Drivers of illicit drug use regulation in Australian sport

Most Australian sport stakeholders not only believe that government regulation is a good thing, but also assume that intervention in the drug-use problem will improve sport's social outcomes and operational integrity. In this paper we examine the regulation of illicit drug use in Australian sport through an interrogation of two cases: the Australian Football League and the National Rugby League. Using Pierre Bourdieu's conceptual frames of social field, capital, and habitus, we aim to secure a clearer understanding of the drivers of Australian sport's illicit drug regulations by (1) identifying those stakeholders who set the drug regulation agenda, (2) revealing the values and dispositions that underpin these regulations, and (3) explaining how dominant stakeholders go about sustaining their position and marginalising those stakeholders with opposing drug regulation claims. Our results show that Australian sport's drug-use regulations are driven by a set of values and dispositions that views sport as an instrument for shaping the character of its participants, and drugs as a threat to sport's moral fabric and good standing. The dominant stakeholders, comprising the Commonwealth Government, its sport agencies, and the major governing bodies for sport, imposed these values and dispositions on peripheral stakeholders by designing a drugs-in-sport social field that yielded capital and power to only those participants who endorsed these values and dispositions. Peripheral stakeholders – including players, their agents, and drug-treatment professionals – who mostly shared different values and dispositions, were sidelined, and denied the opportunity of adding to their already limited supplies of capital, power, and policy making influence.     

从俱乐部“壳”资源转让看中国乒乓球超级联赛的改革

采用数理统计法、文献资料法,通过分析俱乐部"壳"资源频繁转让现象带来的隐忧、产生的原因,揭示中国乒乓球超级联赛进程中存在的不足,提出进一步完善联赛应从"进一步审视乒乓球职业化发展目标、明晰政府和俱乐部之间的权责关系、打造百年乒超俱乐部、培育乒乓球市场和完善职业俱乐部的法律法规制度"五个环节入手.     

英格兰足球超级联赛俱乐部许可证制度研究

基于规范职业体育俱乐部建设、提高联赛质量的视角,对英格兰足球超级联赛俱乐部许可证制度进行研究。认为:英格兰足球超级联赛从俱乐部合并和俱乐部关联现象,对俱乐部业主资格进行限制;从俱乐部数量,设置俱乐部的竞技标准、经济财务标准、治理结构标准以及俱乐部的迁移等方面,对俱乐部资格进行限制。对联赛中俱乐部关联现象进行限制,有利于保持联赛结果的唯一性;对俱乐部迁移进行限制,有利于促进联赛稳定;俱乐部许可证制度系列标准的设置,有利于控制联赛运营成本,实现联赛健康、持续发展。     

现代体育联盟特点探悉

当代体育联盟具有的独特的特点和规律,不同于其他行业。体育商品产出是各个俱乐部相互竞争对抗的结果,而为了盈利,俱乐部又要团结协作,所以体育俱乐部是一种竞争依赖性关系。体育联盟的存在,解决了体育俱乐部恶性竞争,实力差距过大等方面的问题。体育联盟的管理使得体育俱乐部整体方面的营销更加高效和有序,并在维持俱乐部之间实力方面作了很多实际有效的工作。     

Developing participation opportunities for young people with disabilities? Policy enactment and social inclusion in Australian junior sport

Abstract

Interventions aimed at increasing the participation of young people with disabilities in recreational sport have had mixed success. The authors draw on in-depth interviews with representatives from State Sporting Associations, local government officers and volunteers within community sports clubs in Victoria, Australia, to examine why some sports clubs are unable or unwilling to translate policy ambitions into practice. The findings indicate how by framing disability provision as ‘too difficult’, ‘not core business’ and antithetical to competitive success, community sports clubs are able to resist policy ambitions to modify existing structures and develop more inclusive practice. Greater priority needs to be given to transformational inclusion objectives and challenging ableism if clubs are to structurally progress the development of participation opportunities for young people with disabilities.     

