欧洲高等教育研究与高等教育政策及实践的关系

根据不同的主题领域高等教育研究可被划分为:定量—结构方面,与知识、学科相关的方面,与人相关或与教学相关的方面,以及组织与行政方面等。因此,高等教育研究是涉及教育学、心理学、社会学、政治学、经济学和商学、法律和历史等的跨学科研究。与美国和中国相比,欧洲的高等教育研究较少建立在教育院系基础之上,而是依靠大学里的跨学科研究机构把提高学术质量和相关的政策与实践连接起来。近几年,公众对高等教育研究系统知识的兴趣开始增长,但是从中获利较多的却是那些评估研究、所谓的专家报告以及指标研究等非学术性的高等教育研究。总之,高等教育研究的制度基础在不同的欧洲国家呈现出前所未有的多样化。     

Higher Education in India: Growth, Concerns and Change Agenda

Higher education in India has grown large since the country's independence in 1947. Starting from a small base, the pace of growth was initially rapid. Initially, the pace of growth was rapid. Enrolments grew by 13 to 14 per cent per annum during the 1950s and 1960s. Over the past few decades, the growth rate has declined noticeably. Since then it has remained stable between 4 and 5 per cent. The nature of growth over the past two decades is, however, strikingly different from the growth in the previous period. This article maps the growth pattern of higher education in India with particular focus on enrolment growth and change in funding patterns. On analysis of the trends, it identifies the concerns and builds a case for change in Indian higher education so that the country's virtuous cycle of economic growth fuelled mainly by its large pool of qualified manpower is sustained.     

Research on Higher Education in Europe

Research on higher education grew in European countries from scattered individual activities towards a certain degree of visibility in the 1970s, largely as consequence of growing public problem awareness. In the 1980s, it experienced a set-back due to declining public interest in higher education as a key issue of societal policies. From the late 1980s onwards, research in this domain again drew attention and support in the wake of debates about the knowledge society, new modes of steering and management and the increasing internationalisation of higher education. However, growth and consolidation of this research were accompanied by a more rapid growth of policy-geared information collection and dissemination in the framework of evaluation, consultancy, expert commissions and the daily work of the growing number of higher education professionals. Research on higher education often does not have a solid institutional base and it both benefits and suffers from the fact that it is a theme-base area of research, drawing from different disciplines, and that the borderline is fuzzy between researchers and other experts on higher education. But a growth and quality improvement of research on higher education can be observed in recent years — certainly to some extent due to growing cooperation of researchers across Europe and to increasing cooperation in comparative projects. In the future, the first steps undertaken to establish study programmes for higher education experts could turn out be beneficial not only for the dissemination of research findings, but also for the quality of young researchers in this domain.     

亚洲金融危机期间相关国家高等教育经费政策调整——以泰、韩、马、菲、印尼五国为例

上世纪未,为应对亚洲金融危机,泰国、韩国、马来西亚、菲律宾和印尼五国及时调整了高等教育经费政策,制订了包括教育资助计划在内的相关社会救济计划,同时积极创新教育体制,并把提高质量与创建特色贯穿始终.分析五国高教经费政策的利弊得失,对当前全球性金融危机大背景下我国高教经费政策的制订、政府角色的扮演和高校自身社会责任的确定具有重要的启示意义.     

民办高等教育的地位变化与政策调整

民办高校在高等教育体系中已经占有相当的份额,但民办高校的社会形象与民办高校在高等教育大众化中所扮演的角色是不相称的;国家法律法规对民办高校的法律地位已经给予了明确的认可,但在教育行政部门的管理层面,民办高校并没有受到应有的重视。为创造民办高校持续发展的外部环境,省级教育主管部门应建立对民办高校的评估与评价机制,加大对民办高等教育投入并创新投入机制,有条件地打破公办高校与民办高校的招生界限。     

远程高等教育中的范围经济:一个研究展望

本文首先阐述了范围经济可能会成为未来远程高等教育经济学研究的一个热点;基于这个判断,本文认为远程高等教育起码可以在教学、科研以及礼会服务这三种产出上形成范围经济;最后本文对地域、质量、技术手段.组织方式等可能会影响远程高等教育的范围经济的因素进行了进一步讨论.     

高等教育公平:一项未完成的议程

在高等教育由精英化走向大众化的进程中,许多高校都发现其多样性、教育公平以及学术的优越性之间存在着某种必然的联系。之所以应重视高等教育的多样性不是因为其本身的目的,而是因为多样性是实现高等教育三大重要目标的途径之一。这三大目标包括：第一,机会均等;第二,为社会各个阶层培养领袖人才;第三,丰富所有学生的教育经历。随着社会经济的多样化,高等院校应当为实现教育机会均等和高等教育公平起到引擎的作用,为实现高等教育的公平而努力。     

中外合作办学研究:一个批判的文化主义视角

中外合作办学是指国内高校与国外大学进行合作的一种形式.看似繁荣的中外合作办学可能正面临着迫在眉睫的危机.然而,现有的研究仅停留在中国政府的政策或者政策变化以及机构层面上的操作等问题上.对于为什么这些跨境高等教育活动会发生在中国、它们是否带来了中国社会和高等教育发展所需要的东西以及它们如何才能为中国高等教育体制的完善作出贡献等问题则鲜有研究.换言之,已有研究似乎表明跨境高等教育的主导形式和实践都很好,因而研究的重点就是完善它.本文通过对中外合作办学活动的研究提出一个批判的文化主义视角,这一视角将以新自由主义、后殖民主义和文化主义的观点作为研究的潜在理论工具以填补某些研究的空白.     

