对抗与激活:作为象征模式的小说结构

本文舍弃受利于经验层面的小说文体规范描述，进入对小说存在方式──小说结构的剖析，把小说结构离析成小说存在的整体结构与文本结构；认为作为精神对话媒介的小说，其意义的激活乃在于结构层面之间的相互对抗并构成象征模式。     

英国高等教育政策制定与实施中的权力博弈——基于批判话语分析的视角

英国高等教育具有良好的国际声誉,这与其顺时施宜的教育政策密不可分。基于批判话语分析的视角对英国高等教育政策的文本特征以及政策制定、实施过程进行系统梳理,发现其政策文本擅于使用被动语态隐藏权力主体、运用名词化结构增强文本权威性、利用情态动词明确权责划分。并且,不同时期的法案在政策内容的生产、分配以及消费方面都体现出政策话语与政治话语、民间话语间的明显互文。在此过程中,不同利益群体共同参与高等教育话语权的争夺,在相互的抗衡与妥协中构建合理的话语秩序。     

Doing Mathematics with Purpose: Mathematical Text Types

Mathematical literacy includes learning to read and write different types of mathematical texts as part of purposeful mathematical meaning making. Thus in this article, we describe how learning to read and write mathematical texts (proof text, algorithmic text, algebraic/symbolic text, and visual text) supports the development of students' mathematical literacy. Explicit instruction about how to engage with each text type helps to build students' awareness of the function of mathematical texts and of how to leverage them to support the doing of mathematics. Teachers and leaders can use this discussion of mathematical text types to organize and conceptualize instruction within a disciplinary literacy orientation.     

Preschool Children's Symbolic Representation of Objects through Gestures

To investigate the symbolic quality of preschoolers' gestural representations in the absence of real objects, 48 children (16 3-, 4-, and 5-year-olds) performed 2 tasks. In the first task, they were asked to pretend to use 8 common objects (e.g., "pretend to brush your teeth with a toothbrush"). There was an age-related progression in the symbolic quality of gestural representations. 3- and 4-year-olds used mostly body part gestures (e.g., using an extended finger as the toothbrush), whereas 5-year-olds used imaginary object gestures (e.g., pretending to hold an imaginary toothbrush). To determine if children's symbolic skill is sufficiently flexible to allow them to use gestures other than those spontaneously produced in the first task, in the second task children were asked to imitate, for each object, a gesture modeled by an experimenter. The modeled gesture was different from the one the child performed on the first task (e.g., if the child used a body part gesture to represent a particular object, the experimenter modeled an imaginary object gesture for that object). Ability to imitate modeled gestures was positively related to age but was also influenced by the symbolic mode of gesture. 3-year-olds could not imitate imaginary object gestures as well as body part gestures, suggesting that young preschoolers have difficulty performing symbolic acts that exceed their symbolic level even when the acts are modeled. Results from both tasks provide strong evidence for a developmental progression from concrete body part to more abstract imaginary object gestural representations during the preschool years.     

《紫颜色》的女性主义解读

在《紫颜色》中,艾丽斯·沃克以其独特的叙事风格和叙事技巧叙述了黑人妇女西丽从十四岁到四十多岁的曲折的生活经历。小说文本中。沃克采用了书信体方式及第一人称叙事视角,并大胆地表现了西丽与莎格的同性恋行为。小说文本中还充满了浓郁的象征色彩,形象地将西丽从一名逆来顺受的女孩变为经济上独立并拥有了一所自己的房子的自由人的变化过程呈现在读者的面前,堪称是一部纯粹的女性主义文本及妇女解放宣言。     

一种自动验证网络安全协议的互模拟方法

为了解决进程接收具体信息的输入所带来的无穷种迁移问题,采用一种称为"符号化"的方法,提出了进程符号环境和符号化和格局标号迁移语义,为Spi演算设计了符号互模拟关系—符号Reded互模拟.结果表明:该符号互模拟关系对传统的互模拟关系是可靠的,符号化的标号转移语义将进程无穷输入导致的迁移限期为有穷种迁移.因此使得基于该关系的安全协议自动验证算法得以实现.     

