data analysis have never been studied. This study aims to systematically evaluate and compare 5 test statistics, including a test statistic derived from normal-distribution-based maximum likelihood, a rescaled chi-square statistic, an adjusted chi-square statistic, a corrected residual-based asymptotical distribution-free chi-square statistic, and a residual-based F statistic. These statistics are evaluated under a linear growth curve model by varying 8 factors: population distribution, missing data mechanism, missing data rate, sample size, number of measurement occasions, covariance between the latent intercept and slope, variance of measurement errors, and downweighting rate of the 2-stage robust method. The performance of the test statistics varies and the one derived from the 2-stage normal-distribution-based maximum likelihood performs much worse than the other four. Application of the 2-stage robust method and of the test statistics is illustrated through growth curve analysis of mathematical ability development, using data on the Peabody Individual Achievement Test mathematics assessment from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 Cohort.     

A Systematic Evaluation and Comparison Between Exploratory Structural Equation Modeling and Bayesian Structural Equation Modeling

In this study, we contrast two competing approaches, not previously compared, that balance the rigor of CFA/SEM with the flexibility to fit realistically complex data. Exploratory SEM (ESEM) is claimed to provide an optimal compromise between EFA and CFA/SEM. Alternatively, a family of three Bayesian SEMs (BSEMs) replace fixed-zero estimates with informative, small-variance priors for different subsets of parameters: cross-loadings (CL), residual covariances (RC), or CLs and RCs (CLRC). In Study 1, using three simulation studies, results showed that (1) BSEM-CL performed more closely to ESEM; (2) BSEM-CLRC did not provide more accurate model estimation compared with BSEM-CL; (3) BSEM-RC provided unstable estimation; and (4) different specifications of targeted values in ESEM and informative priors in BSEM have significant impacts on model estimation. The real data analysis (Study 2) showed that the differences in estimation between different models were largely consistent with those in Study1 but somewhat smaller.     

结构方程与中国农村儿童入学的决定因素

中国农村儿童的入学率和辍学率到底是多少？哪些因素导致儿童辍学？家庭、社区和学生个人等诸方面因素作用辍学的路径是什么？使用2006年中西部地区20个县908名儿童的截面数据,运用SEM方法,考察教育供给、家庭教育支持、儿童在校表现和儿童失学之间的关系。结果发现,教育供给和儿童在校表现显著影响儿童失学,家庭教育支持对儿童失学不存在直接影响。通过儿童在校表现这一中介变量,教育供给和家庭教育支持同时间接作用于儿童失学。     

Level-Specific Evaluation of Model Fit in Multilevel Structural Equation Modeling

This article examines the structure of several HIV risk behaviors in an ethnically and geographically diverse sample of 8,251 clients from 10 innovative demonstration projects intended for adolescents living with, or at risk for, HIV. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses identified 2 risk factors for men (sexual intercourse with men and a general risk factor) and 3 factors for women (sexual intercourse with men, substance abuse, and a high risky sex behavior factor). All factors except women engaging in risky sex with men strongly predicted known HIV status of clients for men and women. The findings from this investigation highlight the use of structural equation modeling for applied problems involving overlapping and complex sets of risk behaviors in youth who present at community health programs.     

教育技术历史研究的意义与价值——从传播学作为教育技术的理论基础说开去

传播学是否是教育技术的理论基础？理论基础必须能对领域的研究与实践产生持续性的影响。历史视域中的传播学、系统科学与教育技术之间存在复杂微妙的关系。历史的真实是：传播学是教育技术与系统论结缘的中介,对教育技术的影响并不是持续的。立足于这一历史事实,我们既可以厘清“教学设计”（ID）与“教学系统设计”（ISD）之间的微妙差异,又可以辨识20世纪80年代中美两国关于教育技术“形似而质异”的“电”、“教”论争的实质：中国解决的是教育技术学科归属的问题,美国解决的是学科深层发展的问题。我们应当在对历史的认知中推进教育技术的学科建设,教育技术的学科建设不仅需要历史研究,更需要正确的方法论指导。     

WebQuest教学模式评价问题研究

WebQuest作为一种基于网络的探究式教学模式,其评价环节是至关重要而又难度较大的部分。针对WebQuest教学模式应用过程中出现的问题,参考圣地亚哥州立大学WebQuest研究中心提出的评价量规,结合教学实际,该文提出明确评价目的、制定评价原则、制定量规的评价策略,并对评价量规所测数据的效度与信度进行检验。     

浅谈基于理解的教育技术公共课研究性学习教学模式的建构

理解必须成为教育的出发点和目标。本文从教育技术公共课的教学切入,建立了基于理解的教育技术公共课研究性学习的基本模式,并就模式的功能和特点做了详细的阐述,以引起人们对于各种教育模式中理解本质的重视。     

Multilevel Mediation With Small Samples: A Cautionary Note on the Multilevel Structural Equation Modeling Framework

Multilevel structural equation modeling (ML-SEM) for multilevel mediation is noted for its flexibility over a system of multilevel models (MLMs). Sample size requirements are an overlooked limitation of ML-SEM (100 clusters is recommended). We find that 89% of ML-SEM studies have fewer than 100 clusters and the median number is 44. Furthermore, 75% of ML-SEM studies implement 2–1–1 or 1–1–1 models, which can be equivalently fit with MLMs. MLMs theoretically have lower sample size requirements, although studies have yet to assess small sample performance for multilevel mediation. We conduct a simulation to address this pervasive problem. We find that MLMs have more desirable small sample performance and can be trustworthy with 10 clusters. Importantly, many studies lack the sample size and model complexity to necessitate ML-SEM. Although ML-SEM is undeniably more flexible and uniquely positioned for difficult problems, small samples often can be more effectively and simply addressed with MLMs.     

Assessing Model Similarity in Structural Equation Modeling

Two models can be nonequivalent, but fit very similarly across a wide range of data sets. These near-equivalent models, like equivalent models, should be considered rival explanations for results of a study if they represent plausible explanations for the phenomenon of interest. Prior to conducting a study, researchers should evaluate plausible models that are alternatives to those hypothesized to evaluate whether they are near-equivalent or equivalent and, in so doing, address the adequacy of the study’s methodology. To assess the extent to which alternative models for a study are empirically distinguishable, we propose 5 indexes that quantify the degree of similarity in fit between 2 models across a specified universe of data sets. These indexes compare either the maximum likelihood fit function values or the residual covariance matrices of models. Illustrations are provided to support interpretations of these similarity indexes.     

基于SEM的高铁时代出游行为机理测度模型研究

高速铁路的大规模运行为区域旅游产业带来了新的发展契机,同时也对需求引导下的产业要素供给与优化配置提出了新的要求。根据交通行为理论,作为一种快捷、高效的交通工具,高铁所特有的"时空压缩"特性从旅游出行动机、旅游过程中的活动参与情况和旅游出行特征三个方面对游客的出游行为产生了不同程度的影响。SEM(结构方程模型)是测度行为机理的典型分析工具,据此构建的研究假设和概念模型可以为高铁驱动下的出游行为结构链条的变迁以及趋势的定性解构和定量测度与验证构建一套概念框架与逻辑思路,为进一步展开实证分析提供理论启示与操作步骤;这对完善高铁时代沿线旅游供需要素配置和配套政策也具有一定的参考价值。