‘Unboxing’ videos: co-construction of the child as cyberflâneur

This paper draws on data from a study of a four-year-old child, Gareth, in his first year of formal schooling in England. The aim of the study was to identify the nature of Gareth's literacy practices across home and school spaces. The focus for this paper is an analysis of one aspect of Gareth's home digital literacy practices: his repeated viewings at home of ‘unboxing’ videos on YouTube. These include videos that feature the unpacking of commercial products. It is argued that the child viewer/reader is co-constructed in these practices as cyberflâneur and that this mode of cultural transmission is a growing feature of online practices for this age group in the twenty-first century. The paper addresses issues concerning young children's online practices and their relationship to material culture before analysing the growth of interest in peer-to-peer textual production and consumption in the digital age.     

Text in a Texture of Television: children's homework experience

A survey answered by 842 respondents representing British children aged from 7 to 15 measured their amounts of television viewing, listening to music, serious reading and outdoor games playing, and their attitudes to leisure activities, such as television viewing. Children said whether they did school homework and if so, with or without the television switched on, and if so, whether they regarded it as a help or not. About a quarter of those aged 10 and over said they did work along with television, accepting its presence, and another one in six did so, actually welcoming it. Attitude measures showed clearly different stereotypes of the heavy viewer, reader and music listener. This children's sample had a broadly positive image of a heavy television viewer of their own age. A process of rationalisation is detectable in which those who reported heavy viewing themselves, were more likely to do homework with the television on, to say it helped them and that it was linked with good achievement at school. Reported behaviour and stereotypes were somewhat similar among those who were heavy music users, but noticeably different among those who claimed to read a lot.     

LISTENING AS EMBRACING THE OTHER: MARTIN BUBER'S PHILOSOPHY OF DIALOGUE

In this essay, Mordechai Gordon interprets Martin Buber's ideas on dialogue, presence, and especially his notion of embracing in an attempt to shed some light on Buber's understanding of listening. Gordon argues that in order to understand Buber's conception of listening, one needs to examine this concept in the context of his philosophy of dialogue. More specifically, his contention is that closely examining Buber's notion of embracing the other is critical to making sense of his conception of listening. Gordon's analysis suggests that, in Buber's model, listening involves a kind of active attentiveness to another's words or actions, engaging them as though they are directed specifically at us. Gordon's discussion of dialogue and listening also indicates that the relation between speaking and listening is one of reciprocity and mutual dependence and that listening plays an essential role in initiating many dialogues by creating a space in which two people can embrace each other as complete individuals.     

本·琼生的诗及17世纪对其作品的批评

本·琼生的闻名一半是靠莎士比亚的提携,一半是靠他自身文学的修养与积累：他在戏剧方面对古典戏剧有继承有创新,他自创情节,开创了英国＂性情剧＂;他的诗歌一改叙事诗和十四行诗的体裁,警句体、挽诗、信体诗等多种体裁,题材上也有多个创新,如亲情诗和乡间别墅诗等。然而,一朝出名并非意味着享誉终生,17世纪即琼生曾经生活的世纪,人们对其作品的接受就有了较大落差,从褒扬到贬斥。文章详细综述并探讨了这种批评走向,加以实例分析了琼生诗歌的独创性,提倡客观公正地评价琼生的作品,特别是其诗歌作品。     

Julia in Ricoeur's World

Student readers/writers need the opportunity to bring to literary texts the imaginative knowledge crucial for retelling the author's story (concretizing the author's schema) in order to complete the act of reading. Paul Ricoeur's analysis of reading as a three-fold mimesis as articulated in his multi-volume series Time and Narrative suggests the necessary role of the reader as implementer of the text. This essay looks in detail at one 'free response' essay written by Julia, a bicultural student fluent in Japanese and English as she makes sense for herself of Toni Morrison's novel Song of Solomon . Arguing for the necessarily heightened sensitivity and engagement of bicultural readers in questioning texts to make sense of both texts and life, this essay links Julia's writing about the novel with Ricoeur's theories and suggests a few principles for the teaching of literature in order to engage them in mimesis 3 as Ricoeur envisions the reader's role in the act of reading.     

Television in the Service of the School in Austria

The greater part of psychoanalytical literature about television as a phenomenon of our century, stresses generally the impressive force of television. It affects the habits of man, determines the rhythm of his life and his attitude towards life. This being so, judgements are preconceived and so man's power of unbiased decision is weakened. Television has a personal intimate style of presentation and effects thus in the viewer a readiness of identification that outstrips by far that of the film experience.     

THE ‘TELE’ BECOMES THE ‘TOOL’

For thirty years, the television set has been commanded by producers; the customers, both at home and elsewhere, have had to sit back and take what is offered. Now times are changing. More and more uses appear for the television set which are not dependent on the producers or broadcasters but only on the set owner himself or herself. The paper explores the present capabilities and future possibilities of television as an information provider: broadcast CEEFAX and ORACLE, British Telecom's PRESTEL service, and links of these systems with computers, allowing the home television set to give the viewer his own computer terminal.     