LivingPlessey in the context ofBrown: Cultural politics and the rituals of separation

This article examines the rituals of exclusion present in some public schools in southern Georgia. While ostensibly desegregated nearly twenty years afterBrown, many of these schools still articulate the concept of “separate but equal” through ritualized curricular practices. Such acts fly in the face of the stated purposes of integrated public schools. The writer analyzes this phenomenon relative to ritual theory and poststructural conceptions of power. Working from the analytics of Foucault and the work of McLaren, the writer argues that regardless of the rationales of the stated discourse of inclusion, the discourse of exclusion and separation is clearly the dominant form of social practice. The writer then discusses the impact of these discursive practices relative to the continuing problem of self-imposed segregation in schools and posits some possible courses of action. Extended implications of these practices are illustrated through interviews concerning the symbolic inequalities extant throughout the region.     

神界的“黄昏”——谈徐小斌小说《羽蛇》中的象征性意象

徐小斌的小说创作经常被称为"寓言化写作"、"亲吻神秘"等,很大程度上是由于其大部分小说通过一些奇特的意象穿插勾连,建构了很强的象征意义。其长篇代表作《羽蛇》也不例外。但是这部小说中除了单个象征性意象外,还有由几个象征性意象构成的子象征,以此共同支撑小说的象征意义。在此体认下,论文意图通过对《羽蛇》中象征性意象的分析来解读小说的象征意义。     

解读刘长卿诗歌中的"白云"意象

历来对刘长卿诗歌少有重视,对其象征性意象更无专文论述。本文试从刘长卿诗歌中运用最多的象征性意象——“白云”入手,对其象征义进行解读,并简要探讨刘诗中惯用象征性意象的原因。     

Walter Benjamin in the Age of Digital Reproduction: Aura in Education: A Rereading of 'The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction'

This paper considers a key text in the field of Cultural Studies for its relevance to questions about the identity of knowledge in education. The concept of 'aura' arises as being of special significance in 'The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction' as a way of understanding the change that occurs to art when mass reproduction becomes both technologically possible and industrially realised. Aura seems to signify something of the symbolic halo generated by objects of special significance that is both powerful and indefinite. This paper argues that aura is in fact the necessary property of symbolic representation—and that it attaches as much to the figure of Walter Benjamin as it does to any canonical work of art. But the paper also claims that Benjamin's argument about the significance of popular forms of art—particularly photography and film—can be updated and applied to critical questions about the established order of knowledge in education. This is particularly relevant to those curriculum domains where specific objects—texts, for example—are invested with powerful auras. It may also be applicable to all forms of established knowledge and curricula.     

Making sense of power relations in a Malaysian English-as-a-second-language academic writing classroom

The role of power in an English-as-a-second-language classroom has yet to be fully explored by an action research practitioner, especially in a Malaysian higher education setting. This study aims to contribute to this gap by working within an academic literacies perspective to teaching academic writing, which propagates the understanding of power-relational, socio-cultural and epistemological conditions for effective teaching and learning. As the teacher in this classroom, I focus on how power-relational conditions play out. To activate the power conditions, I used a teaching principle in Teaching English to Speakers of Other Languages (TESOL)-negotiated interaction to reduce power-based mismatches between participants in a teaching or learning relationship in my classroom, drawing upon Kumaravadivelu’s work on post-method pedagogy for TESOL; that is, not being bound by any specific method of teaching. In analysing the different types of power that were operational in my classroom, wider implications of power that operate beyond the classroom level and how they impacted teaching and learning decisions were found to be highly illuminating. The action research methodology used for this study enabled me to reflect critically on my detailed diary recordings and student letter and interview collections, which in turn impacted on my teaching decisions as each teaching cycle was completed. My reflections also help shape my evolving identity as a teacher-researcher throughout this ongoing Malaysian action research journey.     

