《文化与自我》自序——兼论自我在哲学、心理学与神经科学上的一致性

我国教育事业蓬勃发展,教育理论研究也欣欣向荣,形成了厚重的学术积淀。北京师范大学出版社开创性地汇集出版了当代教育学、心理学大师们的学术著作,这些作品反映和代表了当代教育学、心理学的学科前沿和发展动态。经北京师范大学出版社许可、并得到作者首肯,本刊特开辟此“名家特稿”专栏,逐一介绍这些教育学和心理学大师及其学术思想(以其著作的前言或序言为载体),使读者能以最便捷的方式更近距离地触摸大师们深邃的思想和理解大师们的学术心路,以飨读者!本期为读者介绍的是北京大学心理系教授、曾任北京大学心理学系主任、国务院学位委员会心理学学科评议组成员、教育部高等学校心理学教学指导委员会主任、《心理学报》副主编的朱滢教授及其《当代中国心理学家文库———朱滢卷.文化与自我》自序。     

A rejoinder to Sarangapani and Winch

A statistical relationship between student affect and student achievement is routinely observed—students who like a particular subject also tend to do well in that subject. Theory suggests that the underlying causality is a mutual influence relationship in which affect influences, and is influenced by, achievement. Published analyses, however, usually assume a unidirectional influence—affect influences achievement. To the extent that the latter assumption is an over‐simplification, as theory suggests it is, then current understandings of the importance of affect for achievement are probably in error to some degree. The analyses reported here take a position consistent with theory to model the underlying causality of the relationship between affect and achievement as bidirectional. To this end, the present analyses formulate a non‐recursive structural equation model which specifies affect and achievement as influences on each other. This model is estimated separately for each of 23 nations, 19 of which are members of the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). All 23 nations participated in the OECD‐sponsored Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA), a programme whose focus is national achievement levels in populations of 15‐year‐olds. The results of these analyses lend support to the proposition that affect and performance exist in a mutual influence relationship, though the nature of this relationship varies between countries.     

A comparison of resistance to satiation and resistance to extinction

In two experiments, resistance to satiation was compared with resistance to extinction. In Experiment 1, rats given initial trials in a straight-alley runway while satiated failed to show increased resistance to satiation in a later test phase. This negative finding contrasts with the increased resistance to extinction usually found following initial nonrewarded trials in a straight alley. In Experiment 2, rats were extinguished or were run while satiated following deprived acquisition, and then were either shifted to the other condition or maintained under the same condition. A greater response decrement was produced by extinction than by satiation, both when current performance was examined and when the persistent effect of satiation or extinction on later performance was examined. These results show that there are important dissimilarities in the effects of satiation and extinction, dissimilarities that suggest that extinction is more nonrewarding or aversive than satiation. It seems likely that extinction involves processes (such as frustration, arousal of aversive motivation, and conditioned inhibition) not involved in satiation, which account for the greater response decrement in extinction as compared with satiation.     

A Feminist Approach to Pride and Prejudice

The paper discusses the progress and limitation of Pride and Prejudice from the perspective of feminism and hold a further positive attitude to the value of the work.     

揭开“马克思之谜”的一把钥匙——也谈“重新建立个人所有制”

在小私有制条件下，生产资料所有权、产品所有权及劳动力使用权这三种权力归属于个人；在资本主义私有制条件下，这“三权”归属于资本家；而在未来的共产主义公有制条件下，这“三权”将归属于联合的个人。这才是马克思“重建个人所有制”的真实内涵。但我国目前还处在社会主义初级阶段，这“三权”在国有企业里不应该是统一的，而应是分离的，即生产资料所有权应归国家，产品所有权及劳动力使用权应归企业。这应是国有企业改革的基本方向，也应是建立现代企业制度的基本前提。     

《大慈恩寺三藏法师传选译》译注补正

《大慈恩寺三藏法师传选译》从总体上来说是一部高质量的古籍今译著作,但其中也存在一定程度的误译误释之处,对此,本文试加补正。     

从《奉使辽金行程录》看辽代的聚落

从<奉使辽金行程录>看,宋人使辽途中所记载的聚落按功能可分为四种:衔接型聚落;投下军州;为守护驿馆而设的居民点;为看护佛寺而设的聚落.关于州城及其附近的聚落规模很小,可能到了辽后期才在州城附近聚集起众多的人口.至于这些聚落的生活面貌,在村落中有集市等交易场所,并且形成了汉、契丹、奚人等民族杂处一起从事生产的场面.     

A Project-Based Approach to Statistics and Data Science

Abstract

In an increasingly data-driven world, facility with statistics is more important than ever for our students. At institutions without a statistician, it often falls to the mathematics faculty to teach statistics courses. This paper presents a model that a mathematician asked to teach statistics can follow. This model entails connecting with faculty from numerous departments on campus to develop a list of topics, building a repository of real-world datasets from these faculty, and creating projects where students interface with these datasets to write lab reports aimed at consumers of statistics in other disciplines. The end result is students who are well prepared for interdisciplinary research, who are accustomed to coping with the idiosyncrasies of real data, and who have sharpened their technical writing and speaking skills.     

A Competency-Based Approach to Adult Counseling and Guidance

This article describes the Adult Career Education Counseling Project, a special demonstration project funded by the United States Office of Education, Division of Occupational and Adult Education. The major goal of the project is to develop a competency-based individualized instructional training system for guidance personnel wanting to work in adult education settings. The article explains the rationale, development, and process used in identification of conceptual areas that were developed into modules currently being pilot tested prior to final revision. Once the total training system has been developed, adult education and counseling and guidance programs may use these materials to design a counseling and guidance program unique to local program or institutional goals and objectives.     

期待与失望的《印度之行》

《印度之行》是20世纪英国著名小说家福斯特的代表作,小说表达了作者和谐完美的"东西融合,天下一家"的联结梦幻.通过细致文本分析,凸显作品在情节、预见性描写段落和否定句型中隐含的期待与失望这一基本结构模式,并指明其与人文主义和殖民主义矛盾之间存有同源关系.它证明了福斯特通过"善意、教养和智慧"来实现人与人之间的沟通及联结的失败,也让人们意识到通过建立友谊来实现文化融合的艰难.     

菌根及丛枝菌根概述

本文简述了菌根的概念、类型以及丛枝菌根在植物生长和逆境中的生理作用,并对应用丛枝菌根修复污染土壤技术的发展趋势和研究重点进行了展望。