Investigation of the Ideological Condition of Some Students in Four Prestigious Higher Educational Institutions in the Nation

"Social University," a special supplement to Wen hui bao, carried on November 9 a letter from the paper's reader Duo Yan together with an editor's note that proposed discussion on the question raised in the letter as to whether college student Zhang Hua's action to save an old peasant at the price of his own life was worthwhile. The proposal drew a warm response from readers.     

Embodiment and the Risk of Reading

In this article, Anders Öhman discusses Gert J. J. Biesta's concept of the risk of education and what it could mean for the study of literature in the classroom. The article's point of departure is Bakhtin's theory of the utterance. The utterance, for Bakhtin, has to be embodied, that is, it has to be governed by a purpose: it must be uttered by someone, or at least the reader or listener must imagine that it is uttered by someone that speaks with an intent. A grammatical sentence that is not an utterance has no author and no direction or intention; it is therefore abstract and belongs to no one. Reading on the Internet, or digital reading, often consists of short passages or text fragments for which it is difficult to identify an author. These fragments are not embodied and thus the reader does not feel addressed by the text. Although Biesta does not reckon with Bakhtin's theory, his critique of “strong education” provides an analysis that runs along similar lines. According to Biesta, the notion of strong education and what he calls the “language of learning” regard knowledge as free of values thus rendering it abstract. In bringing together Bakhtin's and Biesta's analyses, Öhman concludes that in order for knowledge to elicit valuation, it must first become embodied; this process, in turn, is important to creating the conditions necessary for a dialogue to occur between the content of teaching and the students.     

朱熹的“以意逆志”论

朱熹围绕“以意逆志”所作的论说,体现了他对经典理解问题的一些看法：一个理解过程能够实在地形成,主要靠读者“以意逆志”活动所达成的思维性沟通;经典作者（文本）的原初视域在理解中具有重要的地位,撇置文本本意、强经就我的解读行为无法使理解真正形成;读者“以意逆志”,所获得的意义多为经典作者（文本）的原意,但有时会是新的意义。朱熹的“以意逆志”论,与其相关理论阐述和解经实践存在着一定的矛盾性。     

从“读者的责任”到“观众的责任”——关联理论对字幕翻译的解释力

电影是一种具有鲜明大众性、广泛性和传播性的文化形态,也是人们了解外国文化的重要窗口和途径。事实上,很多人并不具备直接欣赏外语影片的能力。因此,作为一种新兴而又特殊的翻译模式,电影字幕翻译已经成为翻译园地中愈来愈重要的领域。在字幕翻译中,字幕翻译者基于自己认知语境中的各种知识连接起原作者与目的语观众双方,试图取得翻译字幕的关联性,产生最佳的语境效果,使得目的语观众通过字幕,以最小的努力来充分理解和欣赏电影。通过对字幕、字幕翻译的特点与原则以及关联理论对字幕翻译的解释力进行分析,基于格特"读者的责任"这一观点,我们提出"观众的责任"——观众在欣赏影片时的参与度与宽容,从而促进文化交流的成功。     

Defects 101

An English professor at a community college in New York City argues, by analogy with contentions made by the neurologist Oliver Sacks about some of his patients, that the testing his university system uses to evaluate his students' writing is only good at exposing deficiencies, not strengths; he claims that students write under constraints that no professor or professional writer would accept. He concludes that it is less important for his students to satisfy mandated rubrics than to satisfy his own rigorous responses as a professional and devoted reader of literature.     

The Child and the Fairy-Tale

The fairy-tale plays a very important part in the development of a child's speech, his fantasy, his intellectual abilities, his emotions and his personality as a whole.     

Children's responses to the interactivity of storybook apps in family shared reading events involving the iPad

This paper reports on some data on the effects of screen‐based interactivity on children's engagement with storybook apps during family shared book reading that were gathered in a 2‐year, small‐scale ethnographic case study in Spain. Data analysis focuses on the complex interplay between the storybook app's interactive features and the children's responses to them. Our findings show that interactive elements increase the child's autonomy, as they tend to promote the importance of the reader, positioning him or her as a collaborator, storyteller, an author or an internal character in the fiction; something that can materialise in exciting narrative strategies that can trigger powerful responses to digital literary texts in emergent readers, including playing, creating new fictions or engaging emotionally with the story. Finally, we argue that the Reader Response models that have been used over recent decades to understand children's reading experiences with storybooks need to be revised to better understand their current experiences with interactive texts.     

