Exercise science and health-enhancing physical activity

Although technology has now infiltrated and prompted evolution in most mass participation sports, the advances in bat technology in such sports as baseball and cricket have been relatively minor. In this study, we used a simple finite element modelling approach to try to shed new light upon the underlying mechanics of the bat-ball impact, with a view to the future optimization of bat design. The analysis of a flexible bat showed that the point of impact that produced the maximum post-impact ball velocity was a function of the bat's vibrational properties and was not necessarily at the centre of percussion. The details of the analysis agreed well with traditional Hertzian impact theory, and broadly with empirical data. An inspection of the relative modal contributions to the deformations during impact also showed that the position of the node of the first flexure mode was important. In conclusion, considerable importance should be attached to the bat's vibrational properties in future design and analysis.     

Field and laboratory measurements of softball player swing speed and bat performance

The swing speed of the bat is one of the most important factors affecting the hit-ball speed. Most field studies tend to focus on measuring ball speed, which is easier to measure and quantify than bat speed. For this reason, relatively little data exist describing bat motion in field conditions. The following describes a relatively large swing speed field study involving bats of the same model with nearly constant weight and varying inertia. The study was conducted using right-handed batters on a regulation outdoor field with a live pitcher. Swing speed was measured by tracking markers on the bat with two high-speed video cameras so that the bat markers could be traced in three-dimensional space. The ball motion was tracked using the same high-speed video cameras and a three-dimensional Doppler radar system. Bat swing speed was observed to be proportional to the batter skill level and the normalised swing speed increased with decreasing bat inertia. The bat centre of rotation during impact was close to the knob of the bat. The bats were tested under controlled laboratory conditions using a standardised performance test. The field and laboratory results showed good agreement including the hit-ball speed and the subtle effect of bat inertia on the maximum performance location. The vibrational response of the bats was considered using modal analysis. The maximum performance location was correlated with the node of the first vibrational mode.     

Describing the plastic deformation of aluminium softball bats

Hollow aluminium bats were introduced over 30 years ago to provide improved durability over wooden bats. Since their introduction, however, interest in hollow bats has focused almost exclusively around their hitting performance. The aim of this study was to take advantage of the progress that has been made in predicting bat performance using finite elements and apply it to describe bat durability. Accordingly, the plastic deformation from a ball impact of a single-wall aluminum bat was numerically modelled. The bat deformation from the finite-element analysis was then compared with experiment using a high-speed bat test machine. The ball was modelled as an isotropic, homogeneous, viscoelastic sphere. The viscoelastic parameters of the ball model were found from instrumented, high-speed, rigid-wall ball impacts. The rigid-wall ball impacts were modelled numerically and showed good agreement with the experimentally obtained response. The strain response of the combined bat-ball model was verified with a strain-gauged bat at intermediate ball impact speeds in the elastic range. The strain response of the bat-ball model exhibited positive correlation with the experimental measurements. High-speed bat-ball impacts were performed experimentally and simulated numerically at increasing impact speeds which induced correspondingly increased dent sizes in the bat. The plastic deformation from the numerical model found good agreement with experiment provided the aluminium work hardening and strain rate effects were appropriately described. The inclusion of strain rate effects was shown to have a significant effect on the bat deformations produced in the finite-element simulations. They also helped explain the existence of high bat stresses found in many performance models.     

我国社区老年智慧体育服务系统构建与推进策略研究

信息技术的发展为老年体育服务发展带来了新的契机,对我国社区老年智慧体育服务进行研究认为:构建社区老年智慧体育服务系统有利于提高老年体育服务供给质量和效率,整合优化体育服务资源,提高政府管理能力和管理水平。在具体构建中要坚持以人为本原则,资源整合与优化原则,各负其责与共同协作原则。社区老年智慧体育服务系统构建主要包括平台基本框架、平台主体功能、系统供应体系、系统内容结构及系统运行等方面。未来需要加强政策支持、推进多元合作、突出政府责任、强化部门协同、加快技术创新,方能推进我国社区老年智慧体育服务系统稳定、快速、可持续发展。     

Hitting a cricket ball: what components of the interceptive action are most linked to expertise?

