语用模糊浅析

本文结合会话实例,从语用模糊的定义、成因及功能等方面探析语用模糊。通过对模糊语的分析,进一步加深人们对模糊语言现象的了解,对人们在现实生活中如何驾驭这种语言也有一定的指导意义。     

自然情景中的语言输入分析

本分析自然情境中的中国人与外国人汉语交谈的录音语料，考察此种情况下操母语(native speaker)的语言使用，初步探讨与外国人交谈语(foreiper tdlk)的存在状态，以及其可能对语言学习产生的影响。分析结果认为自然情境中的与外国人交谈语以可懂为最终日的，有利于学生语言交际能力的提高；但作为语言学习材料本身亦存在不足。课堂教师语和自然情境中与外国人交谈语对语言学习有不同作用，应相互补足，共同促进学习第二语言水平的提高。     

会话中体态语审美分析

会话中体态语的审美分析 ,是会话话语审美分析的一个重要组成部分 ,体态语的审美构成 ,包含表情语在外在形式上的容貌美、表情语所传达的意味之美 ,姿态语在外在形式上的形体美、姿态语所传达的意味之美。在会话过程中 ,表情语和姿态语对话语意义产生影响 ,具有辅助、印证、强化、替代或消解功能。具有审美价值的表情语和姿态语是适切于话语和语境的。体态语在能指和所指间的关系是表现关系。     

员工培训方案的组成要素分析

培训方案是培训目标、培训内容、培训指导、受训、培训日期和时间、培训场所与设备以及培训方法的有机结合。培训需求分析是培训方案设计的指南，一份详尽的培训需求分析就大致勾画出培训方案的大概轮廓，在培训需求分析的基础上，下面就培训方案各组成要素进行具体分析。     

非语言交际在高职综合英语教学中的应用分析

非语言交际在当前的高职综合英语教学中发挥着重要作用,怎样正确理解语言交际和非语言交际之间的关系,文章对非语言交际做了基础的介绍,分析了当前高职综合英语教学的现状,认为在当前的教学中应该重视学生的非语言交际能力,完善和改进非语言交际的行为和策略,推动非语言交际在高职英语教学中的应用。     

语篇分析在英语教学中的应用

本论述了语篇分析理论在英语精读课和写作课上的应用价值。     

Effect of foster care on young children's language learning

This report examines 174 young children's language outcomes in the Bucharest Early Intervention Project, the first randomized trial of foster placement after institutional care. Age of foster placement was highly correlated with language outcomes. Placement by 15 months led to similar expressive and receptive language test scores as typical age peers at 30 and 42 months. Placement from 15 to 24 months also led to dramatic language improvement. In contrast, children placed after 24 months had the same severe language delays as children in institutional care. Language samples at 42 months confirmed that placement after 24 months led to lower expressive skill.     

模糊语言在商务英语中的语用功能分析

如今,模糊语言的作用已被越来越多的人重视,其使用频率也越来越高。而针对商务英语这样专业的领域,关于模糊语言的研究仍不够完善。文章通过对模糊语言的介绍以及针对商务英语这一特定范围内模糊语言的语用功能分析,指出在商务英语中恰当使用模糊语言的重要性,从而帮助更多的商务人士和专业学生认识模糊语言,理解模糊语言的内涵和重要性,在工作和学习中学习恰当使用合适的模糊语言。     

An eco-behavioral analysis of children's engagement in urban public school preschool classrooms

The primary aim of this study was to identify particular group configurations and teacher behaviors that co-occurred with children's active engagement in public school early childhood classrooms for 4-year-olds. Children (N = 138, 52% boys) were observed using a time sampling method in 12 classrooms in 12 urban schools serving students from predominantly lower-income, minority families. Children were involved in whole group settings for 52% of observations. The most common teacher behavior in any setting was providing direction/instruction. Logistic regression analyses indicated that, during academic activities, children were more likely to be actively engaged when involved in a peer group and when teachers were providing affirmations or were monitoring, and least likely to be actively engaged in a whole group and when teachers were providing directions. During play activities, children were more likely to be actively engaged when they were alone and least likely to be engaged in a whole group and in a child–teacher setting.     

