开放远程学习和亚洲教育改革--思维方式的变革

西方教育者总是曲解在受儒家传统思想影响的国家中采用的学习方法。今天尽管我谈论的主题是学习,但是我不会陷入同样的误区。首先,我将重点和大家谈谈学习的哲学,因为学习的哲学让我们关注两个非常重要的事实:第一,在我们人类生存的宇宙中,我们无法解答很多与我们存在有关的问题;第二,没有一个人不学习就拥有生存的本能和所有知识,因此,为了生存人类需要学习。此外,我们人类同世界之间存在矛盾的关系——我们一方面追求与世界的和谐相处,另一方面,由于没有足够的知识,我们不得不经常处于一种分离的状态,这就迫使我们必须对所生存的世界提出…     

Neuroscience and Education: Promises and Pitfalls

Recent findings on the anatomical, physiological, and functional properties of the brain have stimulated debates on whether such findings provide meaningful contribution to education. In this article, I examine one aspect of the interface between neuroscience and education: “brain‐compatible” strategies. Although some of these strategies such as providing a balanced diet in a child's early years are based on sound empirical data, others are based on shakier grounds. In particular, strategies regarding environmental enrichment and stress reduction in the classroom are based on questionable interpretations of the data. Because research in neuroscience is still in its infancy, it is not surprising some early attempts in translating research to practice involve a degree of over‐generalisation. At this stage, it may be more beneficial to focus on neuroscience findings that relate to educationally relevant processes. Attention, learning, and memory are all fundamental processes studied in both disciplines. Research in neuroscience offers not only additional knowledge about such processes but also tools and methods that will allow us to refine our theories and, eventually, practice.     

Early Language Learning and Literacy: Neuroscience Implications for Education

The last decade has produced an explosion in neuroscience research examining young children's early processing of language that has implications for education. Noninvasive, safe functional brain measurements have now been proven feasible for use with children starting at birth. In the arena of language, the neural signatures of learning can be documented at a remarkably early point in development, and these early measures predict performance in children's language and pre‐reading abilities in the second, third, and fifth year of life, a finding with theoretical and educational import. There is evidence that children's early mastery of language requires learning in a social context, and this finding also has important implications for education. Evidence relating socioeconomic status (SES) to brain function for language suggests that SES should be considered a proxy for the opportunity to learn and that the complexity of language input is a significant factor in developing brain areas related to language. The data indicate that the opportunity to learn from complex stimuli and events are vital early in life, and that success in school begins in infancy.     

Genetics and Neuroscience in Dyslexia: Perspectives for Education and Remediation

ABSTRACT— Our understanding of the causes of a developmental disorder like dyslexia has received recent input from both neuroscience and genetics. The discovery of 4 candidate genes for dyslexia and the identification of neuronal networks engaged when children read and spell are the basis for introducing this knowledge into education. However, the input from educational practitioners as well as empirical knowledge from research on learning also contribute significantly to our understanding of how children acquire the basic skills for learning to read and spell. It is imperative to merge the knowledge acquired from research in the fields of neuroscience, genetics, and empirical education, as well as to understand how the learning brain and instruction interact. Doing so can be seen as a major step in attaining an optimal approach for teaching, reading, and spelling and for finding the best suited and most effective treatment concepts for dyslexic children and adolescents.     

Culturally Appropriate Education: Insights From Educational Neuroscience

Culturally appropriate education focuses on educational competence needed in a global world and respect for different world views of learners and teachers from different cultural contexts. The relationship between gene, brain, and culture is complex and dynamical. Cultural experience and learning sculpts the anatomy and function of the human brain and shapes human behavior. This neuroplasticity is the basis of educability in human beings. Education reform should reflect cultural diversity and embed teaching practices into the cultural history of a nation and should promote positive inclusion of minority and indigenous history so as to maximize successful adoption by teachers and parents. This tenet is at the core of the concept of “culturally appropriate education.” Successful educational reform and pedagogy require that teachers become culturally and neuroscientifically literate.     

教育神经科学与文化适宜性教学

文化适宜性教学强调教学对文化的敏感性,尊重不同背景的学习者的不同世界观与认识论、不同民族的文化传统与文化多样性。文化适宜性教学得到了教育神经科学研究的支持。教育神经科学的大量证据表明,持续性的文化经验会改变脑的结构与功能,进而影响人们加工信息、理解世界的方式。因此,理解文化对脑功能与结构影响的普遍性与特殊性,对于教育者重视文化多样性与教育公平政策的制定与教育实践推广具有重要的意义。文化适宜性教学的主要目标是培养学习者感知文化差异与沟通文化差异的能力。     

Fight Dispersion Through Education: The Results of the First Cycle of the NoOut Project

Dropping out of school can involve several internal and external factors. Regarding internal factors, learning difficulties and the experience of failure could trigger the withdrawal of commitment, rejection of and resistance to school, as well as a general perception of inadequacy. Here, we show the results of a series of interventions implemented in four schools. Participants were subjected to a total of 70 hr of interventions in class over a 6‐month period during which active and nontraditional teaching was promoted. Before and after the interventions, the Das‐Naglieri Cognitive Assessment System (CAS) was administered to participants in order to assess whether there was any enhancement of the cognitive functions that underlie learning processes. The results show a significant improvement in almost every experimental group, compared with control groups, suggesting that this kind of approach could lead to a systematic improvement in the cognitive resources of students, thereby diminishing the risk of failure and dropping out.     

一个跨学科的必然趋势：教育学认知神经化

认知神经科学、脑科学等学科在教育学领域的延伸使得教育学课堂发生认知神经化。教育学认知神经化为教育学发展提供新路向,原因在于认知神经科学使得教育学建立在脑的基础上,并为教育学的科学性提供证言。教育学认知神经化为教育学发展谋求机遇,可以一定程度上消除"学科派"和"职业派"的分歧——重理论或重技能,致力于构建理论与实践相结合的课堂;同时也为教育学的发展带来挑战——达到五个必须:必须改变"空谈说教"理念的蒂固,必须引进专业师资,必须进行团队协作,必须设置认知神经科学等相关课程,必须拥有专业化技术及设立专门化实验室。     

Neuroscience and Education: Blind Spots in a Strange Relationship

This article—mainly referring to the situation in Germany—consists of three parts. In a first section the current presence of neurosciences in the public discourse will be described in order to illuminate the background which is relevant for contemporary educational thinking. The prefix ‘neuro‐’ is ubiquitous today and therefore concepts like ‘neuropedagogy’ or ‘neurodidactics’ seem to be in the mainstream of modern thinking. In the second part of the article the perspective changes from the public discourse to the disciplinary discourse; a brief excursus into developmental psychiatry, neuropsychology and modern psychoanalysis will be made in order to demonstrate how the results of neuroscientific research are integrated in their theoretical frameworks. These three disciplines have no difficulty in integrating neuroscientific findings because each of them possesses a systematic core composed of ‘native concepts’. In contrast to them, educational theory has much more difficulty with such integration, as will be shown in the third part of the essay. On the one hand, neuroscientific thinking seems to be able to dominate education rather easily and without great resistance, especially in the fields of early childhood education, instruction and learning—mainly by simplifying educational processes and by reducing the complexity of the educational task to a mere ‘relationship problem’. On the other hand, this attraction of neuroscience in education might be understood as the reflection of a theoretical deficit in educational theory itself, with the significance of affect and emotion not receiving proper attention.