论早期与中世纪基督教之异端及其不同之处

在基督教成为罗马帝国国教后,基督教内部不符合正统教会神学理论的学说和观点都被斥为异端。有正统的权威,就有非正统的对立面。从奴隶制罗马帝国到中世纪欧洲,被奴役被剥削的广大下层劳动人民在异端的形式下进行着不屈不挠的反抗上层统治阶级的斗争。但在不同的历史时期,异端的观点和主张、构成主体及教会和世俗政权对待异端的态度又有明显的差别。     

中世纪西欧城市发展中的基督教因素分析

中世纪西欧基督教与城市之间有着密切的关系,中世纪基督教的主要活动都是在城市中进行的,是基督教促成了中世纪西欧城市的复兴。城市中行会组织的起源也有一部分的基督教教因素,而9—14世纪的教俗之争给城市提供了发展的空间。但中世纪的反基督教、反教廷教会的异端运动也主要以城市为中心,并最终酝酿成为席卷整个西欧的宗教改革,促进了西欧向近代资本主义的转型。     

学生若干历史疑难问答

1 什么叫神学异端 ?为什么 16世纪欧洲新兴资产阶级反对封建的斗争要采取神学异端的形式 ?答 :基督教内称不符合正统教义的思想和学说为异端。神学异端 (或宗教异端 )实为以新兴资产阶级为首的广大群众对天主教会精神统治的抨击与反叛。由于天主教会在中世纪的欧洲占有政治、经济、文化等特权 ,宗教垄断一切 ,因而成为社会各种矛盾的焦点。当时新兴的资产阶级力量较弱 ,反封建斗争只有打着宗教旗号 ,采取神学异端的形式。再有 ,神学异端之下的宗教改革不是要抛弃或打倒宗教 ,而是改革后的宗教适应新兴资产阶级发展的需要。2 “商业资本对西…     

基督教教派

在英语学习中,不熟悉基督教知识的人经常会被基督教的教派名称所困扰。下面简单介绍一下基督教的主要派别,希望对大家的学习有所帮助。基督教(Christianity)于公元1世纪时产生于古罗马帝国的巴勒斯坦和小亚细亚一带,相传为耶稣(Jesus　Christ)及其门徒所创立。公元4世纪时,基督教成为罗马帝国的国教,中世纪在欧洲占统治地位。基督教产生后不久就分化为以希腊语地区为中心的东方教会和以拉丁语地区为中心的西方教会。1054年,东西教会彻底分裂,以君士坦丁堡(Constantinople)为中心的东方教会自称“正教”(Orthodoxy),意为“正统的教会”;以…     

论基督教对中世纪早期西欧文化的影响

西欧中世纪一般被认为是一个化衰落的时期,甚至“黑暗”的时期,并且把造成这种“黑暗”和“化倒退”在原因完全归处于基督教会。事实上,在西欧中世纪早期（公元５－１１世纪）,教会的活动在特定的历史条件下为西欧化的发展做出了重大贡献。基督教是古典化的主要继承,它在客观上促进了中世纪早期西欧化的复兴,奠定了中世纪西欧教育的基础,促进了西欧各民族化的交流。     

试论基督教在西欧中世纪文明进程中的积极作用

基督教在西欧中世纪居于“万流归宗“的地位,它在政治、经济和文化领域实行神权统治和精神专制,阻碍了社会的进步.但必须同时看到,在中世纪早期的社会动荡中,又是基督教全力担负起了挽救和传播文明火种,为痛苦挣扎中萌生的新文明提供模式和方向的历史重任.因此,对基督教在西欧中世纪文明进程中的积极作用应给予肯定.     

中世纪西欧为何会出现文化荒漠

中世纪的西欧封建社会,长期处于思想僵化呆滞、文化愚昧保守的状态。整个西欧社会就像是茫茫的大漠,没有一点绿意,没有一线生机。这与我国封建社会鼎盛期大致同时的隋唐宋元科技发达、思想活跃、文化繁荣的局面形成强烈反差。那么,什么原因造成西欧的文化荒漠呢？简单地说,这是基督教会推行文化专制主义的恶果。（一）垄断文化教育。中世纪时,西欧在政治上长期处在分裂状态,基督教会在意识形态领域取得了支配地位,垄断了西欧的文化教育。基督教以罗马教皇为中心,使整个封建西欧结成了一个强大体系。教会利用它至高无上的地位,使自…     

浅析文艺复兴时期西欧妇女的家庭地位

中世纪的西欧,由于封建贵族的统治,基督教会的影响,妇女处于卑微的家庭地位。到了文艺复兴时期,整个西欧社会发生了激烈的动荡,社会的各个领域都发生了巨大的变化。这一时期妇女的家庭地位和以前相比如何呢？本文拟对此问题进行分析。中世纪的家庭是一个重要的经济单...     

