湖南城市社区体育的现状与发展对策

依据湖南城市社区体育发展现状和特点、湖南经济与小康社会时期“全民健身计划”总目标,找出了影响湖南社区体育发展的因素:城市的经济发展水平、体育发展规划、体育社会化程度、社会环境和地方传统习惯、居民的文化水平、个人收入水平等。提出了湖南城市社区体育发展的对策:改善社区公共健身设施、培育社区组织、拓宽融资渠道、倡导科学健身、引导健康理念、加强社会体育指导员培训及加强组织管理等。     

Introducing branded communities in sport for building strong brand relations in social media

Brand communities have become an important aspect for brand management in social media. However, many brands have failed to establish a successful online brand community. In this study, we introduce branded communities as an alternative concept to brand communities. In contrast to brand communities, a branded community does not revolve around a specific (sport) brand, but around any interest or need. However, a specific brand makes use of the community for marketing purposes by sponsoring or operating the community. We emphasize the suitability of sport as an interest around which branded communities can be built as well as links of branded communities to sport sponsorship. We empirically studied the factors which influence the success of this phenomenon and the effects of operating or sponsoring such a community for a brand by using an online survey (N = 501) of members of a branded online community relating to football. The results demonstrate the relevance of topic interest (i.e., identification and involvement with football) and the quality of the community as determinants of interest in and loyalty towards a branded community. The brand owner benefits from an increase in brand loyalty for those community members who are aware of the brand as the operator of the community, whereby awareness of this sponsorship does not decrease loyalty towards the community. Our research contributes to previous knowledge by proving that branded communities are both an effective means for companies to deploy sponsorship and branding strategies in social media and provide a promising opportunity for sport managers to generate value.     

体育赛事社会影响的形成与控制

从体育赛事社会影响的概念入手,对体育赛事社会影响的形成机制和控制问题进行了深入探讨。从系统论视角探讨了体育赛事社会影响的形成机制;从对象出发,对体育赛事对居民和举办社区的社会影响形成机制进行了分析;此外,本文还对体育赛事社会影响的控制流程和控制策略进行了分析。     

Exploring the organizational capacity and organizational problems of disability sport clubs in Germany using matched pairs analysis

Previous research examining people with disabilities has mainly looked at participation barriers and has formulated implications for sport providers; however, the supply side has been largely neglected. The purpose of this study was to explore the organizational capacity and organizational problems of clubs that provide sport for people with disabilities (referred to as ‘disability sport clubs’). The conceptual model of organizational capacity was used as a theoretical framework. Within a German sport club sample (n = 19,345), a sub-sample of disability sport clubs (n = 521) was identified. The idea was to compare disability sport clubs with other sport clubs; however, comparing a small sub-sample with a large rest-sample may inevitably lead to statistical significance. Therefore, a matched pairs analysis was applied. Since disability sport clubs were significantly larger in terms of members and sports and were located in bigger communities, statistical twins were identified in the dataset that were similar in size and location. The results showed that clubs providing sport for people with disabilities are not specific disability sport clubs. Evidently, these are large multi-sports clubs that have greater capacity for catering for older adults and low-income people, for strategic planning, and for establishing relationships with other institutions in the community than their statistical twins. The regression results indicated that strategic planning significantly contributed to the reduction of several organizational problems of disability sport clubs. The findings have implications for policy makers, club management, and sport management scholars.     

Indigenous Australian women promoting health through sport

The authors explore the sporting experiences and community strengths of Indigenous Australian women. The intention is to inform both health promotion and contemporary sport management strategies, and policies and practices, leading to better health outcomes for this cohort. The authors employ an interpretative qualitative methodology, which involves the combination of data from a range of sources, including interviews and focus groups with 22 Indigenous women living in urban and rural areas, narratives from elite Indigenous athletes and coaches, as well as findings from a recent Australian Parliamentary inquiry into Indigenous health and wellbeing. Drawing from an agency/empowerment theoretical framework, the authors posit that, given support and opportunities, Indigenous women can become empowered to improve their mental and physical health through participation in sport. Sport managers can facilitate Indigenous women's agency in the effects of colonisation, which continues to be the basis of health issues for this cohort. Listening to Indigenous women and facilitating opportunities for them to take control of their own participation can help facilitate this process. Indigenous-women's only opportunities, partnerships with health agencies and sports organisations, culturally safe spaces and Indigenous women acting as role models are some factors that may augment Indigenous women's agency, and thus empowerment. Government, sports, community organisations and health agencies which provide these conditions in their program design can help to overcome entrenched social, historical and health inequalities that Indigenous women may experience.     

