In Search of a Common Agenda for Planned Home Birth in America

Leading maternity provider organizations in North America have been in conflict about birth at home and birth centers, debating issues related to safety, access, the value of obstetric intervention, and patient autonomy. In today’s environment, childbirth educators and doulas are often required to explain to parents why physiological birth and evidence-based, low-technology methods of labor and birth care are not available in every setting, and why maternity providers disagree about birth place. There are very few regions in the United States where home birth providers are integrated into interprofessional provider networks that allow for seamless care across birth settings. In October 2011, multidisciplinary leaders met at a Home Birth Consensus Summit in Warrenton, Virginia, to discuss the status of home birth within the greater context of maternity care in the United States. This article describes the intent and outcomes of the summit. Four of the nine consensus statements developed at the summit are of particular interest and importance to mothers and families and, hence, to childbirth educators and advocates. Consumers, educators, and birth advocates are encouraged to widen the circle, identify communications experts, lead individual projects, or serve as advisors.     

1848—1882年华人移民美国原因探析

美国是一个移民之邦,华人是其中一个重要的组成部分。1848—1882年大量华人赴美的原因很多,但有三个方面是最主要的,即国内经济的破坏、美国方面的劳工需求和清政府移民政策的变化。1882年美国《排华法案》的通过结束了这段自由移民时期。     

高校档案工作如何赢得重视和支持

档案管理是一种服务性工作 ,档案在服务于高校的教学、科研、管理等各项工作中都发挥了重要的参考、借鉴、凭证作用 ,是学校建设事业的重要组成部分。学校档案工作的开展离不开领导和干部职工的支持 ,它是档案工作发展的推动力。档案工作者要赢得领导和干部职工对档案工作的重视和支持 ,须做好以下几方面的工作 :一、档案宣传工作。二、档案业务指导工作。三、档案服务工作。四、提高档案人员素质     

Developing leadership in higher education: perspectives from the USA,the UK and Australia

It is broadly acknowledged that leaders in the twenty-first century are required to navigate an increasingly complex landscape and that the types of challenges individuals and organisations face in the knowledge era require the capacity to adapt and respond to continual fluctuations and change. Outcomes from previous leadership research, combined with the perspectives of colleagues and observation over the past decade, prompted concern that leadership in higher education (HE) institutions was, in the main, not demonstrating the level of readiness or capability to effectively respond to the challenges embodied in the transition to the knowledge era. In seeking to establish how well founded this concern was, this study, supported by a Peter Karmel International Travel Grant, investigated leadership development thinking, programmes and practices within the HE sector in the United States of America and the United Kingdom, and explored how this applies within the Australian context. A number of themes emerged that support the idea that the work of leadership will ideally be based on relationships rather than the ‘command and control’ models of the past and on distributed leadership processes and practices throughout the organisation.     

市场经济条件下档案信息资源的开发利用

随着社会主义市场经济的深入和发展,随着信息时代的到来,档案信息资源的开发和利用已越来越被更多的人所认识和接受.但由于长期以来,从领导到档案工作者及档案利用者,档案意识都比较薄弱,所以对档案信息资源的收集、编研、整理以及处理能力和管理手段等方面还有待于提高.为此,必须强化领导意识,造就一支德才兼备的档案管理队伍,提高管理手段,并提高档案利用者的认识,才能使档案信息资源的开发利用适应时代的变化,为社会主义市场经济服务.     

浅议高职院校系级教学秘书的档案意识

系级教学秘书是学院教务处、系领导与老师、学生之间联系、沟通的桥梁和纽带,教务教学档案工作则是其工作的重要内容之一。教学秘书的档案意识和管理素质的高低,决定教务教学档案质量的好坏,只有增强他们的档案意识与创新意识,并建立行之有效的竞争激励机制,才能使高职院校的教务教学档案管理工作科学、有序地发展,迈上更高的台阶。     

Leaders behaving badly: using power to generate undiscussables in action learning sets

