Teaching social perspective taking: how educators might learn from the Army

Frequently and accurately discerning others’ thoughts and feelings is associated with multiple valued educational outcomes across an array of settings. Despite its foundational role in social interactions, it is unclear whether individuals can be taught to improve their social perspective taking capacities. This experiment assesses whether a curriculum taught to US Army personnel (N?=?116) improved their social perspective taking prior to deployment. Results showed that participants improved their social perspective taking in three ways: through more accurately detecting biases in others, by generating more initial hypotheses to explain others’ behaviours, and by adapting their hypotheses in the face of new evidence. The curriculum did not affect participants’ perspective taking accuracy on a video measure. We discuss these findings with respect to their implications for other learning environments.     

国内外儿童观点采择的研究述评及启示

观点采择作为儿童社会认知发展的核心因素,与儿童同伴交往、亲社会行为及道德发展有着密切联系。传统研究中缺乏对国内外儿童观点采择研究的整合综述,致使研究者只专注儿童观点采择某一方面如社会观点采择等的研究,研究范畴方面缺乏对新领域如不同社会背景新近的比较研究、与元语言等相互作用机制的研究,系统性强、应用性广的新型研究测量工具等需进一步探索。本文通过对儿童观点采择能力相关研究的研究内容、研究对象、研究方法进行梳理和评述,并对未来的儿童观点采择能力研究做出展望。     

Support provider mood and familiar versus unfamiliar events: An investigation of social support quality

Much of what communication scholars know about the production of effective comforting messages comes from the constructivist framework of Applegate (1980), Burleson (1985), and others. This paper extends this framework by addressing two questions put forth by scholars in this area, namely, what is the influence of cognition‐inhibiting situational variables such as mood on the generation of sophisticated, person‐centered comforting messages, and is this influence greater in situations requiring increased cognitive processing (Burleson & Planalp, 2000). In this study, support providers’ moods were manipulated before they were presented with either a familiar or an unfamiliar hypothetical support scenario. As hypothesized, results showed that supportive messages provided in response to a familiar situation were significantly more sophisticated than messages provided in response to an unfamiliar situation. Participants exposed to the happy mood induction encoded significantly more sophisticated comforting messages than did participants exposed to the sad mood induction. No effect was found regarding a two‐way interaction between the support provider's mood and the recipient's situation. Results are discussed within the constructivist framework for social support research, and directions for future investigations of social support are suggested.     

哲学视域下译者的社会心理研究——从翻译的认知转向谈起

认知转向后的翻译研究更多地注意到译者的语言认知和双语转换机制,但对译者的“非语言认知”如社会认知和文化认知却关注不够.然而,从哲学的观点来看,无论是体验哲学还是现代主体性哲学抑或是翻译学科框架的本体论哲学,都为译者认知研究的社会视角提供了理论依据.认知范式下的译者研究,不仅应继承文化范式下对译者主体身份的关注,而且应从跨学科角度借助社会心理学来考察译者的群体身份和社会身份.     

浅析大学生的人际交往心理

绝大多数大学生的心理危机与缺乏正常的人际交往和良好的人际关系相联系。同伴之间的心理交往状况往往决定了一个大学生是否对大学生活感到满意。从心理学角度分析大了学生的人际关系,阐述了建立良好的人际关系的途径,以帮助大学生增强人际调适能力、促进个体心理健康。     

认知心理学视角下的数学教育

自20世纪60年代以来,数学教育逐渐成为心理学特别是认知心理学关注的对象,由于认知心理学家采取了与数学家、数学教育专家不同的研究方法,因而得出关于数学教育的新的见解、新的结论,这就为我们从另一个视角审视当前数学课程改革提供了可能性.     

6岁幼儿恭维行为与情感观点采择能力的关系

本研究主要采用临床交谈法,以129名大班幼儿为被试,考察了6岁幼儿恭维行为、情感观点采择能力的发展状况及两者之间的关系.研究结果表明:6岁幼儿中有恭维行为的幼儿多于无恭维行为的幼儿,但两者无显著差异;对恭维能正确采择情感观点的幼儿显著多于不能正确采择者;6岁幼儿有无恭维行为与情感观点采择能力显著相关,其恭维行为是否发生与情感观点采择能力高低有一定的联系.幼儿教育者应为幼儿创设丰富的社会交往环境,促进其情感观点采择能力与行为的协调发展,并指导幼儿注意社会交往诸原则的灵活运用.     

人际语用学研究的社会认知路径

从传统范式到现阶段范式,不同礼貌研究路径在两大争论焦点上持有不同立场:其一,礼貌研究的视角;其二,礼貌现象的解释层面。作为前沿研究成果之一,Long(2016)面向关系工作提出的社会认知路径尝试解决上述争论。该路径侧重交际中人际关系的探讨,对于礼貌研究两大争议的解决具有借鉴意义,但受自身研究背景的局限,未能对人际交往与社会认知过程提出完整的解释。因此,更为完善的人际交往社会认知路径还有待进一步探讨。     

社会认知的神经生物学研究

近来的研究已经开始解释具体的神经结构、基因和神经传导系统在社会认知研究中所扮演的角色.颞叶的皮质区感知与社会相关的刺激;杏仁核、右躯体感觉皮层、眶额叶、扣带回和感知动机、情绪、认知刺激相关.未来的研究不仅仅是局限于动物的社会认知研究,更需要关注人类的社会认知研究.方法上要把行为的方法和生理的方法结合起来,以寻求汇聚性的证据来揭示社会认知的特点.     

