New media,old images: constructing online representations of women and men in science,engineering and technology

This paper looks at online representations of women and men in science, engineering and technology. We show that these representations largely re/produce dominant gender discourses. We then focus on the question: How are gender clichéd images re/produced online? Drawing on a discursive analysis of data from six interviews with web authors, we argue that there are two reasons why their awareness of gender issues does not always translate into website content. First, web authors think of themselves as working within either journalistic or scientific cultures, and draw on associated criteria, which exclude gender equity, to make content decisions. Second, they construct distinctions between representation and reality, judging representations on their ‘empirical realism’ (how accurately they represent a reality seen to exist outside the text), foreclosing considerations of their productive power. Finally, we draw on interview data with young people to show that these constrain the meanings made by web users.     

Scientists’ Ontological and Epistemological Views about Science from the Perspective of Critical Realism

Including the perspectives of scientists about the nature and process of science is important for an authentic and nuanced portrayal of science in science education. The small number of studies that have explored scientists’ worldviews about science has thus far generated contradictory findings, with recent studies claiming that scientists simultaneously hold contradictory sophisticated and naïve views. This article reports on an exploratory study that uses the framework of Bhaskar’s critical realism to elicit and separately analyse academic scientists’ ontological and epistemological views about science in semi-structured interviews. When the views of scientists are analysed through the lens of critical realism, it is clear that it is possible to hold a realist ontological commitment about what knowledge is of, simultaneously with a fallibilist epistemological commitment about knowledge itself. The apparent incongruence of scientists’ so-called naïve and sophisticated views about science is resolved when analysed using a critical realist framework. Critical realism offers a simple and coherent framework for science educators that avoids many of the problems of positivism and social constructivism by finding a middle ground between them. The three pillars of critical realism: ontological realism, epistemological fallibilism and judgmental rationality help to make sense of how socially constructed scientific knowledge can be anchored in an independent reality.     

Why We Watch Them Sing and Dance: The Uses and Gratifications of Talent-Based Reality Television

This study explores how talent-based reality shows with different thematic content influence gratifications obtained (GO) by viewers. Participants completed surveys regarding their reasons for watching reality programs, in general, and their reasons for watching specific talent-based reality shows (American Idol, Dancing With the Stars, and America's Got Talent). Results identified 2 gratifications not previously observed in other gratifications research (TV personalities and schadenfreude), and that correlations exist between the content of talent-based programs and GO.     

Doctoral Student Persistence in Counselor Education Programs: Student–Program Match

The authors present the findings of a qualitative study (N = 33) of doctoral student persistence in counselor education programs accredited by the Council for Accreditation of Counseling and Related Educational Programs (2001). Using in‐depth interviews with students representing 17 different doctoral programs, the findings revealed factors that influenced students' decisions to persist or leave their counselor education doctoral programs. A key determinant in attrition or persistence decisions was a match between the students' goals/expectations and the faculty members' expectations and goals for the program. Implications of the findings for program selection, recruiting, and student retention are discussed.     

African-American early childhood teachers' decisions to refer African-American students

Existing literature regarding European-American teachers' referrals of African-American students for special education programs is abundant. However, literature that explains African-American teachers' referrals of African-American students, in their own voices, is limited. This qualitative study examines the influences guiding African-American teachers' decisions to refer African-American students for special education programs. It uses, as a conceptual framework, several researchers' investigations of influences guiding teacher praxis. From these collective works, a conceptual model was developed as a ''teachers' decisions to refer'' perspective that served as a framework for examining influences that may have guided the participants' referral decisions. Findings revealed that African-American teachers have a collective teacher way of knowing and that socially constructed images of race and gender influenced their referral decisions. Additionally, participant interviews revealed that African-American teachers tended to refer based on the need to find assistance for students with special needs.     

University alumni mentoring programs: a win-win?

Alumni-student mentoring programs have become commonplace at many universities, and yet, scholarly research has rarely explored the impact of these programs on participating students and alumni. To address this, we investigated three alumni mentoring programs at a large research-intensive university in Australia. Using a mixed methods approach (a web based survey and interviews), we sought both students' and mentors' perceptions of their alumni mentoring program and how their involvement may have impacted their perceptions of the university (n=197). The findings highlight that alumni mentoring programs provide distinct benefits to both students and alumni and may result in improved university engagement. Our results also indicate new revelations about alumni mentoring programs, including the challenges associated with mentoring postgraduate students and recommended best practice to ensure the success of alumni mentoring programs.     