职业体育联盟生存的制度环境——兼论我国职业体育联赛生存的制度环境

对职业体育联盟生存的制度环境进行了分析,研究认为：影响职业体育联盟生存的制度环境因素包括体育管理体制、职业体育俱乐部产权制度、法律制度和体育文化环境。在此基础上对我国职业体育联赛生存的制度环境进行了初步的探讨,我国职业体育联赛制度有明显制度依赖的特征,应进一步优化职业体育联赛的制度环境,为成立真正意义上的职业体育联盟创造更好的制度环境。     

Sport team personality: It’s not all about winning!

As there is still no commonly accepted scale to measure the brand personality of sport teams, the purpose of this study was to develop and validate the Sport Team Personality Scale (STPS) in a professional sport context. The authors conducted a series of studies in the United States and United Kingdom with fans of the English Premier League, Major League Baseball, the National Basketball Association, the National Football League, and the National Hockey League. The STPS contains 18 items that load onto six factors: success, talent, entertainment, dedication, admiration, and care. The authors compared this new scale with existing sport team personality scales and used it to explore team identification and perceptual similarities and differences among teams. Results indicate that teams map along performance (i.e., success and talent) and character (i.e., admiration and care) factors and that the character factor is a more important source of team identification than the performance factor. Taken together, these results illustrate how the STPS can help sport managers position and differentiate teams within a league to improve marketing outcomes.     

中国足球治理与发展研究

从我国足球环境、足球管理层、足球联赛和足球俱乐部4方面进行分析,并结合经济学、管理学、产权理论等领域的知识对中国足球的治理与发展进行深入系统地分析,笔者认为,应将足协定位于非政府组织,同时理顺足球联赛的产权、所有权和经营权,并按照现代企业的制度体系来完善公司的治理结构.     

反垄断法视角下的中国足球职业联赛

借鉴欧美国家运用反垄断法规制体育产业的实践经验,根据刚生效的中国<反垄断法>,对中国足协的地位以及电国足球职业联赛中的准入制度、球队迁移、电视转播权买卖和球员转会等问题进行全面考查.研究表明,中国足球职业联赛的有关制度违反了<反垄断法>的规定,必须进行修改.     

FIFA及CAS规则在中国足球职业联赛球员合同纠纷中的实务应用——以球员合同争议管辖为视角

擅要：国际足坛每年发生大量的球员合同纠纷。近年来,随着中国足球整体环境的改善,多家俱乐部加大投入,引进高水平外援,大大提升了中国足球职业联赛的水平。但与此同时,中国足球职业联赛中球员与俱乐部之间的合同纠纷也不断升级。球员合同属于劳动合同,中国的劳动合同争议有专门的管辖机关,即劳动争议仲裁委员会,并可上诉至法院,适用的法律为中国的《劳动合同法》。而在足球领域,球员工作合同纠纷是由国家足协、国际足联乃至国际体育仲裁院进行管辖,适用的规则为国家足协或国际足联相关规则。因此,当球员合同纠纷发生在中国职业联赛中时,如何结合我国当前的立法及国际足联关于足球行业的内部规定,选择恰当的纠纷管辖机构,是实践和理论中一个具有挑战性且意义深远的课题。文章结合笔者在处理这些足球运动员合同纠纷过程中积累的实务经验,分析中国足球职业联赛中不同类型的球员合同纠纷的解决方式及管辖权,以保护中国职业联赛中球员及俱乐部的利益,促进中国足球与国际足球在法律制度层面上的融合与接轨。     

Football at the ‘End of the Line’: Economic Decline,Cross-Subsidies and Football League Membership in the NW Steel District of England

Sporting leagues are generally based on collectivist principles, as the members need one another to produce their product. For much of its existence, the Football League has functioned as a cartel, operating income-sharing arrangements and controlling its membership. In the period from 1959 to 1986, a limited number of clubs left the League through the re-election process, in modest recognition of geographical logic, as clubs from growth areas to the south typically replaced clubs from more traditional economic areas that were often over-represented in the Football League. Clubs are widely seen to be utility-maximisers seeking success. Success in a sporting league is defined in a precise and relativist way and this article focuses on two of the least successful clubs to have played in the Football League, Barrow AFC and Workington FC, whose failure to obtain repeated re-election in the 1970s removed the only Football League clubs in a distinct economic zone, the north-west coastal steel district. This article examines the re-election mechanism and the particular economic factors that affected these two clubs, ranging from the decline of their main local industry to changes in the levels of and responsibilities attaching to rising cross-subsidy payments in the Football League.     

