The public returns to public educational investments in African-American males

This paper calculates the public savings (financial benefits) from greater public investments in the education of African-American males. Over one-fifth of each age cohort of black males in US is not a high school graduate. We identify five interventions that would—based on credible research—increase the graduation rate; we also report the public cost of each intervention. We then calculate the lifetime public benefits in terms of increased tax revenues and lower spending on health and crime. In present values, for a black male aged 20, these public benefits amount to $256,700 per new graduate and the median intervention would cost only $90,700. The benefit/cost ratio is 2.83. Simply equating the high school graduation rate of black males with that of white males would yield public savings of $3.98 billion for each age cohort. These results suggest that increased investments in education for black males at risk of dropping out of high school should be an economic priority.     

论英国公共部门的管理以及改革——诺曼·弗林《公共部门管理》书评

进入20世纪80年代,西方发达国家兴起称之为"新公共管理"的改革浪潮。在这场西方国家公共行政领域掀起的新公共管理运动中,英国是典型的代表国家,也是这场运动的主导力量。在诺曼弗林的《公共部门管理》这本书中,主要分为三个部分,第一部分作者详细介绍了英国公共管理部门所处的制度、政治、财政和政策环境及其对管理者的影响,第二部分作者介绍了英国公共部门管理改革的实践过程,第三部分作者对近几年来公共管理在英国的实践进行了评估,并对将来的发展趋势进行了预测。本文通过对这本书的阅读,了解英国的公共部门管理发生的转变以及改革值得重视的经验借鉴并对其有所认识和思考。     

The eastern public speaking conference

THE LEGISLATIVE STRUGGLE. By Bertram M. Gross. New York: McGraw‐Hill Book Co., 1953; pp. xviii+472. $6.50.

MASON'S MANUAL OF LEGISLATIVE PROCEDURE. By Paul Mason. New York: McGraw‐Hill Book Co., 1953; pp. 640. $6.50.

I AM HAPPY TO PRESENT. By Guy R. Lyle and Kevin Guinagh. New York: The H. W. Wilson Company, 1953; pp. 265. $3.00.

THE MIRACLE OF LANGUAGE. By Charlton Laird. New York: The World Publishing Co., 1953; pp. xii+308. $4.00.

PHONETICS IN ANCIENT INDIA. By W. S. Allen. London Oriental Series, Volume 1. London: Oxford University Press, 1953; pp. x+96. $3.00.

SUPERVISING PEOPLE. By George D. Halsey. (Revised edition). New York: Harper &; Brothers, 1953; pp. 238. $3.00.

COMMUNICATION IN MANAGEMENT. By Charles E. Redfield. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1953; pp. xvi+290. $3.75.

ADULT EDUCATION, THE COMMUNITY APPROACH. By Paul H. Sheats, Clarence D. Jayne, and Ralph B. Spence. New York: Dryden Press; pp. xiii+530. $5.75.

THE ART OF EFFECTIVE TEACHING. By C. B. Eavey. Grand Rapids: Zondervan Publishing House, pp. 298. $3.75.

HOW TO BECOME A BETTER READER. By Paul Witty. Chicago: Science Research Associates, Inc., 1953; pp. viii+304. $5.00.

READING ALOUD. By Wayland Maxfield Parrish. (Third Edition). New York: The Ronald Press Company, 1953; pp. iv+572. $4.25.

TIME FOR TRUE TALES AND ALMOST TRUE. By May Hill Arbuthnot. New York: Scott, Foresman and Co., 1953; pp. 396. $3.50.

THE COLLECTED PLAYS OF W. B. YEATS. By W. B. Yeats. New York: The Macmillan Company, 1953; pp. 446. $5.00.

THE AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF WILLIAM BUTLER YEATS. New York: The Macmillan Company, 1953; pp. 344. $5.00.

TILBURY TOWN: SELECTED POEMS OF EDWIN ARLINGTON ROBINSON. By Lawrence Thompson. New York: The Macmillan Company, 1953; pp. xvi+144. $3.50.

THESE THAT I HAVE LOVED. AN ANTHOLOGY OF LIVING POETRY AND PROSE. By Mildred Welker Hufstater. New York: Pageant Press, 1953; pp. xiv+112. $3.00.

LITERARY MASTERPIECES OF THE WESTERN WORLD. Edited by Francis H. Horn. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1953: pp. xix+255. $3.50.     

The eastern public speaking conference

YANKEE REFORMERS IN THE URBAN AGE. By Arthur Mann. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1954; pp. 314. $5.00.

DANIEL WEBSTER AND THE RISE OF NATIONAL CONSERVATISM. By Richard N. Current. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1955; pp. xi+215. $3.00.