Sonya Hartnett's Thursday's Child: Readings

Sonya Hartnett's Thursday's Child was published in Australia by Penguin Books in 2000. Editions are available in the UK (Walker Books, 2002), the USA (Candlewick, 2002), as well as in Canada, Germany, Italy, Norway, and Denmark. In 2002, the book was awarded the Guardian's Children's Fiction Prize in the UK. Like Harper, the narrator of the novel, Sonya Hartnett began to write early—her first book, Trouble All the Way, was written when she was 13 and published 2 years later. It seems that adults read Thursday's Child and talk about it without any reference to young readers; we see it as one of those books you read and immediately look for someone to discuss it with. And then go back to the book to reread. It's one of those novels that, like many poems, offers multiple readings and the reader may be content to accept several of them. The UK editors of this journal wanted to bring this intriguing novel to the notice of readers who may not yet have discovered it, and, we felt sure, those who already knew the book would welcome two close readings to set alongside their own. We invited Judith Armstrong to begin the discussion. Then David Rudd, with the benefit of Judith's insights, adds his exploration of the novel. Between the two essays, we have included some comments, extracted from a taped conversation, of two 14-year-old readers. This article comprises two sustained responses to Sonya Hartnett's award-winning novel, Thursday's Child. Both essays explore multiple readings of a complex and intriguing text. Set in the Great Depression in Australia, the novel is seen as at once realistic, mythic, and even fantastic. Judith Armstrong considers Tin, the subject of the title, as a feral child and examines his influence on the other members of his family. As he tunnels through the earth, so does the narrator Harper (Tin's older sister) “dig” with her pen. Their excavations leave both children forever marked by the bleak and sometimes violent events recorded in the book. David Rudd continues the discussion, finding Freud's exploration of “the uncanny” and J. M. Barrie's character, Peter Pan, illuminating in his reading of the novel. He also asks how far Harper can be trusted as narrator: can we even be certain that her brother survived a mudslide that occurred early in the story?     

EDUCATIVE DECEIT: VLADIMIR NABOKOV AND THE [IM]POSSIBILITY OF EDUCATION

Herner Sæverot begins this article with an example: how Søren Kierkegaard used deceit as a means to educate. In one of his biographical texts, it turns out that Kierkegaard's objective was to deceive his readers into a totalized and universal truth. According to Sæverot, Kierkegaard's approach shows that he was a “demystifier,” someone who wants to save an other from delusion and bring this person into a better understanding of the world. Contrary to Kierkegaard, Sæverot argues that education is [im]possible—which, he further maintains, may open up the possibility of being “educated.” Sæverot couches his argument in the context of a novel, Vladimir Nabokov's Lolita. Through a phenomenological study, Sæverot demonstrates how Nabokov creates deceits and adverse forces in his writings so as to open up a space of education, wherein the reader can take active part. The education of Nabokov is thus unpredictable and transformative. The ways in which Nabokov deceives and “educates” can, Sæverot ultimately contends, open up new domains for the field of educational theory (and practice).     

“Won’t You Be My Neighbor?”: Intergenerational Dialogics in Mister Rogers’ Neighborhood Viewer Mail

From the opening of each Mister Rogers’ Neighborhood (MRN) program, Fred Rogers invites his viewers to converse with him. MRN viewer letters demonstrate the efficacy of this call in the familiar and conversational manner in which viewers address the program’s host. This article examines a sample of these letters from the perspective of Mikhail Bakhtin’s dialogical theorization of the conversational moment—a moment that “provokes an answer, anticipates it, and structures itself in the answer’s direction.” Along with Bakhtin, the dialogical perspectives of Roger Burggraeve, Paulo Freire, and Martin Buber are examined and applied to further elucidate the communication ethics at work in the lettered correspondence and on the television program. MRN viewer letters reveal a remarkable consistency in their thematic quality and constitute a field of study about the dialogical relationship between Rogers and his audience.     

Immersion,Immigration, Immutability: Regimes of Learning and Politics of Labeling in Study Abroad

This article investigates how the use of the term immersion to describe one's experience abroad performatively interpellates individuals and reproduces power relations. A collaboration between an anthropologist (Doerr) and a study-abroad student (Suarez), it analyzes the student's interpretation of three types of experience he had in Spain: staying with his uncle, an immigrant from Colombia (his first month), studying abroad (his second month), and backpacking (his third month). Suarez described the experience of his second and third months, but not the first, as immersion. Drawing on Louis Althusser and Judith Butler, we argue that his calling a particular experience immersion (or not) defined the meaning of the act and settings, performatively interpellated people involved, and suggested the nature of Suarez's relationship to them. Also, comparing it with his interpretation of his immigrant parents' experience of assimilation in the United States, we analyze how these naming acts reproduce what we call regimes of learning that hierarchize learning experiences by the learners' background and contexts, and show the ways the game of immutability perpetuates relations of power through the performative use of apparently neutral yet loaded terms; we suggest how to avoid this.     

CAN YOU HEAR ME NOW? JEAN‐JACQUES ROUSSEAU ON LISTENING EDUCATION

In this essay Megan J. Laverty argues that Jean‐Jacques Rousseau's conception of humane communication and his proposal for teaching it have implications for our understanding of the role of listening in education. She develops this argument through a close reading of Rousseau's most substantial work on education, Emile: Or, On Education. Laverty elucidates Rousseau's philosophy of communication, beginning with his taxonomy of the three voices—articulate, melodic, and accentuated—illustrating the ways in which they both enhance and obfuscate understanding. Next, Laverty provides an account of Rousseau's philosophical psychology, with specific reference to amour‐propre and amour de soi. Listening plays a central role in Rousseau's philosophy of communication, Laverty maintains, because it is in the act of listening that humans fulfill, or fail to fulfill, the imperative that we seek to understand others.