Adjusting to the digital: Societal outcomes and consequences

Innovation in digital technologies is central to contemporary debates about the need for policy and regulatory adjustment in response to the consequences of the centrality of these technologies in contemporary societies. Christopher Freeman's research in relation to changes in techno-economic paradigm and, specifically, in relation to the information and communication technology (ICT) paradigm, cautioned that assessments of these changes needed to go beyond market dynamics to examine social, cultural and political issues. In this paper several predominant themes in his work are foregrounded – the ambiguity of changes within the ICT paradigm; the role of guiding principles in influencing expectations about societal outcomes; and the importance of political factors in shaping the consequences of technological innovation. These three themes are then deployed in a discussion of recent innovations – two technical (5G mobile networks and artificial intelligence-as-a-service) and one institutional (proposals for changes in the international taxation regime in response to claims that the existing regime is inappropriate in the face of global online service provision). In each instance, the aim is to illustrate how following Freeman by giving attention to the themes operates as an important guide to analysis of adjustments to novel deployments of digital technology. The conclusion emphasizes the value of Freeman's contributions to shaping research agendas that acknowledge the need to humanize technology, to consider alternatives to taken-for-granted principles and practices, and to take into account the role of political power in tandem with concentrated economic power.     

The Birth of the Biotechnology Era: Penicillin in Australia, 1943–80 1

Abstract

As Australia and other countries seek to establish biotechnology industries, it is timely to review successes and failures in this field. One of the most notable stories is the development of penicillin, as a wartime project, to which Australians made major contributions. Australians during and immediately after the war contributed much to the scientific identification and purification of penicillin, and to the industrial scaling up in its production at the Commonwealth Serum Laboratories in Melbourne. This was a classic instance of war accelerating innovations in public administration. Yet the nascent antibiotic industry was never allowed to gain international competitiveness, and was allowed to run down and eventually disappeared by the end of the 1970s. This article is concerned to tease out the puzzle posed by this contrast in aspirations, between the highest levels of scientific and technical achievement in bringing penicillin into widespread use (Australia being the first country in the world to provide penicillin to the civilian population in 1944) and shockingly poor performance in sustaining and developing a national antibiotics industry. As the stirrings of a biotechnology industry may be observed in the first decade of the twenty‐first century, it would be unfortunate to ignore the lessons of this earlier experience at the birth of the biotechnology era.     

Alkaptonuric ochronosis: Report of a case and brief review

Alkaptonuria, a metabolic disorder characterized by a triad of homogentisic aciduria, arthritis and ochronosis is one of the first conditions in the charter of group of inborn errors of metabolism proposed to have Mendelian recessive inheritance. It is due to the deficiency of the enzyme homogentisic acid oxidase which catalyzes the conversion of homogentisic acid to maleylacetoacetic acid in the catabolism of tyrosine. Homogentisic acid thus accumulates in cells and body fluids and its oxidized polymers bind to collagen, leading to progressive deposition of grey to bluish black pigment resulting in degenerative changes in cartilage, intervertebral disc and other connective tissues, leading to arthritis which is the only disabling effect in an affected older individual. However the diagnosis can be made in neonates when blackish stain is noticed in an unwashed diaper. Alkaptonuria is treated symptomatically, surgical intervention necessitates in advanced stages, treatment with ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) and dietary restrictions of food containing phenylalanine and tyrosine have proved to be successful in alleviating the symptoms.     

秦兵马俑博物馆文物简介英文译文问题评析

如何在翻译中有效突出信息文本功能,保证译文信息传递的真实性和准确性,奈达认为,“内容的精确不应以（译文）对原作者的‘忠实’来判断,而应以传递的信息不被译文读者误解作为判断的基准”.因此在翻译信息型文本的过程中,译者应本着让读者客观、准确地理解原文信息的目的,在语言表达和文体形式上利用翻译的各种技巧灵活地翻译.秦兵马俑博物馆的文物介绍属于“信息型”文本,其英文译文存在着不少问题.作者以翻译理论为指导,运用翻译的技巧和方法针对秦兵马俑博物馆的文物简介的英文译文中的问题进行客观地评析.     