图腾信仰:个体与社会连接的方式——读《宗教生活的基本形式》

涂尔干的宗教社会学思想一如既往地体现了社会唯实论的主张,认为宗教是社会性的,其本质在于神圣与凡俗的二元对立。同时,他跳出泛灵论与自然崇拜之争,认为图腾信仰才是宗教真正的起源。图腾是一种符号,是一种关于匿名的非人格的力的宗教。图腾有集体与个人之分。集体欢腾作为图腾信仰的核心表现形式,将个人与社会联接起来,使社会秩序实现良性运行。     

科学实在论与真理关系的消除主义进路

真理问题是科学实在论与反实在论争论的一个重要方面,科学理论为真或近似为真被视为科学实在论立场的必要部分。然而德维特主张实在论应当排除与真理有关的语义学和认识论,倡导无真理的实在论;此外,实在论的视角主义、建构经验论、依赖模型的实在论均可视为消除或削弱科学实在论与真理关系的尝试。上述立场构成了科学实在论与真理关系的消除主义进路,该认识有助于人们形成更恰当的实在观。     

Magic Realism in Beloved

<正>In Beloved,Toni Morrison exhibits a magic world before us,in which ghost can go out from the underground,human fates are dominated by mysterious power,and fantasies are accepted as daily life.Magical realism is a literary form that combines fantasy with raw physical reality or social reality in a search for truth beyond that available from the surface of everyday life.Firstly,magic realism tries to dim the boundary between reality and fantasy to create or reflect a magic world by which truth beneath the marvels is reflected,secondly,magic realism employs mythic pattern including traditional folklore and foreign myths to endow reality fabulous meaning.Lastly,utilizing various modern     

多丽丝·莱辛《金色笔记》创作背景谈

多丽丝·莱辛的《金色笔记》体现了二战后英国当代小说家在实验与革新的大语境下的＂矛盾＂心态：一方面对现实主义的传统难以割舍,仍力求通过文学反映并作用于社会现实,另一方面又深刻地认识到传统的小说创作形式已不再能够胜任当代现实生活的表达,意识到小说形式必须有所变革与创新。     

艺术真实：从社会必然性到“新理性”——文艺理论课程改革中的马克思恩格斯现实主义真实性原则反思

对马克思恩格斯现实主义真实性原则的反思,是当前文艺理论课程建设中思考和应对后现代思潮挑战的一个重要议题。马克思恩格斯的现实主义是一种意在描绘社会真实的文艺创作思想,一方面,马克思恩格斯的现实主义在强调关系、流变、批判以至解构上与后现代思想有精神上的相通。而同时,马克思恩格斯的现实主义强调社会必然性和价值确定性,含着超越现存实际的“彼岸”冲动和对人类命运的终极关怀。     

周立波文学真实观的形成过程及《讲话》的影响——兼及"去除意识形态话语之蔽"的解放区文学研究思路

周立波文学真实观的形成主要有两个阶段:30年代的文艺理论活动到延安鲁艺任文学教师并开始小说创作时期,是接受新现实主义创作方法的开始,以知识性的理性认知为主,对文学真实性的理解是与“为人生的艺术”倾向性结合在一起的;40年代初现实主义真实性的时代要求与倾向性的辩证关系,及其真实性本体意义的领悟,是周立波接受《讲话》“教益”的最大收获,并最终以其小说创作之路的成功选择显示出作家对现实主义艺术真实性与倾向性辩证关系的个性理解。     

From Environmental Education to Ecopolitics. Affirming Changing Agendas for Teachers1

In this paper I examine Peirce's epistemological and ontological theories and indicate their relevance to educational practice. I argue that Peirces conception of Firsts, Seconds and Thirds entails a fundamental ontological realism. I further argue that Peirce does have a theory of truth, that it is a particular non‐traditional ‘correspondence’ theory, consistent with, and implicit in, an over‐arching position of pragmatic realism. Peirce's epistemological position is subject to misinterpretation when the ontological realism on which it rests is overlooked. Finally I suggest that such a re‐consideration of Peirce's pragmatic ontology and epistemology in an educational context is needed.     