Practicing Social Skills Training for Young Children with Low Peer Acceptance: A Cognitive-Social Learning Model

Peer acceptance during early childhood is related to children's academic achievement, adjustment in school, and even psychological well-being in adulthood. Children who experience low peer acceptance exhibit socially inappropriate behavior patterns, which are associated with irrelevant patterns of information processing. Therefore, as a way of helping children with low peer acceptance, a cognitive-social learning model of social skills training has been used because the model focuses on cognitive changes as well as behavioral changes. Three parts of the social skills training—enhancing skill concepts, promoting skill performance, and fostering skill maintenance/generalization—are discussed. In order to be successful, a trainer should understand the training model as well as behavioral patterns of children with low peer acceptance to provide theory-based and individualized feedback to each participant.     

建构主义学习理论与多媒体外语教学

文章从建构主义学习哲学的历史发展和建构主义学习理论出发,探讨了在理想的多媒体教学条件下,建构主义学习观在教学环境、教学模式及教学内容等方面的体现,即学习者的认知在多媒体教学中是怎样通过情境、协作学习最终完成意义建构的.     

Social Work and Law Interdisciplinary Service Learning: Increasing Future Lawyers’ Interpersonal Skills

Social workers and attorneys both interact with persons from diverse backgrounds every day, yet although interpersonal skills are an essential focus of social work education, these skills are not addressed in legal education. Interdisciplinary courses in which social workers and lawyers learn interpersonal skills together and have an opportunity to practice them through service learning opportunities are a way to remedy a gap in legal education. The authors describe a project recently piloted at a large midwestern university in which law and graduate social work students participated in an interdisciplinary course with a service learning component requiring students to work together on cases. As one component of the clinic’s assessment, all students were pre- and posttested via an interpersonal skills survey. The law students showed statistically significant improvement in interpersonal skills at the end of the course. The results indicate a need for increased support for interdisciplinary education, specifically partnerships between the professions of law and social work.     

试论建构主义理论对教学的启示

本文是关于西方教育心理学的流行教学理论———建构主义理论的综述性研究并探讨该理论对教学的启示。文章共由五部分构成 :第一部分简要介绍建构主义理论的发展脉络及其基本观点 ;第二部分较详细地说明建构主义理论的主要教学观 ;第三部分归纳和分析了建构主义教学观与传统教学观的根本区别 ;第四部分重点推荐建构主义的几种主要教学模式。通过讨论 ,文章在第五部分揭示了建构主义理论在教学理论和教学实践中的重要指导作用。     

人际信任理论的新进展及其影响因素

在定义人际信任的基础上,对人际信任与合作行为、安全、信誉等概念做了区别,指出依赖性、善意性、风险性是人际信任的主要特征,并详细介绍了Rotenberg的3×2×2框架理论和社会认知模型。在文献的基础上,从信任者的特征、被信任者的特征、第三方的影响和双方的关系四个方面分析了影响人际信任的因素。     

英语教师培训“新图”(NUMAP)模式研究

我国新课程改革以来的英语教师培训缺少人文主义和认知主义成分,诸如缺少平等协商、对话与交流,进而缺少联动与整合、实际操作技能、研究素养和专业发展远见。英语教师培训新图(NUMAP)模式有助于克服英语教师培训中的不足。其中,N代表对话协商(negotiation)、U代表联通整合(unification)、M代表方法技能(methodology)、A代表行动研究(action research)、P代表专业精通(proficiency)。NUMAP模式致力于英语新课程改革与英语教师专业化发展的一体化。     

A cross‐cultural study of teacher perspectives on teacher roles and adoption of online collaborative learning in higher education

This study aims to understand teachers’ perspectives on their roles in higher education, their views about the adoption of a social‐constructivist approach to teaching and learning and the integration of online collaborative learning in blended learning environments in higher education from a cross cultural perspective. We interviewed 60 Chinese teachers from Beijing Normal University and Capital Normal University in Beijing, China and 30 Flemish teachers from Ghent University in Flanders, Belgium. The results revealed differences as well as specific similarities in perspectives between the Chinese and Flemish university teachers. The cultural and educational context is taken into consideration when discussing the results.     

流动儿童与城市儿童社会认知特点比较

采用整群抽样的方法,对浙江省某市450名城市儿童和434名流动儿童的社会认知进行问卷调查.结果表明:流动儿童社会认知三个因子得分均低于城市儿童(P值均0.05);两组儿童总体,男生社会认知三个因子得分均低于女生(P值均0.05),流动男生归因和社会认知结构两个因子得分均低于城市男生(P值均0.05),流动女生社会认知三个因子得分均低于城市女生(P值均0.05);两组儿童总体,社会认知三个因子得分均存在年级差异(P值均0.05).三个年级流动儿童均有单个因子得分低于城市儿童的现象(P值均0.05);两组儿童总体,社会认知三个因子得分均不存在抚养人差异(P值均0.05),但当抚养人是父母时,流动儿童社会认知三个因子得分均低于城市儿童(P值均0.05).因此,应加强对流动儿童,尤其是流动男性儿童社会认知方面的教育和引导.