虚拟企业社会责任共创参与意愿的影响因素

随着数字化技术的蓬勃发展,越来越多的企业运用社交媒体吸引顾客参与企业社会责任,虚拟企业社会责任共创已成为企业履行社会责任的重要形式。本研究以顾客心理授权（选择权、知情权、影响力）为中介变量,探讨企业社会责任感知（利益感知、情感感知、期望一致性）对参与意愿的作用机理,并由实证分析得出利益感知通过选择权、知情权、影响力对参与意愿有显著正向影响;情感感知通过选择权、知情权对参与意愿有显著正向影响;期望一致性通过选择权、知情权、影响力对参与意愿有显著正向影响;企业声誉在利益感知与选择权、知情权中起到正向调节的作用;企业声誉仅在情感感知与选择权中起到正向调节的作用;企业声誉在期望一致性与选择权、知情权、影响力中起到正向调节的作用。本研究拓展了顾客心理授权理论的应用范围,进一步探索了企业社会责任感知到参与意愿的“黑箱”,并为虚拟企业社会责任共创的有效开展提供了重要启示。     

创造性资产寻求、子公司影响力与逆向知识转移

我国海外投资企业日益关注东道国创造性资产寻求,希望借此实现自主创新能力提升,那么如何获取东道国知识资源成为亟待解决的难题。在外商在华FDI活动中,我国企业往往借助知识和技术溢出效应获取资源和提升技术水平,而在我国向发达国家的OFDI活动中,这一方式则不太适用,我国企业需要更具主动性和针对性的知识获取途径和共享模式,而由海外子公司向母公司的针对性逆向知识转移则更能有效满足我国企业的特定资源需求,并有助于我国企业实现自主创新能力提升。本文试图从逆向知识转移方式出发,探究其作为我国企业获取东道国创造性资产路径的可行性,同时深入研究其影响因素和内在作用机制。为揭示我国跨国公司母公司微观因素对逆向知识转移的推动作用,本文围绕母公司战略因素和子公司逆向知识转移评价设计问卷,以我国海外投资企业问卷调研数据为基础,采用中介效应检验和结构方程模型探究了母公司国际化动因,子公司影响力对逆向知识转移的影响作用。实证结果证实以上两类因素对逆向转移的应用和创新效果具有促进作用,其中国际化动因体现为对海外创造性资产寻求的重视程度,子公司影响力从母公司对子公司的战略、文化和股权控制三方面实现对逆向知识转移的显著影响,而创造性资产的影响作用还通过转移意愿的中介效应体现,子公司影响力则借由渠道建设的中介作用实现。最后综合实证分析和华为案例佐证的结论,本文构建基于母公司战略和子公司影响力、转移意愿和渠道建设的逆向知识转移作用机制,为我国企业实践提供对策建议：（1）鼓励我国海外投资企业关注创造性资产寻求,尤其关注东道国技术、管理、市场和文化知识。（2）鼓励创造性资产寻求动因,提高对子公司的战略、文化和股权控制水平,提升子公司绩效对母公司的影响力,借以促进子公司逆向转移意愿;同时借由母公司控制程度提升,激励子公司完善渠道建设,实现基于编码和人员的双轨道知识转移系统,从而促进逆向转移效果。（3）增强全资子公司或控股合资等高控制度的海外市场进入模式实现更高水平的股权控制,同时通过对子公司的统一战略规划和资源支持加强其战略控制水平,通过构建更具内部凝聚力和控制力的强文化体系来加强对子公司的文化影响。（4）不仅关注逆向知识转移后的知识应用过程,更关注知识再创新和自主创新过程,实现后发国家的技术追赶。     