解析欧足联即将推行的“财政公平政策”——矛头直指“烧钱”超

针对欧洲顶级联赛俱乐部出现的收支严重亏损状况,特剐是英超,欧足联提出并通过了“财政公平政策”,旨在使欧洲足球的发展更加均衡。英超采取应对措施：实施“本土8人”新规;20支球队还要定期向英足总提交俱乐部财务报表。但是这一政策仍然存在一些问题：“财政公平“可能会凸现马太效应,豪门受益的状况难以得到扭转,青训体系可能会发生很大变化。     

Effects of sport club activities on adolescent development in Germany

In promotional campaigns, German sport clubs promise to protect adolescents against drugs and addiction, to strengthen social networks, to increase self-confidence, and to reduce violence and hostility. Such rhetoric is partially supported by conclusions from cross-sectional studies, where correlation findings have occasionally been misinterpreted as cause-and-effect relationships. To empirically examine a possible causal relationship between adolescent activity in sport clubs and improvements in motor ability and psychosocial health, we conducted a longitudinal study with 500 adolescents (ages 12 to 18) in three cohorts. Study methods included validated survey instruments, motor tests, and focused interviews, applied over the course of three school years. Results do not show a systematic and universal effect of club membership on adolescent development. Even though adolescents in clubs attain higher beginning performances in speed, strength, endurance and coordination abilities and show more positive results in their self-concept and psycho-social health when compared to their non-member peers and with exceptions succeed in maintaining these performance advantages, our data indicate a self-selection rather than a sport club effect. It is possible that results of greater differentiation and deeper insights could be attained, if future research were to investigate the impact of sports by disciplines, design studies of longer duration, and utilise more elaborate statistical procedures.     

Analyzing the impact of sport infrastructure on sport participation using geo-coded data: Evidence from multi-level models

Sport policies aiming at increasing mass participation and club participation have stressed the importance of sport infrastructure. Previous research has mainly analyzed the influence of individual factors (age, income, etc.) on sport participation. Although a few studies have dealt with the impact of sport facilities on sport participation, some methodological shortcomings can be observed regarding the integration of sport infrastructure into the research design. Oftentimes, subjective measures of infrastructure are employed, leading to biased results, for example inactive people have a worse perception of the actual supply of facilities. In fact it is important to measure the available sport infrastructure objectively using a quantitative approach and integrate it into statistical models. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to analyze the impact of individual and infrastructure variables on sport participation in general and in sport clubs using geo-coded data following a multi-level design. For this purpose, both primary data (individual level) and secondary data (infrastructure level) were collected in the city of Munich, Germany. A telephone survey of the resident population was carried out (n = 11,175) and secondary data on the available sport infrastructure in Munich were collected. Both datasets were geo-coded using Gauss–Krueger coordinates and integrated into multi-level analyses. The multi-level models show that swimming pools are of particular importance for sport participation in general and sport fields for participation in sport clubs. Challenges and implications for a more holistic modeling of sport participation including infrastructure variables are discussed.     

The carbon footprint of active sport participants

Researchers examining carbon dioxide-equivalent emissions (carbon footprint) in sport have focused on sport events and, to a lesser extent, sport teams, but provided only average or aggregate values. The author takes the perspective of active sport participants and considers the heterogeneity of individual sport participation behavior. Using online surveys, adult active sport participants (n = 6537) in 20 different sports with main residence in Germany were asked to report their sport-travel behavior in 2015, including traveling in the context of regular (weekly) activity, sport competitions/tournaments, league games, day trips, and training camps/vacations. Annual carbon footprints were estimated using information about travel distances and transportation means. The results revealed an average annual carbon footprint of 844 kg of carbon dioxide-equivalent emissions, with individual sports producing more emissions than team/racket sports. Participants in nature sports had the highest emission levels. Regression analyses revealed that environmental consciousness significantly reduced carbon footprint in individual sports, but not in team/racket and nature sports, supporting the existence of an environmental value-action gap. Activity years, club membership, weekly exercise hours, performance level, and income were mainly positively associated with annual carbon footprint, while gender was insignificant. The findings have implications for policy makers and managers in sport associations and clubs.     