Beyond the reach of FIFA: football and community ‘development’ in rural South Africa,towards a politics of inclusion and sustainability

The real legacy of the 2010 World Cup is that people in the focus areas of Cape Town, Durban and Johannesburg–Tshwane may have received some benefit from infrastructural development while much of the rest of South Africa has fallen further behind those globally projecting conurbations. Though the literature on sport and community development is growing rapidly as is work on legacy and mega events, there are few studies that examine initiatives generated within local communities, particularly those located well away from the activities of international sport development agencies. In this paper, we examine a village football team in rural Mpondoland in the far reaches of the Eastern Cape located well away from the impact of World Cup football-related initiatives. We also explore activities of international sport development agencies. We examine the motivations of the players, the community role that football plays and how community-generated initiatives might be supported and nurtured with full involvement and democratic decision-making practices embedded into the operation of local sporting groups. Understanding the hurdles faced in resource-strapped communities will enhance discussion of the ways in which sporting development can be supported rather than imposed and become sustainable in the future.     

Sport in sozialer Verantwortung

Taking responsibility and creating social justice—in view of current social developments, e.g., the implementation of the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities or the influx of more than 1 million refugees in 2015—this demand is also becoming increasingly louder in the context of sport: different types of sport should help to solve social problems or to prevent social imbalances. To date, however, the assumption that sport can do justice to this task is empirically almost untenable. This article provides an introduction to modeling the topic of sport in social responsibility for the sport pedagogical discourse and presents action and research practices as well as research objectives using the example of a socially effective youth sport in school, clubs, and social work. Two research projects provide an example of the scientific contribution that sport pedagogy can make by examining approaches to sport-related social projects and their effectiveness. The evaluation of the WiO-Fit project was able to show how appropriate sport programs can “lure” socially and educationally disadvantaged youth who can be guided into appropriate coaching and counseling services, according to the individual problems outside of sports. The research results of the social project Gobox show the central role that intergenerational relationship management and language play when it comes to increasing the commitment of youth who would otherwise turn away from sports. This article not only highlights the potential of sport pedagogical research in this field, but also provides suggestions for interdisciplinary cooperation and research practice.     

RunTex: A community landmark run out of business

The case follows Paul Carrozza and his journey in building a once highly successful running shoe store in Austin, TX. The case presents newspaper accounts and other publicly available information regarding Carrozza and the store he built and ultimately had to close, RunTex. Specifically, the case offers both undergraduate and graduate students the opportunity to evaluate the repercussions of a business that fails to engage in strategic planning. As a result, this case provides the ideal backdrop for instructors to convey the significance and obligation for future sport managers to understand the importance of strategic management. The case is primarily intended for use in strategic management, organizational behavior, and/or sport marketing courses wishing to highlight CSR strategies.     

论上海五城区广场舞的赋权

“中国大妈”跳广场舞已成为一个备受关注的社会话题。本文着重考察上海5个城区女性中老年市民的广场舞赋权现状,旨在挖掘体育赋权的测量方法,特别关注广场舞在社区-组织背景下对自我认知、自我效能和社会交往3个维度的影响。论文采访上海5个城区144位广场舞爱好者,每个区的广场舞调查按照实地抽样的原则,尽量兼顾到小区广场、闹市广场、路边空地、公园、居委会和街道文化中心场地等不同类型,采用问卷形式进行实地调查和网络调查结合的方式。这是中国第一次运用实证方法来测量体育赋权,结果显示广场舞本身就激发赋权过程的发展,同时广场舞锻炼时间越长,广场舞爱好者的自我效能也就越高;不同的广场舞场地,其广场舞爱好者的群体认同存在差异。     

The roles and responsibilities of a change agent in sport event development projects

There is increasing evidence that NGOs and Government agencies are turning to sport events as a tool for reconciliation and inter-community development (Burnett, 2006; Gasser & Levinsen, 2004; Stidder & Haasner, 2007; Sugden, 2006), yet the different roles and responsibilities of the organising ‘change agent’ within development projects have not received much empirical investigation. To address this gap, this paper analyses the different roles and responsibilities of an international sport event change agent in the ethnically divided Sri Lanka. Following an interpretivist mode of inquiry, findings of this research are derived from the analysis of 2 focus groups and 35 in-depth interviews with Sinhalese, Tamil, Muslim and international event stakeholders.Findings suggest that the change agent holds nine key roles and responsibilities in the inter-community development process. These are being an agent for community participation; a trust builder; a networker; a leader; a socially responsible advocate; a resource developer; a proactive innovator; a financial supporter; and a strategic planner for the long-term sustainability of projects. This research suggests that it is important to fulfil these roles to secure active community participation, to achieve positive socio-cultural event impacts and outcomes, and to provide a strategic framework for sustainable inter-community development.     