CALL TO GREATNESS. By Adlai E. Stevenson. New York: Harper &; Brothers, 1954; pp. 111. $2.25.

HOW WE DRAFTED ADLAI STEVENSON. By Walter Johnson. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1955; pp. 172. $2.75.

YOUNG SAM JOHNSON. By James L. Clifford. New York: McGraw‐Hill Book Co., 1955; pp. 377. $5.75.

DR. JOHNSONS DICTIONARY. By James H. Sledd and Gwin J. Kolb. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1955; pp. 256. $5.00.

GLADSTONE: A BIOGRAPHY. By Sir Philip Magnus. New York: E. P. Dutton &; Co., 1954; pp. xiv+482. $6.75.

SWIFT'S RHETORICAL ART: A STUDY IN STRUCTURE AND MEANING. By Martin Price. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1953; pp. iv+115‐ $3.75.

GREAT VOICES OF THE REFORMATION. By Harry Emerson Fosdick. New York: Random House, 1952; pp. xxx+546. $2.45.

ASPECTS OF LANGUAGE. By William J. Entwistle. London: Faber and Faber, 1954; pp. ix+370. $8.00.

STUDIES IN MOTIVATION. Selected and Edited by David C. McClelland. New York: Appleton‐Century‐Crofts, Inc., 1955; pp. xi+552. $6.00.

INTRODUCTION TO SPEECH. By Charles T. Brown. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin Company, 1955; pp. xii+458. $4.25.

SPEECH, DEBATE, DRAMA IN CONTESTS AND FESTIVALS. By William S. Howell, Donald K. Smith, and David W. Thompson. Minneapolis: The Minnesota State High School League, 1953; pp. 96. $1.00.

DISCUSSION AND CONFERENCE. By William N. Sattler and N. Edd Miller. New York: Prentice‐Hall, Inc., 1954; pp. 364. $4.75.

ESSENTIALS OF DISCUSSION AND DEBATE. By Halbert E. Gully. New York: Henry Holt and Company, 1955; pp. vii+145. $1.20.

GENERAL EDUCATION: EXPLORATIONS IN EVALUATION. By Paul L. Dressel and Lewis B. Mayhew. Washington, D. C: American Council on Education, 1954; pp. xviii+ 302. $3.50.

ACCENT ON TEACHING. Edited by Sidney J. French. New York: Harper and Brothers, 1954; pp. xii+334. $4.75.

GUIDE TO COMMUNITY ACTION: A Source Book For Citizen Volunteers. By Mark S. Matthews. New York: Harper and Brothers, 1954; pp. 434. $4.00.

AN INTRODUCTION TO RADIO AND TELEVISION. By David C. Phillips, John M. Grogan and Earl H. Ryan. New York: The Ronald Press Co., 1954; pp. ix+423. $5.00.

BROADCASTING RADIO AND TELEVISION. By Walter K. Kingson, Rome Cowgill, and Ralph Levy. New York: Prentice‐Hall Inc., 1955; pp. 274. $4.00.

THIS IS EDUCATIONAL TELEVISION. By William Kenneth Cumming. Lansing, Michigan: Communications Series, Michigan State College, 1954; pp. xii+264. $4.40.

CLEAR CHANNELS: TELEVISION AND THE AMERICAN PEOPLE. By Max Wylie. New York: Funk and Wagnalls, 1955; pp. x+408. $4.75.

THE MURDER OF THE MAN WHO WAS ‘SHAKESPEARE.’ By Calvin Hoffman. New York: Julian Messner, Inc., 1955; pp. xix+232. $3.75.

SHAKSPERE AND COMMON SENSE. By Edwin R. Hunter. Boston: The Christopher Publishing House, 1955; pp. 312. $4.00.

THE FIRST NIGHT OF TWELFTH NIGHT. By Leslie Hotson. New York: The Macmillan Company, 1954; pp. 256. $4.50.

SHAKESPEARE SURVEY 8. Edited by Allar‐dyce Nicoll. New York: Cambridge University Press 1955; pp. viii+172. $3.75.

THE DRAMATIC EVENT: An American Chronicle. By Eric Bentley. New York: Horizon Press, 1954; pp. 285. $3.50.

THEATRE ‘54: READING VERSIONS OF THE GOLDEN DOZEN PLAYS OF THE YEAR. Edited by John Chapman. New York: Random House, 1954; pp. 568. $5.00.

FREDERICK HENRY KOCH: PIONEER PLAYMAKER. By Samuel Selden and Mary Tom Sphangos. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Library, 1954; pp. viii+92. $3.00 cloth, $1.50 paper.