我国职业足球联赛电视转播权开发存在问题及对策研究

通过文献资料法,对中国职业足球联赛电视转播权开发存在问题进行分析,认为目前中国职业足球联赛电视转播权开发主要问题包括：处于起步阶段;有形成正常的市场化环境;联赛质量不高是电视转播权开发的重要制约因素。提出中国职业足球联赛电视转播权开发的相应对策与建议。     

The conventions of sport clubs: enabling and constraining the implementation of social goods through sport

In order to shed light on the possibilities for using sport as a vehicle for the realization of social goods—understood as sport having a wider social role—this paper scrutinizes Norwegian sport clubs. The study is guided by the concept of convention, which refers to individuals’ cognitive structures, and to social structure. Three sport clubs were investigated and three qualitative methods, including document analysis, observation and interviews, were employed. First, in the results section, the main sport convention is identified as being competitiveness. Secondly, it is argued that as a consequence of the main convention for sport there are limited possibilities for the realization of social goods such as health. The possibilities of sports clubs combining the convention of competitiveness with others is discussed, considering the former as substantial for practice and discussing whether the latter is mere rhetoric.     

Examining the factors influencing organizational creativity in professional sport organizations

Increasingly, globalization and the adoption of a market economy have made innovation fundamental for the success of professional sport organizations. Yet oligarchical league structures, isomorphic and hyper-traditional cultures, and hierarchical organizational structures can enhance or hinder organizational creativity, the beginning stage of the innovation process. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to determine the antecedents of organizational creativity in professional sport organizations. Perception of organizational creativity is theorized to be influenced by employee creativity, work environment, and the social interactions of employees. The results, based on a survey of three professional sport organizations’ front offices, indicated perceptions of a work environment with a clear vision and better work processes were associated with greater perceptions of organizational creativity. The lack of relationships between many of the factors theorized to influence organizational creativity, such as an employee’s advice network, could indicate the sport industry is unique in creativity management. This study is the beginning in understanding the first step of innovation, and the processes that influence employees’ perceptions regarding the ways in which their work environment relate to organizational creativity.     

职业体育联赛中竞争性平衡战略应用的国际经验及启示

对国外优秀职业体育联赛中竞争性平衡战略的运用进行研究,探讨了国外优秀职业体育联赛中竞争性平衡战略应用的成功经验。研究表明,职业体育联赛中俱乐部球员的流动和资金的流动是影响体育职业联盟竞争性平衡的关键因素。收入分享制度、选秀制度、转会制度及"工资帽"制度等构成国外职业体育联赛竞争性平衡战略的主要内容。考虑到中国的基本国情及中国职业体育联赛发展的现实,从竞争性平衡战略的2个核心要素为基础,提出缩小俱乐部收支差距、有效推进选秀活动、合理限制过高收入、全面推动球员转会等发展路径。     

CBA市场赞助现状与对策研究

赞助是职业篮球联赛的重要市场行为,直接影响着职业篮球联赛的市场收益。运用文献资料法、专家访谈法以及数理统计法等研究方法,对CBA的赞助现状进行了分析,并与NBA市场赞助行为进行了比较研究。研究结果显示：CBA的赞助企业的数量较少,整体规模较小,赞助金额较少;CBA赞助形式缺乏规范性,还有待于进一步改善。CBA与NBA赞助行为的首要差异性在于联赛及俱乐部的冠名权的出售。文章在此研究基础上提出了相应的建议,为完善CBA联赛的市场赞助行为提供参考。