中国城市形状的时空变化

基于国家资源环境数据库动态土地利用数据,计算了1990年和2000年我国31个大城市的形状指数.结果表明,从1934年～1990年的56年间城市形状从紧凑趋于非紧凑、分散;而在1990年～2000年10年间,由于受到城市建设用地控制增强的影响,城市形状趋于紧凑.从1934年～1974年间,在20个可比较的城市中有14个城市形状指数增加、6个城市形状指数减少.从1974年～1990年间,在22个可比较的城市中各有11个城市的形状指数增加和减少.从1990年～2000年间,31个城市中有11个城市的形状指数增加、20个城市形状指数减少.一些城市的形状指数在不同时间段变化十分剧烈.例如,兰州市是在1934年～1974年间形状指数增加最多的城市,而在1974年～1990年阶段则形状指数减少最多的城市.同样,武汉和昆明则是在1974年～1990年阶段形状指数增加量最大的城市,而在1990年～2000年阶段则是形状指数减少量最大的城市.这或许说明在城市规划和城市建设中,有时人们还未真正认识到城市形状的重要性,往往只有当城市形状变化到严重地影响人们的生产、生活和环境时,才发现形状存在的缺陷.     

新时期高校研究生党支部与教工党支部协同共建实现路径探索

开展研究生党支部与教工党支部协同共建是新时期创新高校研究生基层党建工作模式、发挥导师在研究生思政教育中育人作用、增强研究生党支部凝聚力和战斗力的重要途经。本文详细论述了协同共建的重要意义以及当前共建中存在的主要问题,并尝试从完善机制、拓展主题、创新形式和拓宽平台等方面探索了新时期协同共建的实现路径,以期为加强高校研究生基层组织建设提供借鉴。     

探索型课堂策略初探

在“减负增效”的教育背景下．教师怎样做才能让学生由被动学习转为主动学习、勇于探究、增强掌握知识的能力呢？在此过程中．教师应尊重学生的人格,并根据青少年身心发展的特点．创设能引导学生主动参与的教育环境．使每位学生都能在和谐、愉悦的氛围中调动积极性、激发创造激情,在课堂中培养探索精神,克服困难,不断探索,勇攀科学高峰。     

数据和知识挖掘技术的图书馆服务策略分析

随着移动互联网、物联网的快速发展,我们面对的海量信息正以几何级快速增长。数据挖掘技术建立在关系型数据库上,通过大量的数据访问、分析、统计找出隐藏在数据中的规律从而建立决策模型。介绍如何利用数据挖掘技术,导出对读者、用户有用的关键信息,帮助他们做出决策和战略规划,改善和提高图书馆的服务质量。为了更好的说明这种数据分析方法的概念与过程,文章通过一个专业图书馆的详细数据资源的实际案例分析,一步一步地获得了数据内在关联的互动信息与影响图书馆管理、战略规划的因素指标。描述了图书馆如何通过数据的分析,导出对决策者提升管理质量的有用信息的数据与知识挖掘过程。可以通过其它更大量的数据分析,进一步定义一些关于服务质量提升的新指标。在当今信息飞速发展时代,图书馆馆员与管理者应当利用新的技术充分分析图书馆数据,才能达到提升服务的目标。     

人工髋关节翻修术25例疗效分析

目的：探讨人工髋关节置换术后翻修的原因、骨缺损的处理、假体的选择及相关翻修技术。方法：选择广西中医药大学附属瑞康医院2003年1月-2013年12月行人工髋关节翻修术的25例病例的临床资料,其翻修假体的类型：全生物型臼和柄12例,全骨水泥型臼和柄3例,只用骨水泥臼4例,只用骨水泥柄2例,混合型假体2例,用原假体2例。需要植骨8例。结果：疗效参考Harris评分：优19髋（90分以上）、良4髋（80-89分）、可2髋（70-79分）,优良率为92%。翻修的原因：假体松动9例,假体沉陷4例,假体脱位4例,感染2例,假体松动并周围骨折2例,假体周围骨折2例,假体松动并脱位1例,假体断裂1例。结论：找出初次置换失败的原因,针对性的制定翻修方案,合理的选择翻修假体,具备一定的翻修技术及经验是髋关节翻修术获得成功最基本的条件。     

