树和路乘积图的L(s,t)边跨度

图的L(s,t)-标号的概念来自频道分配问题.设s和t是2个非负整数.图G的一个L(s,t)-标号是一个从G的顶点集到整数集的映射,满足:①任意2个相邻顶点对应的整数相差至少为s;②任意2个距离为2的顶点对应的整数相差至少为t.给定图G的一个L(s,t)-标号f,的L(s,t)边跨度定义为max{|f(u)-f(v)|:(u,v)∈E(G)},记为βst(G,f).图G的L(s,t)边跨度定义为min{βst(G,f):f取遍图G的所有L(s,t)-标号},记为βst(G).设T是一棵最大度为△(≥2)的树.证明了:若2s≥t≥0,则βst(T)=([△/2]-1)t s;若0≤2s＜t且△为偶数,则βst(T)=[(△-1)t/2];若0≤2s＜t且△为奇数,则βst(T)=(△-1)t/2 s.同时完全确定了2条路的笛卡儿乘积图和正四边形格图的L(s,t)边跨度.     

完全t部图的色唯一性

设P（G,λ）是图G的色多项式,若对于任意与图G的色多项式相等（P（G,λ）=P（H,λ））的图H都与图G同构（G≌ H）．则称图G是色唯一图;这里通过比较t部图的t十1类的划分数,证明了若     

三路树P(2m,2m,2m)是边幻图的证明

令简单图G =(V ,E)是有p个顶点q条边的图 .假设G的顶点和边由 1 ,2 ,3,… ,p +q所标号 ,且f:V∪E {1 ,2 ,… ,p+q}是一个双射 .如果对所有的边xy ,f(x) +f(y)+f(xy)是常量 ,则称图G是边幻图 (edge magic) .文 [1 ]中猜测树是边幻图 .本文证明了三路树P(m ,n ,t)当m ,n ,t为偶数且相等时为边幻图 .     

点泛圈偶图的一个充分条件

设G是连通偶图，（X1，X2）是其顶点的二分类，|X1|=|X2|=n，δ（G）≥t≥3。证明了若任意u,v∈Xi蕴含|N(u)∪N(v)|≥n-（t-2），i=1,2，则当t=7时G是点泛圈偶图。     

点泛圈偶图

设G是连通偶图，（X1，X2）是其顶点的二分类，|X1|=|X2|=n,δ（G）≥t≥3，且对于X中的任意两点u和v，均有|N(u)∪N（v)|≥n-(t-2),i=1,2，文中对t≤6的情况，证明G是点圈偶图。     

伴随式项式的组合性质

设G是一个图，GPm表示将G的一边用路Pm代替所得的图，h(G,x)表示图G的伴随多项式，F（t)是h(GPm,x)的生成函数，得到了以下结果：（1）当m≥4时，h(GPm,x)＝x(h(GPm-1,x) h(GPm-2,x));(2)h(GPm,x)=1/α-β（Aα^m Bβ^m)；这里α＝x √x^2 4x/2,β=x-√x^2 4x/2,A=h1-βh0;(3)F(t)=h0 (h1-xh0)t/1-xt-xt^2。     

路与圈的笛卡尔乘积的全控制数

令图G是无孤立点的无向图。 V（G）是图G的顶点集,D是V（G）的真子集。如果图G的每一个顶点至少与集合D中一点相邻,则集合D是图G的全控制集。 G中最小全控制集的顶点数称为G的全控制数,记为γt（G）。参考已有全控制数的知识及笛卡尔乘积 Cm□Cn、Pm□Pn 的全控制数的相关结论,利用γt（Cm□Cn ）≤γt（Pm□Cn ）≤γt（Pm□Pn ）这一不等式给出了Cm□Pn（m =3,4）、Pm□Cn（n =2,4）的全控制数。     

点泛圈偶图的又一个充分条件

设G是连通偶图，（X1，X2）是其顶点的二分类，|X1|=|X2|=n,δ（G）≥t≥3。证明了若任意,u,v∈Xi，蕴含|N(u)∪N（v)|≥n-（t-2），i＝1，2，则当t=8时G是点泛圈偶图。     