Differences in interceptive skill between highly skilled and lesser skilled cricket batsmen were examined using a batting task that required participants to strike front-foot drive strokes from a machine-projected ball to a specified target. Task difficulty was manipulated by varying the width of the bat (normal, half, and third width) and target accuracy, and quality of bat-ball contact was monitored along with temporal and sequential elements of the hitting action. Analyses revealed that the highly skilled batsmen were distinguishable from less skilled counterparts by their higher accuracy under the normal and half-width bat conditions, significantly earlier initiation and completion of the front-foot stride, greater synchronization of the completion of the front-foot stride with the commencement of the downswing of the bat, and consistent timing of downswing relative to ball bounce and impact. In keeping with studies of other hitting sports, temporal and spatial coupling of the downswing to ball bounce to help minimize temporo-spatial error at the point of interception appeared critical to skilled performance. Implications for the understanding of interception and for coaching practice are briefly discussed.     

5G时代体育赛事移动传播的技术变革与内容创新--兼论对北京2022年冬奥会的启示

5G具有超大带宽、超高传输速率、超低时延、支持大规模连接等特点,其应用对于当前的体育赛事移动传播具有颠覆性影响。认为:在5G的推动下,体育赛事与视觉技术、人工智能和物联网的结合,有效增强了体育赛事移动传播的在场感、交互感和信息实时互通感。提出:为顺应此潮流,未来体育赛事的移动传播内容应更侧重对高画质、强体验、数据性及精准类内容的制作与生产;为实现"智慧冬奥"目标,更好地服务受众,北京2022年冬奥会应在用户分析、内容创新、用户体验等方面进行重点规划。     

A determination of the dynamic response of softballs

An apparatus is described for measuring the stiffness and coefficient of restitution (COR) of balls with application to softballs. While standardized test methods currently exist to measure these properties, they do not represent the displacement rate and magnitude that occur in play. The apparatus described herein involves impacting a fixed, solid cylindrical surface (matched to the diameter of the bat) with a ball and measuring the impact force during impact and speed of the ball before and after impact. The ratio of the ball speeds determines the COR, while the impact force is used to derive a ball stiffness. For an example of the contribution of the new ball test, the performance of hollow bats, which is sensitive to ball stiffness, was compared. Bat performance showed a much stronger dependence on the proposed ball stiffness than the traditional measure. Finally, it was shown that to achieve similar conditions between impacts with fixed and recoiling objects, the impact speed should be chosen so that the centre of mass energy was the same in the two cases. The method has application to associations wishing an improved method to regulate ball and bat performance.     

电子竞技如何改变体育的发展模式?——国际奥委会创办电子竞技比赛计划的思考

国际奥委会成立电子竞技委员会并宣布创建奥运会电子竞技比赛的计划,引发人们对电子竞技（esports）影响体育发展模式的思考。回顾电子竞技与体育在历史进程中融合共生的时代特征,思考电子竞技如何改变体育未来的发展模式,有助于厘清电子竞技与体育交织的发展轨迹,更好地把握体育发展的未来图景。研究认为：从电子游戏到电子竞技,再到被奥委会官方承认为体育运动,电子竞技呈现出“游戏体育化”的特征,而数字时代传统体育与电子竞技的融合中,体育也在经历“体育游戏化”的变身;电子竞技在未来将通过重塑体育竞技的时空范畴,改变人们参与体育的方式,以及为新技术与体育的融合创新提供试错空间等,改变体育未来的发展模式;电子竞技与体育在未来的关系应该是在竞争与合作的框架下构建新型生态发展模式,共同拓展人类在现实和虚拟世界中体育发展的可能,促进人类社会文明进步。     

A new technology for resolving the dynamics of a swinging bat

Hitting a major league fastball, with approximately half a second to react, poses one of the greatest challenges in sports. The ability to hit the ball derives from the dynamics of the bat swing which can be measured using video motion capture. However, doing so necessitates swinging the bat within the confines of a motion capture laboratory, often with considerable time and expense. This paper introduces an inexpensive and highly portable measurement method for use right on the field of play to support player training, coaching, rehabilitation, and player-bat fitting. The method employs a highly miniaturized, wireless MEMS inertial measurement unit (IMU) affixed to the knob of the bat. The IMU incorporates three-axis sensing of bat acceleration and angular velocity with a low-power RF transceiver to transmit this data to a host computer. Analysis of this data yields a near-instantaneous and highly resolved summary of three-dimensional bat dynamics. This paper describes this novel technology for use in baseball and softball, presents example results, and reveals new features of bat motion overlooked in previous studies.     