‘Undiscussables’ are topics associated with threat or embarrassment that are avoided by groups, where that avoidance is also not discussed. Their deleterious effect on executive groups has been a point of discussion for several decades. More recently critical action learning (AL) has brought a welcome focus to power relations within AL sets. This paper brings these two streams of research together by exploring the relationship between undiscussables and the exercise of power by AL leaders. Analysis of statements and actions at times of negative affect in various AL sets over a two-year period showed three distinct categories of activities of AL set leaders that seemed effective in generating undiscussables within the set. It is argued that each of these categories represented an exercise of power by AL set leaders as they accessed privilege associated with their rank. Also proposed is that these activities seemed to be done without awareness by the AL set leader, with that lack of awareness being central to achieving the result of undiscussables. The paper concludes by inviting both AL set leaders and members to consider the described activities as a means of growing awareness about their role in generating undiscussables.     

浅谈医院人事档案管理

人事档案是医院的一项重要资源,也是医院管理的重要内容。随着科学技术的迅速发展,加强人事档案的现代化管理,充分的开发利用档案信息,可以更大限度地发挥医院人力资源的效力,更好地为医院各项工作服务。     

干部人事档案材料管理工作存在的问题及对策

当前,干部人事档案管理工作存在管理制度不完善,相关人员的档案意识淡薄以及档案材料不完整、不规范和欠严肃等突出问题。要做好干部人事档案管理工作,首先,各级领导应给予高度重视;同时,档案管理部门应加大宣传力度,强化相关人员的档案管理意识,逐步完善档案管理制度,规范档案管理程序,严格把好档案材料的源头关,做好档案材料收集工作;最后,还应该不断提高档案管理人员的综合素质,以保证不断提高档案管理工作的质量,使干部人事档案管理工作更好地为国家经济社会发展服务。     

1860年以前美国外来移民探析

美国是一个移民国家,其移民的形成原因是多方面的。在1860年之前与欧洲经济发展和人口增长、工业革命等社会因素相关联。美国移民进程是全球化进程的伴生物,是国际性的劳动力再分配过程,是世界移民进程的一个重要组成部分。移民们“和而不同”,对美利坚民族性格和美国精神的形成和发展产生了重要影响,对美国社会经济文化的发展做出了重要贡献。     

问责制时代美国学校领导发展的变革

自20世纪90年代以来,美国基础教育改革的重要特征之一就是越来越严格地推行问责制。问责制对美国的学校领导者提出了新的要求和挑战,极大地推动了美国学校领导发展的变革。这些变革主要包括:确立新的学校领导标准;提高入学标准;实施实践性教学策略;建立强有力的实习制度;大力发展在职学习。     

Is There a Need for a European Institutional Research?

Recent changes in European higher education have accompanied a strong desire and need by national ministries to have comparable data across institutions and a growing recognition from campus leaders that effective planning and decision-making requires reliable institutional data and analyses. This has induced changes and restructuring of duties and roles of administration, administrative staff and academic staff. In North America, internal institutional data analysis is often referred to as institutional research. We examine the roles and functions of institutional research within North America and how the changes within European higher education have created a purpose for institutional research. Specifically, we explore the topical areas of institutional assessment, data management, institutional governance, as well asthe changing identity of academic professionals within European universities. Within our examination, we explore in-depth one European country’s higher education system to demonstrate how history, culture and legislative changes manifest into a need for institutional research.     

BOOK REVIEW

This study examined institutional priorities among Florida's public community colleges as viewed by the presidents and local governing boards. The analysis sought to determine whether local priorities were in concordance with those of other community college leaders and whether there was agreement among the local leadership. The study also examined whether institutional setting was related to institutional priorities. Local leaders were asked to rank‐order 20 priorities presented in a study by the American Association of Community and Junior Colleges (AACJC). Median rankings and rank correlation coefficients revealed a significant positive relationship between the Florida presidents and the leaders in the AACJC study. Both groups indicated a strong commitment to the role of teaching and the retention of top quality faculty. However, no significant correlation was found between the trustees and the AACJC group. Paired rankings from 1. colleges indicated that all but one pair of local leaders failed to rank the priorities in a significantly related way. Finally, the rank‐order analysis of institutional setting produced only one significant correlation; as the institutional setting changed from rural to urban, the trustee priority ranking of student proficiency in the written and oral use of English increased.     