中国高校学术职业的结构性变迁及其影响

中国教师学术职业的结构性变迁主要体现在两个方面:一方面指教师间学术职业结构的分化,由过去教师-行政人员间的二元结构,演变为现在的教师-课题经理-亦管亦教亦研的“学者官员“-纯管理者之间的多元关系和分层;另一方面指教师本人职业的分化,主要表现在教师学术角色的多元化.此外,本文还从大学学术行政化的管理体制、课题管理商业化操作、教师量化考核等几个方面探讨了引起这一结构变化的原因和后果.     

俄罗斯公立高等教育经费多元化改革实践

苏联高等教育经费模式被学者普遍认为是纯粹的由国家包办的官僚控制模式的典型代表。苏联解体以后的二十年来,由于经费的急剧短缺,俄罗斯高等教育领域进行了经费多元化改革。联邦政府的市场方式拨款、地方政府加大的成本分担、学生学费的缴纳、高等学校的企业性活动以及国内外社会的捐赠资助成为俄罗斯高等教育经费的多种来源。     

International Comparisons in Higher Education Funding

The use of appropriate indicators of public and private expenditures, from which statistically significant differences in funding policies can be identified, constitutes a solid foundation in which the assessment of the role of governments in promoting higher education can be grounded. Based on a carefully selected set of Organization for Economic Co‐operation and Development indicators, this paper explores the effects of education funding policies, along with research and development expenditures and tax levels, on the entry rate to higher education. The results from the statistical analysis of the data confirm the existence of two distinct approaches to higher education funding, the Scandinavian approach and Anglo–American approach, and help to define their characteristics.     

The State Policy of Funding Higher Education Under Public Budget Constraints1

This article describes the changing face of institutions of higher education in Russia in comparison with other countries. It is shown that the ratios of funding sources for higher education in Russia are similar in structure to those in other countries. However, the absolute amounts of funding from these sources are three times less in Russia than the level of the OECD countries. We analyze the following two strategies that Russian universities have used to cope with reduced public funding: diversification of sources of income and changing the structure of expenses. These strategies have been borrowed from the experience of foreign universities that have reformed their financial management. We identify the following main trends in the financing of Russian higher education: concentration of support on leading universities, reliance on public support for higher education as a main source of funding, and the weak use of public-private partnership mechanisms as well as endowment funds. We provide an assessment of the impact of these trends on the economic position of universities.     

我国高等教育评估政策范式变革初探

政策范式变革是对过去政策显著的突破。从这一视角来看,自1985年以来,我国高等教育评估政策可划分为四个阶段:政策形成及相对稳定阶段,政策环境转化阶段,政策进一步调整阶段,新政策范式确立阶段。目前,第一轮本科教学水平评估已经结束,下一轮评估新政策的制定除了应结合分类指导、多元参与、综合评价等原则外,还需借鉴运用社会问责理论来构建这一新的政策范式,即基于社会问责的多元化综合评估。     

河南高职教育经费投入机制研究

系统研究河南职业教育经费投入取得的成就和高职教育投入中存在的突出问题,从法律政策、投资意愿、监督体制等方面阐述了投入不足的原因,提出完善激励机制、实行集中拨付制度、建立稳定投入机制、扩大经费使用权等措施,对完善河南职业教育投入机制、增加职业教育办学活力具有重要意义。     

美国高等教育绩效拨款政策研究综述

绩效拨款是美国近年来兴起的一种高等教育拨款方式,这种拨款方式由于对高等教育发展有重大影响而引起学者和政策制定者的关注.文章在对绩效拨款定义和该领域研究整体脉络进行梳理的基础上,选取绩效拨款政策的扩散和稳定性、绩效拨款的影响和效果两个方面对现有文献进行详细论述.研究发现,虽然目前学术界有关绩效拨款政策扩散、变迁和效果的研究内容很丰富,但在理论视角、研究方法等方面还存在进一步拓展的空间.     

OECD国家高等教育公共投资:机制和方法

OECD国家政府对高等教育的投入水平普遍较高,其高等教育投资主要来自两个方面:公共投资和私人投资.对公共投资而言,各国在投资结构、投资机制及投资方法方面都不完全相同.OECD国家高等教育投资机制主要有四种,即有计划的以输入为本的投资、绩效投资、定向投资和需求驱动的以输入为本的投资.其投资方法涉及学生中心、供应驱动和专业导向三种选择.     

关于加强高校科研经费管理和监督工作的探讨

高校科研经费监管工作水平如何,直接关系到高校科研经费的使用效益、关系到高校的科研水平。本文立足于高校科研经费监管工作的实际情况,结合已有相关理论研究,从科学定位、现状评估和工作着力点三个方面深入分析,对加强高校科研经费监管工作进行了探讨。