由一道习题认识最大静摩擦力

<正>例题:用一个水平推力F=kt(k为恒量,t为时间)把一重为G的物体压在竖直的足够高的平整墙上,如图1所示,从t=0开始物体所受的摩擦力f随时间t变化关系是图2中的哪一个     

一种带有限制的缺陷染色的研究

设G是一个图.如果图G的顶点能够用k个颜色来染,通过这种染色使得它的每个顶点至多有d个染相同颜色的顶点和它相邻,而且这样的顶点最少为t个,那么我们称图G是(k,d,t)*-可染的.在这个新定义的基础上,本文主要给出了几种特殊图类的一些结果和它们的证明,诸如圈、完全图等.另外,通过带有限制的缺陷染色这个新定义提出了对平面图四色问题的一点新看法,对四色定理的证明可能会有所帮助.     

卡思卡特城堡

It is worthy of noting that, whilst Crookston Castle witnessed the earlier and happier portion of Mary's variegated life,     

Western and Eastern culture differences in commercial field

The communication of people partially is the communication of cultures. Culture has a direct effect on international commercial activities in all aspects. Different conceptions about time, space, equality, law and the like, lead people to deal with things in different ways. So to know cultures of the counterpart is to facil-itate our enterprises so as to have a smooth and successful communication in commercial activity.     

不同的吃喝玩乐

一、吃和喝吃苹果 eat an apple, 吃药 take medicine,吃糖 have some sweets,吃饭 have one's meals,吃馆子 dine out,吃惊 be surprised/     

漏洞百出的教育

Many college freshmen arrive woefully unprepared to do college work, and as disadvantaged populations continue to grow, the share of the American work force that has made it through college is expected to plummet. Many experts blame that educational failure not just on high schools but also on colleges. School & College, a special report by The Chronicle, looks at efforts to fix the system. What reforms would better prepare students for college? What should schools and colleges be doing differently? How should state and federal officials help?     

只要努力,不要后悔

There are numbers of crossroads on our long and unpredictable life journey where we totally have no idea about which direction to choose. No matter what our decision is, we should not turn back, but face the music and go ahead instead. I am this kind of girl who always does try without regretting, one example is how I dealt with my love.     

浅谈移民问题

Migration occurs behind a variety of reasons and has a great effect on the whole world. People may migrate in order to improve their economic situation, or in order to escape civil strife, persecution, and environmental disasters. The impact of migration is complex, bringing both benefits anddisadvantages. This paper briefly talks about the causes of migration, the allocation of benefits, and the ways in which individual countries and the international community deal with this important subject.     

风的曲线

Rosco and I wait for the fishermen to return.I sit at a wooden bench near the store at Mt.Baker Resort and watch the clouds change shape. Rosco has my belt around his neck and an eight foot tow chain hooked to a tree. Dogs must be on a leash. Ducks and rabbits are loose.     

团图为数的图中的闭团贯数

Given a graph G,a subgraph C is called a clique of G if C is a complete subgraph of G maximal under inclusion and |C|≥2. A clique-transversal set S of G is a set of vertices of G such that S meets all cliques of G. The clique-transversal number, denoted as TC (G), is the minimum cardinality of a clique-transversal set in G. The clique-graph of G, denoted as K (G), is the graph obtained by taking the cliques of G as vertices, and two vertices are adjacent if and only if the corresponding cliques in G have nonempty intersection. Let F be a class of graphs G such that F={G|K(G) is a tree}. In this paper the graphs in F having independent clique-transversal sets are shown and thus TC (G)/|G|≤1/2 for all G ∈ F.     

Sister Carrie, an Adherent of Desires

Sister Carrie is one of the most controversial characters in American literature.Thought as a "fallen woman" firstly,she was defined as a "new woman" by some critics later. However, by digging into the motivaton behind the whole process of Carrie's "success", the relationship between Carrie and her creator (the author), the social conditions of then American, it can be found that Carrie has never been free-standing on her thought and she has never found her real-sdf even after becoming a famous actress. In a society dominated by mass consumerism Carrie is only an adherent of her own desires. She also is a representative of all those country girls flooded into cities, a symbol and a sacrifice of the urbanization of America in a time countryside was overcome by cities.