UrbanDig Project: sport practices and artistic interventions for co-creating urban space

Abstract

The paper argues that sports and art can compose a common cultural language that operates as a tool for communities to co-create urban space. In particular, we present the research/artistic/community platform ‘UrbanDig Project’, based in Athens, Greece. The platform employs artistic and sport practices as a means to activate and bridge local communities, collect stories, call for participation and action and finally narrate, re-imagine and even re-construct urban space. We choose to discuss certain moments of the platform’s projects, as fruitful examples of its social impact. Within the conceptual framework of the production of space and the sports-art representations, we discuss how sport and artistic practices can intervene in the urban space, map the communities’ aspirations and lead to collective decision-making as an alternative grassroots participatory-planning method.     

Building social capital from sport event participation: An exploration of the social impacts of participatory sport events on the community

Participatory sport events have the potential to generate substantial social value in the local community. One important social benefit of such sport events is the development of social capital. However, little is known about the development and outcomes of social capital in the context of participatory sport events, such as running events. Taking a qualitative approach, the authors explored the social capital building among active participants in running events. The findings revealed that bonding capital is developed by all participants in the study while the bridging and linking capital varies by event type and involvement level. Moreover, four positive outcomes of social capital were identified: supportive attitude and behaviors, positive influence on others, prosocial behaviors, and increased everyday socializations. By generating these positive outcomes among the participants of this study, social capital has the potential to contribute to the community development and well-being. This study provides insights as to how social capital that stems from sport event participation can lead to the development of community in the long term. Suggestions are made for future research to test the relationships between social capital, its outcomes, and community development and well-being.     

The moral obligation to preserve heritage through sport and recreation facilities

The preservation of heritage through renovation projects of sport and recreation facilities is a recent phenomenon. We are not generally prompted to think of sport and recreation venues as cultural objects to preserve or as hosts to heritage, yet, they appear to be significant sources of heritage for communities and fan nations (Mason et al., 2005, Rosentraub and Ijla, 2008). Noting facilities have the ability to preserve heritage, the aim of this paper is to review contemporary philosopher Peter Singer's (1993) perspective on moral obligation to highlight the potential to protect heritage through sport and recreation facility management practices. We argue that communities and constituents may have a moral obligation to preserve heritage through sport and recreation facilities due to the value they possess. Appropriately, preservation is defined and framed as a managerial activity to assure the survival social, political, and cultural records.     

The role of sport in community capacity building: An examination of sport for development research and practice

Population health promotion and preventing disease remain important global policy goals. Because of the complex nature of health, and the recognition of the limits of individual-oriented health promotion strategies, recent decades have seen increased interest by public health researchers and practitioners in community-level approaches to health promotion. Increasingly, community-level approaches have been based upon the theoretical concept of community capacity. Community capacity is seen as a critical mechanism for supporting and promoting community-level health and through the sport for development (SFD) model, there is evidence of sport being an important practice for community development. However, little is known about the potential role of sport as a mechanism for building community capacity. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to examine the efficacy of sport to contribute to the process of community capacity building. Using seven established dimensions of community capacity, there is evidence that many SFD practices can effectively facilitate dimensions of community capacity when conducted in intentional, culturally relevant ways. Specifically, sport has demonstrated efficacy in building local skills, knowledge, and resources, increasing social cohesion, facilitating structures and mechanisms for community dialog, leadership development, and encouraging civic participation. More research is needed to understand sport's ability to promote capacity building through collective action, developing value systems that support democracy and inclusion, and encouraging critical reflection. To increase the usefulness of sport to support community health development, SFD principles should be included as part of sport management university curricula. Additionally, practitioners need grounding in community and human development research to support non-sport components of programs. Finally, participatory action research techniques should be used by researchers and practitioners. Sport-based development often generates high interest from residents, funders, and policy makers. By applying principles of community capacity building, sport may be uniquely positioned to enhance sustainable community health development initiatives.     

Leveraging community sport organizations to promote community capacity: Strategic outcomes,challenges, and theoretical considerations

Community sport organizations (CSOs) provide valuable contexts for promoting community development. These initiatives are most effective when they involve local stakeholders in the process of development. A key first step to achieving this objective is building community capacity, defined as local stakeholders’ skills, knowledge, and resources that may be leveraged for change. Interestingly, despite this conceptual importance, few researchers have focused on capacity building in the sport context. This has limited the theoretical advancement of community capacity theory as it relates to CSOs and community development. Using a qualitative case study approach, the authors analyze the outcomes and challenges of implementing community capacity building strategies in an American CSO, and draw on the empirical data to contribute to this theoretical conversation. Interviews, participant observation, and document analysis were used to generate data, and deductive techniques were used for thematic analysis. The results highlight the outcomes of the capacity building strategies and challenges associated with implementation. In addition, the conclusion focuses on theoretical contributions to community capacity theory, namely the role of sport in facilitating inter-community relations across social groups and the link with process models of organizational capacity.     