基督教与早期骑士贵族阶层的形成

西欧中世纪时期是封建贵族占统治地位的时期,而这一时期的西欧封建贵族主要是以骑士作为主导,骑士在某种程度上等同于贵族.骑士阶层的形成不仅代表着日耳曼部落的逐渐封建化,而且也代表着基督教会权力的发展和扩张.通过考察中世纪基督教会在骑士贵族的形成中的作用,可以清晰地了解日耳曼传统与基督教会的作用如何融合,并最终促成具有特色的西欧封建化.     

西欧中世纪教权与俗权的斗争及消长

俗权与教权是为西欧封建制度和封建领主阶级服务的两种权力。西欧封建时期,基督教一直处于“万流归宗的地位”。政治上以国王为首的封建等级制,同以教皇为首的教阶制,彼此渗透,以至很难划分界限。可是在组织上,它们始终是两个平行的系统。教权与俗权长期并存,相互利用、斗争,表现了西欧中世纪政治历史的特点。互相支持,互相利用,分散的封建政权建立,基督教会神权统治形成。公元3世纪,罗马帝国奴隶制危机深重,罗马皇帝发现了基督教的“价值”,变“怀柔与镇压”相结合政策为利用的政策,宣布基督教为国教,为全体臣民必须信奉的唯一的宗教。基督教从地中海沿岸国家,逐渐伸入欧洲腹地。西罗马帘国灭亡后.“国教,却幸运地保留下来,成了欧     

卡思卡特城堡

It is worthy of noting that, whilst Crookston Castle witnessed the earlier and happier portion of Mary's variegated life,     

不同的吃喝玩乐

一、吃和喝吃苹果 eat an apple, 吃药 take medicine,吃糖 have some sweets,吃饭 have one's meals,吃馆子 dine out,吃惊 be surprised/     

漏洞百出的教育

Many college freshmen arrive woefully unprepared to do college work, and as disadvantaged populations continue to grow, the share of the American work force that has made it through college is expected to plummet. Many experts blame that educational failure not just on high schools but also on colleges. School & College, a special report by The Chronicle, looks at efforts to fix the system. What reforms would better prepare students for college? What should schools and colleges be doing differently? How should state and federal officials help?     

Western and Eastern culture differences in commercial field

The communication of people partially is the communication of cultures. Culture has a direct effect on international commercial activities in all aspects. Different conceptions about time, space, equality, law and the like, lead people to deal with things in different ways. So to know cultures of the counterpart is to facil-itate our enterprises so as to have a smooth and successful communication in commercial activity.     

只要努力,不要后悔

There are numbers of crossroads on our long and unpredictable life journey where we totally have no idea about which direction to choose. No matter what our decision is, we should not turn back, but face the music and go ahead instead. I am this kind of girl who always does try without regretting, one example is how I dealt with my love.     

浅谈移民问题

Migration occurs behind a variety of reasons and has a great effect on the whole world. People may migrate in order to improve their economic situation, or in order to escape civil strife, persecution, and environmental disasters. The impact of migration is complex, bringing both benefits anddisadvantages. This paper briefly talks about the causes of migration, the allocation of benefits, and the ways in which individual countries and the international community deal with this important subject.     

风的曲线

Rosco and I wait for the fishermen to return.I sit at a wooden bench near the store at Mt.Baker Resort and watch the clouds change shape. Rosco has my belt around his neck and an eight foot tow chain hooked to a tree. Dogs must be on a leash. Ducks and rabbits are loose.     

团图为数的图中的闭团贯数

Given a graph G,a subgraph C is called a clique of G if C is a complete subgraph of G maximal under inclusion and |C|≥2. A clique-transversal set S of G is a set of vertices of G such that S meets all cliques of G. The clique-transversal number, denoted as TC (G), is the minimum cardinality of a clique-transversal set in G. The clique-graph of G, denoted as K (G), is the graph obtained by taking the cliques of G as vertices, and two vertices are adjacent if and only if the corresponding cliques in G have nonempty intersection. Let F be a class of graphs G such that F={G|K(G) is a tree}. In this paper the graphs in F having independent clique-transversal sets are shown and thus TC (G)/|G|≤1/2 for all G ∈ F.     

Sister Carrie, an Adherent of Desires

Sister Carrie is one of the most controversial characters in American literature.Thought as a "fallen woman" firstly,she was defined as a "new woman" by some critics later. However, by digging into the motivaton behind the whole process of Carrie's "success", the relationship between Carrie and her creator (the author), the social conditions of then American, it can be found that Carrie has never been free-standing on her thought and she has never found her real-sdf even after becoming a famous actress. In a society dominated by mass consumerism Carrie is only an adherent of her own desires. She also is a representative of all those country girls flooded into cities, a symbol and a sacrifice of the urbanization of America in a time countryside was overcome by cities.