国际视野中学校课程领导者的构成

介绍美、英、加等国学校课程领导者构成情况,并对此进行比较分析,在课程领导者构成的教育背景、学校类型、理论与实践、聚焦人员等方面得出几点启示。     

欧美劳动市场特征及成因研究

最近几十年,欧美劳动市场发生了戏剧性变化,产生了巨大差异.欧洲国家由60年代的充分就业发展到目前的持续高失业,美国却从同期的相对较高失业成功实现了高就业增长、低失业率.然而,同高失业的欧洲国家相比较,伴随美国高就业增长的却是收入差距、贫富差距的不断扩大.这种现象产生的原因是欧美劳动市场制度安排的不同.在此基础上,欧美各国对劳动市场进行了不懈的改革.     

A Look at the Anatomy Educator Job Market: Anatomists Remain in Short Supply

In 2002, a widely publicized report projected an anatomy educator shortage based on department chairpersons' perceptions. Now, 17 years later, the question lingers: “Does an anatomy educator shortage persist and, if so, how severe is the shortage?” Trends in the number, type, and fill rate of anatomy educator job openings were explored by analyzing job posting in the United States over the past two years. A survey was distributed to leaders of anatomy-related departments in the United States, Canada, and European Union. Most departmental leaders who responded (65% or more) from the United States/Canada (n = 81) and the European Union (n = 52) anticipate they will have “moderate” to “great” difficulty hiring anatomy educators in gross anatomy, histology, and embryology over the next five years. Within the United States, the number of anatomy educator job postings at medical schools more than doubled from at least 21 postings in 2017 to 52 postings in 2018. Twenty-one percent of postings between 2017 and 2018 were never filled. While the number of anatomy educator openings within the United States/Canada is perceived to remain in a steady state for the next five years, the European Union estimates a five-fold increase in the number of openings. Departmental leaders prioritize anatomy educator applicants who have teaching experience (mean ± SD = 4.64 ± 0.84 on five-point Likert scale), versatility in teaching multiple anatomy disciplines (3.93 ± 1.07), and flexibility in implementing various teaching pedagogies (3.69 ± 1.17). Collectively, these data suggest the shortage of anatomy educators continues in the United States/Canada and the European Union.     

高校师资队伍建设存在的问题及对策

加强高校教师队伍建设具有重要的战略意义。针对我国高校教师队伍建设中存在的问题 ,提出了优化整体结构、优化成才环境、加强梯队建设与学科带头人的培养、加大培养力度、建立良好的运行机制、切实提高教师待遇等建设高素质高校教师队伍的思路与途径     

品味大学品位

大学品位是一部特殊的“教科书”。一流大学应有一流的品位。民族责任的分量、伦理的地位、人文的底蕴、个性的鲜明、历史的凝重 ,乃大学品位的非学术性内容 ;学术信念、学术理想、学术权力状况及独特的思维 ,乃大学品位的学术性内容。这两方面相互作用 ,两者和谐共生共长 ,方能形成高品位。对学校高品位建构负有最大责任者乃学校高层领导集体。     

困境中奋进的拉美左翼：现状与挑战

自20世纪末起,在拉美一些主要国家,左翼力量的领导人纷纷通过大选上台执政,并打出了要在拉美构建＂社会主义＂的旗帜,拉美政坛呈现一片耀眼的＂红色＂。目前,这些左翼力量在国家的经济和社会发展方面都提出了一系列比较有效的措施,必将对拉美今后的政治和经济发展产生重大影响。但是,由于国内外各方面条件的限制,拉美地区左翼力量的发展还面临着一系列严峻的挑战,其发展前景依然充满变数。     

试析亨利·卡伯特·洛奇的单边主义思想

亨利.卡伯特.洛奇的单边主义思想的形成与美国的社会传统以及亲身经历密切相关。洛奇单边主义思想的内容是美国要保证其在全世界参与行动的＂自由＂,即一切以美国国家利益为出发点,在美洲、欧洲和亚洲地区采取灵活的政策。这一外交思想是美国大国崛起时外交选择的真实再现,直到今天仍深深地影响着美国的外交政策。