THE LION OF THE WEST, retitled THE KENTUCKIAN, or A TRIP TO NEW YORK: A FARCE IN TWO ACTS. By James Kirke Paulding. Revised by John Augustus Stone and William Bayle Bernard. Edited with an introduction by James N. Tidwell. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press, 1954; pp. 64. $3.00.

PREFACE TO DRAMA: AN INTRODUCTION TO DRAMATIC LITERATURE AND THEATRE ART. By Charles W. Cooper. New York: Ronald Press Co., 1955; pp. viii+773. $4.50.

THE ABC'S OF PLAY PRODUCING. By Howard Bailey. New York: David McKay Company, Inc., 1955; pp. 276. $3.50.

THEATRICAL LIGHTING PRACTICE. By Joel Rubin and Lee Watson. New York: Theatre Arts Books, 1954; pp. 126. $3.75.     

公立医院必须坚持公益性

公立医院必须坚持公益性,是由其本身属性决定的,也是由其服务的特殊性决定的,是体现社会公平的重要内容。坚持公益性,必须端正公立医院办院理念,建立和完善公立医院管理的法人治理结构,深化人事、分配制度改革和完善激励约束机制,彻底改变逐利性的运行机制。     

公共管理教育中国化分析

在我国社会经济体制不断改革的背景下,我国的公共事业得到了长足的发展,同时也开创了公共管理专业这一个新兴的专业。在公共管理教育中,实现中国化的公共管理教育是时代发展的需要,是我国公共事业发展的客观需求。本文首先对公共管理教育中国化的必要性进行分析,然后提出公共管理教育中国化的有效途径,供有关人员参考。     

公共文明建设略议

公共文明建设是人们公共生活不断扩大的必然要求。由于政治经济文化等方面的原因,国人的公共意识和参与公共生活的能力先天不足。公共文明建设要以尊重和理解为前提,以公平和正义为原则,以法律和制度为保障,以教育和交往为途径。     

The conversational frame in public address

Conversationalism has been hailed as the hallmark of modern eloquence, yet its political and ethical implications have received little attention. This essay explores the diverse forms and motives of the conversational frame in public address. By framing their remarks and transactions with their listeners as conversational, orators may attempt to reconstruct or seem to reconstruct speaker‐audience relationships and to position themselves and their audiences within networks of reciprocal rights and obligations.     

公共英语的教学思路改革

公共英语是高等院校里大学生必须修读的课程。公共英语以语言知识和技能为主,从浅层到深层逐渐扩展,各个环节相互衔接。公共英语可以利用情景教学法、任务驱动法、师生互动法等,但还是以讲授方法为主。公共英语教学也出现了一些缺陷与不足,需要我们探求一条新的出路。本文从公共英语的各个方面进行论述,最后提出改进公共英语教学的有效方法。     

The public understanding of measurement inaccuracy

Assessment agencies are increasingly facing pressure on two fronts; first, to increase transparency and openness and second, to improve public confidence. Yet, in relation to one of the central concepts of educational measurement—inherent error—many believe that increased public understanding is incompatible with public confidence: a general recognition of the true nature and extent of measurement inaccuracy would fatally undermine trust in the system. The present article is premised on a contrary proposal: not understanding measurement inaccuracy is a far greater threat than understanding it, since it will result in the system repeatedly being held to account for more than it can possibly deliver. As unrealistic expectations are unmet, so the system will appear to have failed; and this recurrent process will gradually erode public confidence. The article develops ethical and practical arguments in favour of educating the public about the inherent limitations of educational measurement. Primary amongst the ethical arguments is the proposal, from contemporary validity theory, that users who fail to understand measurement inaccuracy will be ill equipped to draw valid inferences from results.     

The financing of Spanish public universities

The main features of the recent evolution of the Spanish universities are described in this paper. Of the three sets of reforms that are currently in progress (reforms of the teaching process, institutional evaluation and new financing models) we concentrate on the last one, introducing and discussing some proposals for the financing of Spanish public universities.The first part of the paper shows the recent institutional changes, the evolution of the university system (in students and in financial and human resources) over the last decade, its situation within the international context, the student demand, the graduate output and the labor market demand for graduates. In the second part, the proposal for revising the current financing model is described in detail.     

The commercial transformation of public education

This essay reviews the history of school commercialization in the USA and the forms that it has taken over time, with particular attention paid to research measuring the scope and variety of commercialization trends in US public schools. The implications of commercialization activities such as those that promote the consumption of nutritionally deficient foods and beverages are explored. The argument is made that the values inherent in the consumerist ideology used to support school privatization conflict with the democratic values on which public education has been historically based. Edison Schools is discussed as a model of the for‐profit management of public schools and emerging forms of school commercialization are considered. Finally, the role of free trade agreements in promoting school commercialism and privatization is described.