Bat speed, trajectory, and timing for collegiate baseball batters hitting a stationary ball

The aims of this study were to examine whether batters hit stationary balls at the time of peak speed of the bat head and whether the impact occurs at the lowest point of the bat trajectory. Eight university baseball players hit three balls, each hung with a string; each ball was made of a different material and was different in weight. Bat movement was captured by four 240-Hz infrared cameras and analysed three-dimensionally. Time for peak speed of the bat head varied according to the conditions. When stationary balls of standard weight were used, the bat head was at maximum speed at impact with the ball; then, it decelerated drastically owing to the impact. In contrast, maximum speed was obtained after impact when lightweight stationary balls were used. The time-speed profile of the bat head before impact in the lightweight ball condition was identical with that in the standard weight ball condition. Regardless of conditions, the timing of the lowest point of the bat head was nearly identical for each batter and most participants hit the stationary balls at about the lowest point of the bat trajectory.     

Bat speed,trajectory, and timing for collegiate baseball batters hitting a stationary ball

The aims of this study were to examine whether batters hit stationary balls at the time of peak speed of the bat head and whether the impact occurs at the lowest point of the bat trajectory. Eight university baseball players hit three balls, each hung with a string; each ball was made of a different material and was different in weight. Bat movement was captured by four 240-Hz infrared cameras and analysed three-dimensionally. Time for peak speed of the bat head varied according to the conditions. When stationary balls of standard weight were used, the bat head was at maximum speed at impact with the ball; then, it decelerated drastically owing to the impact. In contrast, maximum speed was obtained after impact when lightweight stationary balls were used. The time–speed profile of the bat head before impact in the lightweight ball condition was identical with that in the standard weight ball condition. Regardless of conditions, the timing of the lowest point of the bat head was nearly identical for each batter and most participants hit the stationary balls at about the lowest point of the bat trajectory     

高职院校体育课程实用性设置分析——以扬州高职院校为例

为了更好地提高高职人才培养的质量,使其更适应生产、建设、管理和服务第一线对高级技术应用性人才的需要。高职院校体育课程的设置也应该进行必要的改革。本文以扬州高职院校为案例分析,来研究高职院校体育课程的自主性设置。研究表明：体育课程的设置必须与学生未来的职业和工作性质、工作条件紧密联系。在发展学生一般身体素质,增进健康,增强体质,培养兴趣的同时,根据目前所学专业的特点传授与其未来第一职业所需的特殊体育知识、技术和技能,对体育教育在高职院校的发展和创新有十分重要的意义。     

数字技术与我国职业体育的融合发展研究

运用文献资料、逻辑分析等研究方法梳理我国数字技术与职业体育融合发展的态势、面临的挑战以及优化的实施路径。从国外来看,数字技术与职业体育的融合表现在比赛训练科学化、体育赛事科技化、体育场馆智能化、运营管理高效化等方面。在国内,数字技术在职业体育领域的覆盖场景不断扩大,顶尖俱乐部竞相开启数字化转型,体育科创型企业不断涌现,但面临从业人员传统认知尚未转变、技术难点亟待突破、数据分析人才匮乏、基础设施改造不完善、数据保护制度不健全等挑战。因此,当务之急是通过突破传统思想的认知局限、架构技术难点的解决方案、培育数字时代的复合人才、打造体育场馆的智能服务以及保证数据制度的与时俱进等路径,实现我国数字技术与职业体育融合发展。     

新型双铰链结构速度滑冰冰刀的设计研究

进入20世纪,世界速度滑冰运动借助现代科学与技术方法,使运动水平不断提高,特别是KLAP冰刀的研究与应用推动了运动成绩的飞跃。随着速度滑冰成绩的不断提高,寻找速度滑冰冰刀新结构成了未来发展的趋势。通过新型KLAP速滑冰刀铰链结构进行分析研究,结合鞋垫式压力传感器测试分析,提出将新型冰刀铰链压力点后移并附有铰链过程蓄能、下刀有弹性缓冲的新型结构的速滑冰刀铰链结构设计。寻找运动员在运动过程中冰刀铰链结构的力学机理,发现不足并进行改进,已达到探索冰刀结构技术潜能的目的。     