Managing the knowledge environment: a case study from healthcare

An organization's future is viable to the degree it can create, obtain, and leverage its intellectual capital in an effort to manage knowledge for sustained, competitive advantage in the market place. Failure to do so can spell disaster. Case in point: Due to a festering crisis between his strategic intent and the organization's operational capacity to support it, in May 2000, the Spartanburg Regional Healthcare System (SRHS) board of directors voted for its chief executive officer (CEO) to resign. His resignation signaled the need for new learning, in addition to more effective management and communication practices in improving the identifying and codifying of knowledge and then facilitating the sharing of it organization-wide. This article focuses on delineating the process principles in managing a supportive environment necessary for the sharing of knowledge to spark creative thinking in devising innovative solutions that the hospital used in adapting to its market.     

城市社区居民参与的问题和原因分析

本文主要着重对城市的社区建设中居民参与存在的问题和产生原因进行了综合分析。城市社区居民是城市社区建设的主导力量之一,但是我们的居民参与的状况不佳的这种现象已经成为社区建设的一个严重的问题。社区建设有赖于政府的主导,更有赖于社区居民参与。社区居民参与是指社区居民依照法律法规,自己个人或通过一定的组织,参与社区政治、经济、文化等各方面的活动,影响社区决策,推动社区发展,从而维护自身合法权益的过程。只有居民广泛、直接地参与,才能有效地发挥社区自身的各种资源,才能推动社区建设健康持续发展。社区建设离不开具有参与意识、参与能力的高素质居民。     

Big data’s role in expanding access to financial services in China

General consumer and business finance companies have had limited success in serving the needs of economically active low-income families and micro-enterprises cost-effectively and sustainably in emerging economies such as China. Recent advances in computing and telecommunications technology are dramatically transforming this landscape by changing the way the financial industry operates. A key mechanism underlying this transformation concerns the use of big data in assessing, evaluating and refining the creditworthiness of potential borrowers and reducing the transaction costs. While China’s internet-only banking industry is currently small and some activities of players in this industry are akin to those in the shadow banking, this industry has potential to cause a major disruption in the Chinese financial market. A main objective of this paper is to examine the role of big data in facilitating the access to financial products for economically active low-income families and micro-enterprises in China. A second objective is to investigate how formal and informal institutions facilitate and constrain the use of big data in the Chinese financial industry and market. The paper also investigates how various inherent characteristics of big data – volume, velocity, variety, variability and complexity – are related to the assessment of the creditworthiness of low-income families and micro-enterprises. Case studies of big data deployment in the Chinese financial industry and market are discussed. The paper also looks at various categories of personal financial and non-financial information that are being used as proxy measures for a potential borrower’s identity, ability to repay and willingness to repay. Various business models involving the sources of data (internal vs. external to the big data organization) and providers of credits (big data organization vs. external partners or clients of the big data organization) are investigated. The analysis of the paper indicates that the main reason why low-income families and micro-enterprises in China and other emerging economies lack access to financial services is not because they lack creditworthiness but merely because banks and financial institutions lack data, information and capabilities to access the creditworthiness of and effectively provide financial services to this financial disadvantaged group.     

“活动”创造英语教学的“魅力”

喜欢活动、需要快乐是小学生的天性．这中间包含了他们对未来的追求．对人生乐趣的渴望。在活动化教学活动中,他们要摸、要闻、要尝、要听、要唱、要跳、要画、要写：在和伙伴们一起活动时,要说话、要进行思想交流、要模仿别人,要探索、要创造、要驰骋于想象的天地。他们积极参与其问,兴趣盎然,领悟了学习的喜悦,获得了成功的满足．从而充分发挥了个性．提高了他们的全面素质．     