Interpreting Primary Children's Representations of Mountains and Mountainous Landscapes and Environments

This paper reports research into children's understanding of mountainous landscapes and mountain genesis as revealed in their drawing and modelling representations and in subsequent interviews. A sample of 444 children aged 7‐11 years was drawn from five UK inner-city schools. Comparisons between the younger (7‐9 years) and older (9‐11 years) children showed significant differences in perception, conception and priorities. The naive interpretation of children's drawings and models is questioned: interview data indicated that children use sophisticated techniques to represent mountains and mountain environments. Children are able to interpret stereotypical representations of mountain landscape features they encounter in books and elsewhere. They make use of a range of conventions in their own drawings that are revealed only in subsequent interviews. Research based solely on the interpretation of children's pictures is shown to be problematic and somewhat unreliable. Children perceive the differences between reality and pictorial representation and make full and conscious use of the range of conventions, including stereotypical forms.     

Teachers' responses to noncompliant students: The realities and consequences of a negotiated curriculum

This research examined the context in urban high school physical education classes that influenced 10 teachers' conceptualizations of realistic educational goals for their students. Ethnographic data in the form of field notes and interviews were analyzed using constant comparison. Teachers reported that many students were unwilling to participate and were becoming progressively more difficult to teach. Teachers actively sought explanations for this behavior both in the students' backgrounds and their lack of interest in school. They identified inconsistencies between the school's educational mission and the students' aspirations for the future. Teachers reported substantial changes in their programs over their careers. Although they had begun their careers teaching skills and other knowledge-based curricula, the diversity and difficulties associated with teaching urban students had forced them to move from a curriculum of skills to a “curriculum” of motivation and order. Many of these programs exhibited characteristics of an elitist, discriminatory, and decontextual approach to curriculum.     

Teacher development and school improvement: The process of teacher change

The overall goal of the present study was to investigate the relationship between teacher success in implementing innovative programs, teacher perceptions of self-efficacy, and the teacher-perceived value of the programs. Using behavioral observations, interviews, and questionnaires, teachers' performance, self-perceptions, and attitudes were measured at several time points during the initial year of implementation of an innovative adaptive mainstreaming program. Significant increases were observed in both teachers' levels of success and their perceptions of self-efficacy. Moreover, the timing of the most significant improvements suggests a natural sequence of development leading from improvement in teacher implementation of an innovation to subsequent increases in their perceptions of self-efficacy.     

“底层写作”如何现实主义

近年来"底层写作"创作界蔚为壮观,并且其中绝大部分都采用了"现实主义"的创作方法,但现实主义的创作方法并不必然保证"底层写作"的成功,目前的作品大多依然缺少丰满现实品格和实践力量,显得苍白单薄。底层文学"写现实"并不意味着必然要返回"现实主义"的创作手法,更重要的是继承现实主义的思想遗产,即坚持感性审美立场,努力发现和表达被主导语言所压抑的社会无意识;并努力构建个体化"现实观",对现实整体作出深入的观察与思考。     

Underlying Cultural issues That Effect Sound Consultant/School Collaboratives in Developing Multicultural Programs

This paper examines some underlying cultural issues that effect collaborations between consultants and schools, addressing multicultural curriculum and teaching developments. As a prelude to such a discussion, the author first advance the argument that Western chauvinism may interfere with the consultant's and the school's ability to perceive other cultures on their own terms. Six multicultural considerations are then explored to shed some clarity on intracultural perceptions. The sixth of these considerations in the Implications For Effective Curriculum and Teaching Development section serves as my 'bottom line' concerning the true purpose of multicultural programs within schools. The author contend that multicultural programs must foster equitable optimum learning opportunities for all children regardless of cultural diversity. This is academically universal. In the final analysis a sound consultant/school collaborative makes optimum learning a reality.     

Articulation and Transfer for Career and Technical Students: Best Practices for Dealing with Real and Perceived Barriers to Baccalaureate Degree Attainment for Applied Science Students

ABSTRACT

Community colleges produce large numbers of high quality graduates from career and technical programs. These programs are often of high academic rigor and quality. However, most universities view these Applied Associates of Science (AAS) as being terminal associate's degrees that are not appropriate for transfer. Regional accrediting standards are often cited as the reason for this differentiation. The reality is that institutional policies often simply dismiss AAS courses by their prefix to simplify the process. This study and presentation will explore the reality of what is allowed by accrediting bodies in transferring AAS courses and best practices for facilitating the maximum allowable course transfer.