西方关于自闭症身份的建构及反思

梳理近些年来西方关于自闭症问题的研究,发现越来越多的研究者逐渐抛弃传统医学上的残疾观点,开始从神经多样性、文化多样性等视角重新认识这一群体,为自闭症者塑造了新的身份与形象。基于此,需要努力改变社会对于自闭症的既有看法,消除歧视,减少融入障碍,为自闭症者提供更好的生活环境与氛围。     

北京市学前残疾儿童家长心理压力问卷调查

对北京市193名学前视力残疾、听力残疾、智力残疾、脑瘫和自闭症等5类残疾儿童的家长进行了心理压力、应对方式和社会支持的问卷调查。结果表明：不同残疾类别儿童家长心理压力具有差异,其中智力残疾、脑瘫和自闭症儿童家长的心理压力显著高于听力残疾和视力残疾儿童的家长;应对方式的差异主要体现在自责,其中脑瘫儿童家长的自责压力最大;自责、退避和幻想是影响残疾儿童家长心理压力最主要的因素。建议从出台救助政策、完善社会服务支持、积极开展家长工作等方面给予支持。     

关于建立自闭症三级预防体系的思考

一、自闭症儿童干预现状不容乐观儿童自闭症又称孤独症,是一种常见的心理发育障碍性疾病。在我国,0—6岁精神残疾儿童占该年龄段儿童总数的1.10‰,其中自闭症导致的精神残疾在各种精神残疾致残原因中位列第一,占36.9%,可见,自闭症已成为当前我国儿童精神残疾预防和康复工作的重要内容。     

自闭症儿童家庭的社会支持现状研究——对河北省99个自闭症儿童家庭的调查

自闭症是一种影响儿童成长的严重的发展障碍。20世纪40年代,自闭症由美国的精神病学家（Leo Kanner）第一次发现并记述下来,从此人们开始了对自闭症的关注与研究。我国自20世纪80年代起对自闭症开始专业研究。当前国内的研究主要集中在自闭症的发生机理以及干预治疗等方面。而对于自闭症儿童家庭本身及其所获得的社会支持情况关注不多。本文以2007年4月至7月对河北省内5个城市中99个自闭症儿童家庭的调查数据为依据,描述了自闭症儿童家庭的基本状况,分析了自闭症儿童家长获得社会支持的情况,并有针对性地提出一些建议。     

亚斯伯格儿童的社会互动障碍及干预：从符号互动论的视角

亚斯伯格儿童属于自闭症谱系障碍,其核心症状是社会互动障碍。符号互动论是20世纪初期在西方社会学界出现的研究微观层面事物的一种理论,它强调符号在人类社会活动中具有突出价值,对于个人社会化、人际关系等微观社会过程研究提出了独到的见解。从它的视角来看亚斯伯格儿童的社会互动障碍及其干预,将获得新的视角与启示。     

自闭症儿童问题行为的社会技能训练研究

自闭症儿童的问题行为不仅会扰乱日常的课堂秩序,也会对其自身的发展造成极大障碍。社会技能训练的开展,可以培养自闭症儿童互动能力及认知性自我控制等技能,改善儿童行为不足、行为过度、行为不当等问题行为。可将社会技能训练作为自闭症儿童日常训练的一部分,根据其特点将社会技能训练融入个别化教育计划、学校课程和亲子互动中,多方位地对儿童问题行为进行干预。     

社会故事在提高自闭症儿童社会交往能力中的应用

自闭症是一种广泛性的儿童发展障碍,在认知发展、语言功能、社会交往和适瘟方面出现显著困难。社会技能的缺陷是自闭症儿童最为根本的问题,指导自闭症儿童的社会性互动和交往,一直是相关领域学者研究的重点之一。社会故事是指导自闲症儿童社会交往的较新的方法之一,本文从社会故事治疗自闭症儿童的优点、方法、实施原则和治疗效果等方面较详细地介绍了其在儿童自闭症社会交往干预中的应用。     