Towards an understanding of technical change in semi-industrialized countries

Contrary to canventional wisdom, semi-industrialized countries engage, to an appreciable extent, in R&D activities leading to technical change. Much of their technical change activity consists of adaptation of foreign technology to local inputs and market preferences, and is carried out in response to contraints and distortions prevailing in their economies. Moreover, in this context, limited consideration is given to cost reduction, since the main objective is to manufacture under protection and technical change becomes a complementary response to the productive effort.A key factor in the ability to engage in such technical change activities is the availability of technically competent manpower, including scientists, engineers and technicians. At the same time, previous investment in the formation of such technical skills may result in an “excessive” supply of skilled labor, which , coupled with import constraints, will induce eexcessive adaptation of machinery and equipment and may deter from the importaion of new technology embodied in such equipment. Conversely, a pronounced scarcity of technicl skills may impade the adaptation of technology and result in excessive importantion of machinery and limit local efforts of modification, adaptation, etc.Because of the eay technical change is generated, it does not necessarily follow that it is all cases beneficial to the national economies of the countries in which it takes place. However, proper cost benefit accounting of the social returns to technical change activities is complicated by the intractable nature of many of the indirect and secondary effects, like learning from the R&D, or the impact of adaptation to domestic inputs in the development of local suppliers, etc. Also, th interdependencies between technical change and production and between various technical change activities are little understood.conventionall economic theory has contributed little to the understanding of the technical development process. The analysis of technical change in terms of the market failure metaphor, while providing useful insights, is also not very as far as understanding the problem of not very helpful as far as understanding the problem of technical change in semi-industrialized countries is concerned, since the roles of uncertainty and externalities in that situation are quite different from those foreseen in the market failure analysis for industrializerd countries. Special attention should be given to the possible application of the metaphor in trying to improve our understanding of the problems arising in the use of technical information and not only its creation. This would be particularly helpful in connection with the technical development problems of small enterprises not enjoying the benefits of the devesion of labor which are possible in larger firms.     

浅析高校如何加强大学生的国家安全教育

维护国家安全是大学生义不容辞的责任,是党和国家对每个大学生的基本要求。高校应注重对大学生的正确引导和全面教育,高度重视教师队伍建设,充分发挥教师的主体作用;充分发挥课堂在高校教育中的主导作用,不断丰富和扩展国家安全教育内容;充分发挥拓展教育在高校教育中的辅导作用,多渠道加强对大学生的教育引导;充分发挥校园网络在高校思想政治工作中的阵地作用,积极应对网络信息的挑战。通过高校教育,增强大学生的爱国激情,为维护国家安全贡献自己的力量。     

Adenosine and its role in asthma

Endogenous adenosine formed from ADP and AMP by the action of ATPase and 5′-nucleotidase is known to cause bronchoconstriction and asthma in humans. It has been suggested that this action of adenosine is due to its binding to specific purino receptors in the mast cells in the lungs and consequent release of mediators which elicit bronchoconstriction and asthma. The release of these mediators leading to asthma was also believed to be due to vagal stimulation by adenosine. Though the role of adenosine in causing bronchoconstriction leading to asthma is well confirmed the actual mode of action and details of the mechanisms involved in the clinical manifestation of asthma remain unclear.     

山西省工业废弃物排放与经济增长之间的关系分析

本文采用山西省1986年-2009年间的GDP数据与3类工业废弃物排放量(工业废水排放量、工业废气排放量、工业固体废弃物排放量)数据,基于VAR(向量自回归)模型,通过变量平稳性检验、协整检验、格兰杰因果检验和脉冲响应分析方法,研究了山西省GDP与工业废弃物之间的关系.结果显示:随着山西省GDP的增加,工业固体废弃物排放量有所增加,GDP对工业固体废弃物排放量有较大影响;GDP增加的同时可以实现工业废水排放量的减少,这与山西省废水资源化再利用有很大关系;GDP的增加对废气排放增加的影响不大.说明山西省通过采取措施可以在GDP增长的同时,降低废弃物排放.建议加强对工业固体废弃物资源化利用,并进一步加强对废气及废水排放的限制及治理.