Aspiration and Reflection: Sport Historians on Sport History

Abstract

Following the series of Presidential Forum conversation pieces instigated by Kevin Wamsley on the NASSH website, this piece places the context of the collection of comments and criticisms by 29 contributors to this special issue on sport historians reflecting on the field of sport history.     

文化人类学视野中的游戏、体育与民族传统体育

从人类学的研究视角出发,以文献综述和逻辑推理为主要研究方法,把游戏、体育和民族传统体育之间的关系作为研究对象.主要研究结果有:游戏的本质是自由,它标准化之后的形态--体育的本质也是如此;游戏是体育和民族传统体育的根源,而体育和民族传统体育之间没有必然的因果关系;脱离体育的源头和它所依存的文化内涵而解读体育,从而想当然地阐述民族传统体育,是不科学的;必须从人类学的视野来重新思考体育和民族传统体育.     

运动与后殖民主义:何时?是何?及如何?

运动与后殖民主义共享重要主题:身体。身体居于运动研究的中心,且并非处于后殖民话语的边缘。在欧洲构建殖民世界不同族群的竞技能力时,体格是其中尤为重要的内容。运动与后殖民主义:何时?当"第三世界"的体育工作者首次进入"第一世界运动"时,后殖民运动也从此开始。如今,诸多国际运动管理机构及顶级运动员本身就是全球资本主义的代理人,这意味着我们依然身陷后殖民的处境之中。运动与后殖民主义:是何?可将后殖民运动分为"早期殖民者所‘发明’的身体文化,如美国的棒球,篮球"等七种类型。运动与后殖民主义:如何?后殖民方法可"揭示在殖民统治下运动与殖民的共谋",可展现"用运动来反抗(新)殖民的可能性",可"让运动从都市理论及都市文化体系中脱钩,并能让因殖民而隐藏的空间,通过后殖民身体文化实践,重新拥有其原本的意义"。     

From Development of Sport to Development through Sport: A Paradigm Shift for Sport Development in South Korea

During the past several decades, South Korea has gained tremendous international recognition by achieving an excellent performance in a variety of international sport competitions and hosting numerous mega-sporting events. Although success in elite sport (i.e. Development of Sport approach) has contributed to making South Korea one of the sport powerhouses in the world, South Korea has paid very little attention to the role that sport can play as a tool for social and personal development (i.e. Development through Sport approach). Similarly, scholars also paid little attention to the ‘development through sport’ approach in South Korea while predominantly focusing their attention in taking the ‘development of sport’ approach. In recent years, however, the South Korean government has begun to show interest in the ‘development through sport’ approach to become a truly advanced sporting nation. Thus, the purpose of this paper is to explore how South Korea's paradigm in sport has historically shifted from ‘development of sport’ to ‘development through sport’ in its socio-political context.     

论体育善治与体育精神

体育善治是最近以来国际体育领域的一个热门话题,原因在于国家或国际体育机构的体育管理者和官员必须遵循和遵守他们所代表的体育机构的规则。而体育领域的欺诈和腐败等行为已被广泛地评论和报道,成为人们关注的热点。其它关于体育治理的问题如体育管理机构与个体运动员以及运动员权利、义务的关系等也需要深入研究。本文对体育善治的主要方面进行分析,讨论体育善治与体育精神的关系,并提出了如何提高体育善治水平的途径和方式。     

竞技体育中的攻击与暴力:运动心理学界的一次争论

近年来,国际运动心理学界围绕竞技体育中攻击与暴力的问题展开了一次争论。起因是国际运动心理学会发表《体育中攻击与暴力：国际运动心理学会的立场》文章后受到质疑,于是双方在体育中攻击与暴力的本质、运动员和观众攻击与暴力的区分、媒体的影响、裁判员的角色以及国际运动心理学会的忠告等问题上进行了激烈的辩论。在介绍、审视这次争论基础上,对国际运动心理学会的作法提出了自己的看法。     

Sport,Technique and Violence: The Technical Modes for Generating Sport Violence

Norbert Elias makes technical progress one of the markers of the state of civilisation. It is from this viewpoint that we would like to return to the question of sport, a fundamental part in Elias' civilising process, which also constitutes, a contrario, one of the most ambiguous aspects of ‘technical progress’ and its relation to violence, to the articulation of a double abuse of instrumental rationality. On the one hand the infinite improvement of human possibilities (records, performance) which leads to the recognised risks of exploitation and the ultra-sophisticated controlling of athletes (extreme pressure, over-training) as a corollary of the temptation to over-stimulate athletic potential as a result of the uncontrolled use of victory techniques (cheating, doping, violence). On the other hand, the stakes involved in the production of a vast spectacle with ideological, sociopolitical and socio-economic overtones which lead to technological manipulations. Both these tendencies overlap, and furthermore cannot be isolated from, a more general context of the technification of the social, at the heart of which instrumental rationality constitutes the first example of violence. This three-fold observation constitutes the basis of the argument set out in this paper.     

从终身体育的视角论学校体育、家庭体育、社会体育的协同效应

终身体育是新时期体育发展的指导思想和人类体育需求的体现。分析了学校体育、家庭体育、社会体育对终身体育的影响,讨论了目前这三个方面存在的问题,最后通过学校体育、家庭体育和社会体育这三者之间的关联性,利用各自的优势和资源,提出三者之间相互促进的建议,以便更好的实现协同效应,促进终身体育的发展和落实。     

Sport: a scientific experiment?

Abstract

Science plays an increasingly important role in sport. Innovative high-tech equipment and research-based exercise regimes are vivid examples. In more subtle forms, scientific ways of thinking impact how sport is understood and practiced. I examine the possibilities and limits of scientific rationality in the set-up of competitive sport. Standard requirements on reliability and validity make sense when it comes to the quest for equal opportunity, and for fair and impartial evaluation of performance. However, whereas the instrumental aim of science is ‘certified’ knowledge, I argue that sport has primary meaning and value in itself. In further analysis of the normative structure of sport, an alternative ludic rationality emerges with elements of merit, chance and luck. I argue that sport is structured to cultivate not only athletic but human excellence. I conclude that upholding ludic rationality, operationalized in norms for fair play, is crucial for realizing sport’s characteristic values.     

Ethics and Sport: An Overview

In this essay, I attempt to use Husserl’s transcendental phenomenology for purposes of describing central features of competition. While not accepting all theoretical aspects of this methodology, I employ its central strategies to see how well (if at all) it works. In carrying out the phenomenological analysis, I examine noetic and noematic correlates of competitive projects including the factors of plurality, normativity, disputation, temporality, and comparability. I finish by reviewing three forms of pseudo or defective competition. I conclude that eidetic analyses like the one produced in this essay have utility in spite of their significant limitations.