群体需求与环境资源的失衡--关于民办自闭症教育生存状况的个案调查分析

本文结合个案研究,运用社会工作生态系统理论模式分析,提出民办自闭症教育的存在基础是特殊残疾群体的需求与环境提供资源的失衡,是处于不利环境下的特殊残疾群体获取社会资源满足自身需求的组织表现。这一存在基础造成了民办自闭症教育具有比其他民办教育形式更为强烈的公益性、多重组织性的特征,也使它在发展上面临着比其他民办教育更多的困难。     

自闭症儿童社会技能评估的研究进展

社会技能评估是自闭症儿童诊断、干预计划制定和效果评价的重要基础。本文回顾了自闭症儿童社会技能评估的学习理论及认知理论,系统梳理了行为观察、角色扮演测验等评估方法,并在此基础上提出了自闭症儿童社会技能评估研究进展的建议：进一步界定社会技能概念的外延及内涵;进一步完善角色扮演测验及编制学前自闭症儿童社会技能评估量表;临床评估中需整合各类方法;进一步将社会技能评估应用于临床实践中。     

基于游戏化教育的低龄自闭症儿童社交能力提升研究

由于自闭症儿童存在社交交往和沟通能力方面的缺陷,导致他们难以融入社会。这不仅加重了他们家庭的负担,也增加了社会的压力,早期干预对自闭症儿童的预后非常重要。因此,应当采取适当措施提升自闭症儿童的社会沟通能力,通过创设合适的游戏环境,引导自闭症儿童参与游戏和互动,鼓励自闭症儿童充分表达自己,在评估的过程中,通过与个案结合,真正有效提升自闭症儿童的社会沟通能力,推动自闭症儿童的健康成长与发展。     

Minds Between Us: Autism,mindblindness and the uncertainty of communication

This paper problematizes contemporary cultural understandings of autism. We make use of the developmental psychology concepts of ‘Theory of Mind’ and ‘mindblindness’ to uncover the meaning of autism as expressed in these concepts. Our concern is that autism is depicted as a puzzle and that this depiction governs not only the way Western culture treats autism but also the way in which it governs everyday interactions with autistic people. Moreover, we show how the concepts of Theory of Mind and mindblindness require autism to be a puzzle in the first place. Rather than treat autism as a puzzle that must be solved, we treat autism as a teacher and thus as having something valuable to contribute toward an understanding of the inherent partiality and uncertainty of human communication and collective life.     

Cultural Beliefs about Autism in Indonesia

Cultural beliefs about parenting have an important influence on parenting behaviours, including considerations about appropriate ways to parent children with autism. Although Indonesia has one of the largest and most ethnically diverse populations in the world, little is known about cultural beliefs regarding children with autism within Indonesian cultures. The goal of the present study was to investigate how Indonesian mothers from a range of backgrounds and without a child with autism understood autism and the most appropriate ways to parent such a child. The study was a qualitative investigation using semi-structured interviews with nine Indonesian mothers. Five aspects were investigated: understanding about autism, beliefs about causes of autism, possible reactions to having a child with autism, perceptions of parenting a child with autism, and perceptions of parent-child relationships. The interviews revealed five related themes about autism, including traditional cultural beliefs about appropriate behaviour during pregnancy, karma, and God’s plan, that are not usually reported in the literature from western countries.     

儿童自闭症饮食病因机制的研究进展

本文查阅了大量国外研究资料,主要从谷蛋白和/或酪蛋白饮食、维生素与矿物质以及酸性食物对儿童自闭症的影响三个方面,对儿童自闭症饮食病因机制的研究进展进行了概括性的介绍。     