大众体育注意力集成与时尚体育管理

国家对试点社区俱乐部两年财政扶持结束之后，社区体育俱乐部将面临如何进一步提高自身经营管理能力，以求长期自主生存发展的问题。在注意力经济学理论指导下，探讨体育注意力基本属性，以及将注意力集成转化为体育消费的经营创新。认为社区体育俱乐部的经营要以时尚体育管理为主导模式。探讨了时尚体育的策划、设计、发布，以及时尚体育管理的人文关怀和可实施性。时尚体育经营模式为社区体育俱乐部的长期自主的生存发展提供了新的思路。     

Governing bodies of sport as knowledge brokers in Sport-for-All communities of practice

Delivering Sport-for-All is a major challenge for sport organizations and policy-makers worldwide. Sport-for-All is a practical activity and a knowledge intensive field, characterized by dispersed knowledge creation and sharing processes involving numerous agencies, professionals and volunteers; in other words, it is a community of practice. Communities of practice are vehicles that allow knowledge sharing and creation in intensive and dispersed settings. Learning in communities is enhanced by knowledge brokers, a role typically assumed by governing bodies of sport as part of their formal mandates. In this study, the authors use a community of practice lens to look at Sport-for-All. The authors collected and analyzed data on Sport-for-All communities on the regional (Flanders), national (Australia and England), and international (Sport and Development) level by interviewing key people in each of the communities, and by interrogating virtual knowledge repositories (websites) and public web-based data. Results indicated the existence of Sport-for-All communities of practice with governing bodies of sport acting as brokers in those communities for sharing knowledge, exploration of new ideas, and knowledge creation. However, governing bodies of sport are not strategically exploiting the full potential of online tools to enhance the communities. They ought to focus on supporting the communities by taking a more strategic approach and using new media tools, and let the community of practice standards emerge instead of determining them.     

Tipping the balance back towards emancipation: exploring the positions of Flemish community sport practitioners towards social control

Abstract

Current debates highlight the dualistic nature of community sport, which is shaped by both emancipating logics and controlling logics. Critical scholars have warned against the current prioritization of controlling logics over emancipating ones, as this might lead to instrumental approaches in which the vulnerability of young people is managed rather than tackled. However, little research has been conducted on the way in which practitioners perceive and act upon the dominance of social control as a value within community sport. In this article, we report on the findings of a qualitative study into three community sport initiatives in Flanders, Belgium. The data indicate there are small emancipatory moments within the daily practice of community sport. Based on these results, we propose a reconfiguration of the concept of emancipation from being a solid, utopian ideal towards being a search for moments where the dominant logics of social control are momentarily disrupted.     

我国体育赛事旅游目的地可持续发展:利益相关者视角分析

体育赛事旅游目的地的可持续发展需要对不同的利益相关者建立相应的利益管理机制。运用文献资料法对可持续发展理论和利益相关者理论进行系统归纳和评述,在此基础上,就体育赛事旅游目的地利益相关者的界定、构成和分类进行探讨。体育赛事旅游目的地利益相关者分为:核心利益相关者、蛰伏利益相关者、边缘利益相关者三部分,并主要对体育赛事旅游目的地的政府及其职能部门、体育赛事旅游企业、赛事旅游者、当地居民这四个关系密切和影响力较大的核心利益相关者进行分析,期望通过构建“双向沟通-协调合作-互利共赢”的核心利益相关者管理机制构建体育赛事旅游目的地利益共同体,进而实现体育赛事旅游目的地的可持续发展。     

Social and charitable impacts of a charity-affiliated sport event: A mixed methods study

In this mixed methods research, the authors examine a unique type of small-scale event – a charity-affiliated sport event – and define and measure its social and charitable impacts as perceived by residents. Findings from interviews (N = 37) and surveys (N = 459) with residents indicated that the event’s social impacts can be defined by its capacity to develop social capital, enhance collective identity and pride, and promote sport, health, and well-being. Three types of charitable impacts also emerged, including empathy for cause, informational support, and tangible support. Of them, empathy for cause, which addresses a central social issue in the host community, had the strongest association with residents’ perceptions of social impacts. These results provide evidence of a variety of positive impacts that a charity-affiliated sport event has on a community, which can be used to bolster appeals for corporate sponsorship and government support to assist in event delivery.