运动鞋服企业治理的国际经验借鉴及晋江转型发展路向

运用文献资料法、比较分析法和田野调查法,探讨国际运动鞋服企业的治理经验,厘清晋江运动鞋服企业的现实问题和未来路向,旨在为我国体育产业高质量发展提供借鉴。研究认为,耐克和阿迪达斯产品升级背后的技术更新和模式创新构成了运动鞋服企业治理演进的主线;国际运动鞋服行业形成了稳定的产业链纵向分工和价值链分配体系,前者收敛于"抓两头、放中间"的结构,后者收敛于"两头大、中间小"的结构;专业化道路胜过时尚化道路、技术与品牌是企业安身立命之本、上市融资是企业发展的关键一步、重大技术创新成果来自于企业治理模式创新。在这种背景下,晋江企业从代工生产转向品牌塑造面临着技术匮乏、融资困难、家族式管理带来的困境、国际化战略倾向于并购等问题,未来晋江企业转型的关键：一是打造以产业链、金融链、供应链为核心的外部利益相关者共同体;二是明确以技术、品牌、国际化为核心的自主研发道路;三是超越家族企业形态,构建现代企业制度和企业文化,善于输出体育新思想,敢于输出体育价值观,勇于引领人类命运共同体。     

球拍与技术打法的创新对世界乒乓球锦标赛冠军产生的影响研究

通过文献资料调研和数理统计 ,对历届世界乒乓球锦标赛各项冠军运动员夺冠成因进行分析 ,结果表明 :除了乒乓球规则的演变外 ,获得世界冠军与球拍、技术的创新和改进有着密切的联系 ,球拍与技术的改进 ,使得优秀运动员掌握 1种新的打法 ,是他们取胜的重要因素之一 ,也是推动世界乒乓球运动发展的前提条件     

论早期体育教育的重要性

新中国成立后党和国家非常重视体育事业,我国运动员在参加国际性比赛和奥运会的角逐中都取得了较好成绩,群众体育运动也得到了广泛的开展。尽管如此,中国并未进入世界体育强国之列。为了迅速使中国体育崛起腾飞,把我国建成世界体育强国,当前首要任务是为发展体育事业,培养各类体育人才,使体育人才队伍迅速壮大起来,其中最为关键和迫在眉睫的任务就是要研究体育人才的早期教育问题。     

当前我国体育工程领域的研发需求情况分析

"体育工程"的概念出现于1996年,其主要特征是利用工学领域的理论、技术和方法来分析和研究体育领域内的需求,并针对需求制定对应的研发方案和技术方案、具体实施工程,满足用户需求。工程技术手段对于竞技体育、大众体育、体育产业和体育教育等方面的支撑作用和价值逐步显现。研究采集了2016-2017年期间国内外体育工程领域377篇文献,对这些文献中成果的工作类型、所面向的体育项目和体育工作,以及所依托或采用的工程技术等进行了统计和分析,并对比了领域内国内外成果分布的特点。结合当前我国国家体育发展战略、区域和地方体育发展、体育行业内发展等不同层面的任务和目标,以及体育工程领域内自身的发展需求等,分析说明了当前我国本领域内研发的若干关键技术;对照当前国内外成果供给的分布状况,讨论了当前我国本领域内研发成果供给不足等问题,以及应当加大研发投入的方向。     

上海建设全球领先的体育科技创新中心的路径选择

体育科技创新正加速体育领域新变革，上海亦在全球著名体育城市建设框架内提出要“建设全球领先的体育科技创新中心”。引领体育科技创新风潮，释放体育科技创新效能，推动体育迈向更高质量发展的目标愿景是显而易见的。应该说，上海具备推进体育科技创新的独特优势，若能提前谋划，取人所长，加快建设全球领先的体育科技创新中心，无疑将为全球著名体育城市建设提供强大驱动力。为此，基于全球体育科技创新特征的分析，立足上海体育科创优势基础，提出未来上海建设全球领先的体育科技创新中心的三大发展路径。     

2012伦敦奥运对我国竞技体育发展的研究

通过文献资料法、专家访谈法、逻辑分析法等研究方法,分析2012伦敦奥运对我国竞技体育发展的影响,结果显示：2010伦敦奥运对我国竞技体育的发展具有巨大的推动作用。在阅读大量文献资料和专家访谈的基础上,提出了2012伦敦奥运后我国竞技体育发展中所要亟待解决的问题,并提出相应的对策,从而为我国竞技体育的发展提供参考和依据。