自闭症诊断与干预研究综述

本文概述了当前国内外有关自闭症和“自闭类”障碍的定义与诊断、病因和干预方案的研究,并简要分析了未来研究的重点和方向。     

孤独症的心理理论研究及其临床应用

孤独症的心理理论与其言语、交往能力、社会功能以及想象有密切的关系。本文综述了以前有关孤独症心理理论损伤的一些实验研究 ,并从言语能力对孤独症心理理论表现的影响方面进行了重点讨论。最后着重从临床和应用的角度 ,探讨了与心理理论有关的孤独症早期检测和训练问题 ,并提出目前研究存在的问题和未来研究的方向     

自闭症儿童面孔认知加工的研究进展

面孔识别是视知觉加工的一项重要研究领域,也是一种重要的心理能力和社交技巧。自闭症儿童在识别他人面部表情时具有一定困难,影响了他们的社会交往。首先对自闭症视知觉研究进行了简要介绍,在此基础上对新近自闭症儿童面孔识别的实证研究进行了梳理,最后通过与正常控制组儿童的对比,分类综述了自闭症儿童面孔加工的典型特点,并针对自闭症儿童面孔认知加工与其症状关系中尚存的问题进行了思考。     

自闭症者颞上沟发育异常与其社会交往障碍探讨

自闭症谱系障碍中最为常见的临床症状是社会交往和交流障碍。已有研究发现,颞上沟在言语加工、生物运动和心理理论中发挥着重要作用,而自闭症者在这几方面都存在不同程度的缺陷。本文综合已有关于自闭症者颞上沟的结构异常和功能缺陷的研究,试图梳理出颞上沟在自闭症者的言语加工、生物运动和心理理论缺损中可能产生的作用机制。     

‘It’s the most important thing – I mean,the schooling’: father involvement in the education of children with autism

Father involvement in education has been shown to result in a range of positive outcomes for typically developing children. However, the nature of paternal involvement in the education of children with disabilities and especially autism has been under-researched and is little understood. This study aimed to explore the nature of the involvement of 25 UK fathers in the education and their children with autism, aged up to 19 years through the use of semistructured interviews. Findings showed that fathers were highly engaged both directly and indirectly across several dimensions of their children’s education and schooling. Key areas of indirect engagement were involvement in administrative processes necessary for securing an appropriate educational placement; facilitating daily access to school and general support of children’s progress through attendance at school-based meetings and events. Direct support for learning occurred through homework assistance and working on school-related goal. Findings are discussed in relation to diversity and generative models of fatherhood. Implications for greater father inclusion in the education of children with autism are explored with reference to a gender-differentiated approach.     

A review of research into stakeholder perspectives on inclusion of students with autism in mainstream schools

Increasing numbers of students with autism are being educated in mainstream schools. However, outcomes for students with autism are poor when compared to typical students and students with other developmental disabilities. In order to better understand facilitators and barriers to success at school for students with autism, research into the attitudes of key stakeholders, educators, parents, people with autism, to inclusion in mainstream schools for students with autism, was reviewed. Key themes emerging included attitudes to inclusion, the characteristics of autism and social communication in particular and interaction with the school environment, and consequent student problem behaviour. Level of knowledge and understanding of school staff emerged as the primary issue with all stakeholders identifying the need for more training. Other support needs identified included the need for structural support, resources and funding. Parents, in particular, identified the need for a collaborative approach to the education process. The findings highlight the need to translate theory into practice to increase capacity in schools to provide effective educational programmes for students with autism.     

人机交互技术支持的自闭症儿童评估——基于修订版C-PEP量表与人机交互游戏的评估结果对比

评估是自闭症儿童干预治疗的重要前提。基于此,文章聚焦于人机交互技术支持的自闭症儿童评估问题,从知觉、手眼协调、认知表现、关系情感等四个维度,对比了《心理教育评定量表中文修订版C-PEP》(简称"修订版C-PEP量表")与人机交互游戏的评估结果,发现:人机交互游戏评估结果能正确反映修订版C-PEP量表的评估结果,且评估更加精准、更能吸引自闭症儿童的注意力并做出反应。文章验证了人机交互游戏评估的可行性和有效性,可为自闭症儿童评估、人机交互游戏开发提供参考。