论政府间事权划分的完善

阐述事权划分的基本原则,指出现阶段我国政府间事权划分存在诸如事权划分法律缺失、上下级政府间事权不明确、财权事权不对称等问题,这些问题严重影响了事权和支出责任相适应制度的建立。基于我国应该结合事权划分的四个基本原则,提出借鉴国外一些发达国家的经验,从而完善我国政府间事权划分的建议。     

从功能翻译理论析《野草》译文

关于语言功能的分类，翻译家与语言学家各持己见，分类标准从简单到复杂。德国功能派翻译理论认为：翻译行为应由其翻译目的所决定，不同模式的文本功能应是其翻译的出发点。简要地介绍功能派理论并从该理论的角度分析张培基的英译文《野草》(原作者：夏衍)     

‘It is certainly strange…’: attacks on ethnic studies and whiteness as property

In 2010, Arizona passed legislation that attacked ethnic studies in k-12 (kindergarten to 12th grade). Specifically, Mexican American/Raza Studies (MARS) was targeted by the state Superintendent of Public Instruction (SPI), and, in effect, would be eliminated by the Prohibited Courses; Discipline; Schools Law (Prohibited Courses Law). This study utilizes document and content analysis to examine both a letter written by the SPI calling for the elimination of MARS, and the text of the Prohibited Courses Law. Framing the work within critical race theory, these two documents work together to normalize and make property of whiteness in Arizona’s public schools, and re-create a hegemonic status quo. In addition, this study analyzes how MARS acts as a site of counter-hegemonic activity by scrutinizing customary discourses as presented in schools and curricula.     

The choose-short effect in pigeon memory for stimulus duration: Subjective shortening versus coding models

A symbolic delayed matching procedure may be used to study memory for stimulus duration in pigeons. Short and long presentations of a light sample stimulus are mapped onto the choke of visually differentiated comparison keys. When delay is varied in such a symbolic delayed matching procedure, pigeons show increasing preference for the short-sample key as the delay becomes longer (choose-short effect), even after a long sample stimulus has been presented. Two theoretical explanations of the choose-short effect are suggested. A subjective shortening model holds that the choose-short effect arises from progressive shortening of the memory of stimulus duration as the delay proceeds. An alternative coding model suggests that the choose-short effect arises from stimulus generalization after an initial response instruction to peck the long-sample key has been forgotten. These two models were tested by training pigeons to peck a third comparison key after no sample stimulus had been presented. Shifts in key preferences over delays ranging from 0 to 21 sec clearly supported the coding model.     

教育价值观的冲突及原因分析

纵观教育发展的历史，人们在教育价值的选择上，最具代表性的主要有“个人本位”和“社会本位”两种。两种教育价值观各执一说，相互矛盾和冲突。本文从两种教育价值观的冲突人手，进而分析两种教育价值观冲突的原因。     

Agents and recipient objects in the development of early symbolic play

The development of 2 components of early symbolic play--children's symbolic transformations of agents of action and recipient objects of action--was assessed in 48 children from 14 to 25 months of age. A 5-step sequence was predicted based on a combined weighting of agent substitutions and recipient object substitutions in each step. Children observed an adult model who pretended to talk into a telephone using each agent and object substitution in all combinations and then were allowed to demonstrate their own imitative pretending for each step. Based on the children's profiles of steps passed and failed, the sequence was found to form a Guttman scale and be age related. 2 types of possible underlying sequences were discussed.     

Pre‐twentieth century literature in the Year 9 classroom: Student responses to different teaching approaches

This article arises from an action research investigation that sought to understand the ways in which different approaches to teaching pre‐twentieth century literature in Year 9 English lessons might influence students’ experiences of texts. It examines the proposition that some students need to have a secure understanding of the text before they can benefit from more creative approaches which require them to undertake independent and personal responses. Although creative methods of teaching are often posited as being superior to more teacher‐led approaches, student responses suggest that requiring them to participate in creative activities as a means of exploring an unfamiliar text without first ensuring they have a solid understanding of the overarching narrative and a good grasp of unknown language can lead to resistance and disengagement. In this case study, some students benefited from and appreciated a structured approach that included more ‘traditional’ methods of teaching pre‐twentieth century literature, which they said helped them to learn more effectively.     

从伯克的"语言四维度"看"印象系列"的修辞效果

在<语言是象征行动>中,伯克明确提出语言四个基本维度:诗学、逻辑与语法、修辞以及伦理学.这四个维度几乎覆盖了语言的所有范围:诗学语言在富有情感的同时也含有理性的成分;逻辑语言并不仅仅局限于语法及逻辑思维,更应与理性相结合,指导行动;修辞语言贵在用劝说、劝勉的语气达到合作竞争的目的;伦理语言,要求我们真实准确地表达人格品...