城市生活垃圾的厌氧消化处理

对我国城市生活垃圾产生的数量、特性及危害作了分析,表明针对目前我国城市生活垃圾中有机物成分明显增加的特点,通过厌氧消化来处理有机废物是最理想的方法.介绍了城市生活垃圾厌氧消化的机理、工艺及其应用现状、研究进展,对厌氧消化技术的影响因素进行了详细的讨论,并对我国城市生活垃圾处理提出建议：厌氧消化处理应首先从餐厨垃圾做起,再逐步扩展到其它的城市有机垃圾处理.     

厌氧消化处理城市垃圾研究进展

就厌氧消化技术处理城市垃圾的微生物学原理、研究进展以及经济分析进行了概述．对湿式厌氧消化、厌氧干发酵和两步厌氧发酵工艺作了详细的介绍．为寻找适合我国的垃圾处理技术提供一些参考．     

Simulation of municipal solid waste gasification for syngas production in fixed bed reactors

This study proposes a model of syngas production from municipal solid waste （MSW） gasification with air in fixed bed reactors. The model （using Aspen plus simulator） is used to predict the results of MSW gasification and to provide some process fundamentals concerning syngas production from MSW gasification. The effects of gasification temperature, air equiva- lence ratio and moisture concentration on the composition of syngas, lower heating value （LHV） of syngas, heat conversion efficiency, and carbon conversion are discussed. The results indicate that higher temperature improves gasification, and higher air equivalence ratio increases the carbon conversion while decreasing syngas LHV. Heat conversion efficiency increases and reaches the maximum and then decreases with the increase of air equivalence ratio. Higher moisture concentration increases the carbon conversion and increases the heat conversion efficiency at lower ratios. Higher temperature and a lower equivalence ratio are favorable for obtaining a higher LHV of syngas at the same moisture concentration.     

生活垃圾焚烧残灰中有毒成分的排放特性

目的：探索中国生活垃圾焚烧残灰中重金属、氯苯、多环芳烃等有毒成分的排放特性、排放水平及相互之间的关联特性,并认识其产生、排放与焚烧炉型、焚烧条件的关联,以探索控制其危害的有效方法。方法：1.对中国几个典型的生活垃圾焚烧炉现场采样,获得多个飞灰和底渣的样品;2.通过多种不同的检测手段和方法,分别检测残灰的基本物理化学特性、氯苯、多环芳烃和主要金属元素的浓度;3.结合焚烧炉型和焚烧特性等条件,分析各有毒成分的排放特性和相互之间的关联特性。结论：1.氯苯、多环芳烃和重金属受焚烧因素影响,在残灰中的排放特性各不相同,流化床焚烧炉能消除焚烧和原始垃圾的扰动,能控制氯苯在残灰中的排放,但多环芳烃排放控制不如炉排焚烧炉;2.残灰中主要的有机有毒成分为高氯代氯苯和2至4环等少环类多环芳烃;3.氯苯和多环芳烃在残灰中的含量可能因为不同的产生机理而表现出一定的负关联特点;4.残灰中的金属主要为铝和铁等轻金属,浓度远高于重金属元素,而无毒重金属（主要为Mn、Ni、As和Zn）浓度高于有毒重金属元素（Cu、Pb和Cr）,且不同金属表现出不同的对氯苯和多环芳烃的催化促进或抑制作用。     

Engineering aspects of landfilling municipal solid waste

Sanitary landfilling is the most important method of municipal solid waste disposal in China. Landfill sites are always set up in mountain valley, on plain or beside seashore. A complete landfill consists of base system, cover system, and leachate collection and gas extraction system. This paper reviews the state-of-the-art landfilling technology in China and collection discusses research projects for engineers. Project(59878050) supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC)     

Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in flue gas emissions from municipal solid waste incinerators in China

Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and furalls(PCDD/Fs)emissions in flue gas from two types of municipal solid waste incinerators(MSWIs)most commonly used in China were investigated in this study.The selected incinerators include two grate-type MSWIs:MSWl-A(350 t/d)and MSWI-B(150 t/d),and two fluidized bed MSWIs:MSWI-C(400 t/d) and MSWI-D (400 t/d),which are all equipped with semi-dry lime scrubber and bag filter except MSWI-D equipped with cyclone and wet scrubber(WS)as air pollutant conffol device(APCD).Results indicated that the emission concentration and the international toxic equivalents(I-TEQs)of the PCDD/Fs from the stacks were in the range of 1.210～10.273 ng/Nm3 and 0.019～0.201 ngI-TEQ/Nm3,respectively.They were greatly lower than the emission regulation standard of PCDD/FS in China(1.0 ng I-TEQ/Nm3).However,only the PCDD/Fs emission Ievel from MSWI-C Was below 0.1 ng I-TEQ/Nm3.Although the homologue profiles were distinct,the contributions of the 2,3,7,8-subsituted congenem to the total I-TEQ were similar among all the investigated MSWIs.Two major 2,3,7,8-substituted congeners,2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF and 1,2,3,7,8-PeCDD,account for 47% and 9%(average values)of the total I-TEQ values,respectively.The correlation between PCDD/Fs levels and composition of flue gas Was also discussed.     