Effects of parental verbal aggression on children's self-esteem and school marks.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to distinguish the effects of verbal aggression from those of physical aggression and investigate whether parental verbal violence has negative effects on children's self-esteem and academic achievements. METHOD: One hundred and forty-four 10-year-old children completed the Harter Self-perception Profile for Children questionnaire and a questionnaire concerning their mothers' and fathers' verbal aggression towards them and their use of physical punishment. The researchers used school records to obtain the subjects' marks in French (their native language) and Mathematics. RESULTS: Six children had never been the targets of either verbal aggression or physical punishment. Thirty-four children had been subjected to both types of aggression. Verbal aggression alone was found to be in significant negative correlation with three of six components of self-esteem. Verbal aggression alone was also found to be in significant negative correlation with French marks. In addition children who had been subject to greater verbal aggression had lower self-esteem and lower marks in French than children who had been subject to lesser verbal aggression. They were also significantly negatively affected in a fourth component of self-esteem. CONCLUSIONS: Parental verbal aggression alone as separate and distinct from physical punishment contributes to lowering children's self-esteem and school achievements. Given the extent of the use of verbal aggression by ordinary parents the authors suggested a need for parent education on the topic of positive methods of child rearing.     

Science on Saturday Morning: children's perceptions of science in educational and non‐educational cartoons

The Federal Communications Commission is considering whether to strengthen the implementation of the Children's Television Act of 1990, which requires broadcasters to air educational and informational programs for children. Some broadcasters have opposed such measures, arguing that not enough children will watch educational programs. This argument assumes that children distinguish between educational and non‐educational programs, find educational programs less appealing, and consequently are unlikely to watch them. The present study tests these assumptions directly, through a comparison of two animated programs set in prehistoric times, Cro (an educational program about technology) and The Flintstones (a non‐educational program). Results indicated that Cro’s technology content was salient to children but, contrary to the above assumptions, children did not distinguish between the programs on the basis of their educational content, and both programs were highly appealing.     

福柯权力视域下的《星期六》解读

伊恩·麦克尤恩的作品《星期六》呈现出不同权力和话语的交锋。贝罗安利用权力凝视策略来构建自身权威,通过医学话语来劝阻巴克斯特的施暴行为,约翰以男权压迫孙女的女性意识和自由,显现出知识话语对人的道德规训;贝罗安与西奥、施特劳斯开展政治谈论,在博物馆面对首相失声,突显权力话语对个体的政治规训;黛西与贝罗安争辩伊拉克战争的合法性,是女性和男性话语的对立,隐喻欧美对中东地区的政治压制,折射出西方国家操控权力,实施帝国霸权和文化扩张的本质,体现西方社会对伊斯兰国家的文化规训。本文以福柯理论解读《星期六》中多元化权力场域,揭示权力话语运用政治、道德及文化合谋对人和社会实施多重规训,折射出麦克尤恩对现代社会人的生存处境的思索。     

Relation between language experiences in preschool classrooms and children's kindergarten and fourth-grade language and reading abilities

Indirect effects of preschool classroom indexes of teacher talk were tested on fourth-grade outcomes for 57 students from low-income families in a longitudinal study of classroom and home influences on reading. Detailed observations and audiotaped teacher and child language data were coded to measure content and quantity of verbal interactions in preschool classrooms. Preschool teachers' use of sophisticated vocabulary during free play predicted fourth-grade reading comprehension and word recognition (mean age=9; 7), with effects mediated by kindergarten child language measures (mean age=5; 6). In large group preschool settings, teachers' attention-getting utterances were directly related to later comprehension. Preschool teachers' correcting utterances and analytic talk about books, and early support in the home for literacy predicted fourth-grade vocabulary, as mediated by kindergarten receptive vocabulary.     

An information-processing analysis of children's accuracy in predicting the appearance of rotated stimuli

Children's ability to discriminate reflections and rotations of visual stimuli was examined using a kinetic imagery task. It was hypothesized that success would be related to the number and placement of orientation markers on the stimuli, as well as whether or not reflections had to be discriminated from simple rotations. 40 4- and 5-year-old children were directed to imagine how a stimulus would look if rotated to a specified location and asked to indicate the appearance of the reoriented stimulus by selecting the correct option from a number of foils. 48 of the items required only discrimination of a reoriented stimulus. The other 48 also required discrimination of a reflection of the reoriented stimulus. Stimuli differed in the number of orientation cues on the edges of the figures. Results revealed that prediction accuracy was associated with the existence of orientation markers on the stimuli, as well as age, sex, type of discrimination, and several interactions among the variables. Findings were discussed in comparison to a priori predictions based on an analysis of how children might use orientation information when performing mental rotation tasks.     

Young children's encoding of images based on motor and verbal modes of mediation

Twenty-four kindergarten subjects were given practice producing a geometric production when given the three dimensional object. Six children were told how to draw the projections, six children drew the projections, six children drew the projections and were told how to draw the projections, and six children were told to remember the drawings. Using a two-way analysis of variance, the main effect of motor activity (drawing the projections) was significant (p < .05). It was concluded that children's learning activities should be motor based, rather than verbal.