城市生活垃圾产量的组合预测

引入一种新的预测垃圾产量的方法——组合预测方法,该法能够综合利用不同预测方法提供的信息提高预测精度。结合厦门市1996～2008年的垃圾产量,分析不同预测方法的预测精度,并预测5年后的垃圾产量。通过研究发现:单一预测模型中,线性回归法和年增长率法的预测结果偏小,误差较大,灰色理论GM(1,1)的预测结果偏大,误差较小,基本在10%以内;组合预测模型的预测精度高于单一预测模型;厦门市城市生活垃圾年平均增长率约为10%,低于国民生产总值和社会消费品零售总额年平均增长率,高于城镇居民消费性支出年平均增长率。     

Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in flue gas emissions from municipal solid waste incinerators in China

Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and furans （PCDD/Fs） emissions in flue gas from two types of municipal solid waste incinerators （MSWIs） most commonly used in China were investigated in this study. The selected incinerators include two grate-type MSWIs： MSWI-A （350 t/d） and MSWI-B 050 t/d）, and two fluidized bed MSWIs： MSWI-C （400 t/d） and MSWI-D （400 t/d）, which are all equipped with semi-dry lime scrubber and bag filter except MSWI-D equipped with cyclone and wet scrubber （WS） as air pollutant control device （APCD）. Results indicated that the emission concentration and the international toxic equivalents （I-TEQs） of the PCDD/Fs from the stacks were in the range of 1.210-10.273 ng/Nm^3 and 0.019-0.201 ng I-TEQ/Nm^3, respectively. They were greatly lower than the emission regulation standard of PCDD/Fs in China （1.0 ng I-TEQ/Nm^3）. However, only the PCDD/Fs emission level from MSWI-C was below 0.1 ng I-TEQ/Nm^3. Although the homologue profiles were distinct, the contributions of the 2,3,7,8-subsituted congeners to the total I-TEQ were similar among all the investigated MSWIs. Two major 2,3,7,8-substituted congeners, 2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF and 1,2,3,7,8-PeCDD, account for 47% and 9% （average values） of the total I-TEQ values, respectively. The correlation between PCDD/Fs levels and composition of flue gas was also discussed.     

Quick start-up of EGSB reactor treating fresh leachate of municipal solid waste

An expanded granular sludge bed (EGSB) reactor inoculated with anaerobic granular sludge was started up with its COD removal performance, self-balancing of pH, biogas production rate and characteristics of the granular sludge during the start-up period being investigated. The results indicated that the EGSB reactor can be started up successfully in 27 d by increasing the organic loading rate rapidly. The removal efficiency of COD was maintained above 93% with influent COD concentration of 25 000 mg/L and OL...     

Safety impact of piled municipal solid waste dumps in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region on water quality

The safety of water quality in the Three Gorges Reservoir(TGR)is very important.Protections and remediation of environment safety are very crucial for guaranteeing TGR environmental quality.When piled municipal solid waste(MSW) dumps are submerged without treatment,pollutants in the MSW will leach into the water and threaten the water safety of the reservoir.Based on the surveys of the amount,distribution and characteristics of piled MSW in the TGR area,this study focusing on the MSW dumps at the water leve...     

消化温度对柠檬果渣厌氧消化过程中产气量的影响

采用自行设计的发酵装置,通过温度对挥发性脂肪酸的影响,从而进行了消化温度对柠檬果渣厌氧消化过程中产气量的影响研究．实验表明,在中温（35℃）和高温（55℃）两种消化条件下及pH接近中性时,柠檬果渣消化反应器分别于第7天和第5天开始进入产甲烷阶段,最高产气量分别为44mi和46mi,高温比中温的产气量提高了4．5％．由此可见,高温消化比中温消化缩短了消化时间,提高了产气量,高温消化是提高柠檬果渣厌氧消化产气量的有效方法．