China's innovation system reform and growing industry and science linkages

In this paper, linkages of S&T activities between industry and science are statistically investigated, based on a firm level dataset from an S&T survey by the National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) of the PRC of about 22,000 manufacturing firms. During the transition period of China's innovation system from 1996 to 2002, firms’ S&T outsourcing activities increased significantly. Econometrics analysis reveals that (1) “absorptive capacity” for S&T outsourcing becomes important over time, (2) innovation system reforms for more market-based competition work for better incentive scheme for innovation though S&T linkage activities and (3) government funding of S&T induces more S&T linkages.     

Investigating the interaction and mutual dependence between science and technology

Literature on the economics of science and technology (S&T) suggests not only that technological innovation demands the expansion of the institutional borders between universities, research institutes, industrial companies and the financial system, but also that science leads as well as follows technology. Medical innovation in particular is very dependent on scientific research, which represents a source of information that impels the productive sector. The latter introduces a series of questions that motivate the researchers in their attempt to understand how the human body reacts to certain products and therapies. This paper analyses the pattern of S&T interaction for both the national system of innovation (NSI) and the health innovation system. The panel data and simultaneous equations models analyze the interaction between S&T. The theory about the existence of a mutual dependence between them has been confirmed, which means that science moves technology and technology also influences scientific development. The estimated models, which use data from scientific papers and patents as proxies of science and technology, represent just the tip of the iceberg called NSI, known as a multifaceted and complex institutional arrangement.     

科技改革十年回顾与未来走向

文章从科技宏观治理、攻关应急体制机制、科研人员全职业生涯、科研活动全链条、企业全生命周期、创新主体、区域创新和科技创新全生态等方面,系统回顾了党的十八大以来我国科技改革近10年实践探索与效果;分析了主要创新型国家在科技改革中呈现出的战略统筹加强、政府干预增强、重视颠覆性创新和未来技术、加大人才培养引进力度、注重开放科学与科技安全平衡等新动向。在此基础上,探讨了面向未来的科技改革走向,提出了支撑世界科技强国建设和实现科技自立自强的改革思路与展望。     

社会研究视角中的科技政策

随着科学社会研究视角的转变,我们越来越清楚地看到科学与政府之间相互参与的复杂性与多样性,这也表明了科技与政策关系的传统图式是成问题的。不可否认,建构论的观点与方法不仅拓展了科技政策研究的空间,而且从根本上转换了我们看问题的角度。在这种转变的视角中,我们认为科技与政策更表现为一种内生关系,科技政策的制定不具有固定的模式,它是在具体情景中被建构的,同时它也成为科学与技术知识生成和辩护中的构成性条件。     

基于知识管理的高校科技创新体系研究

分析了知识管理的本质，探讨了知识管理和创新的关系，指出高校特别是研究型大学要提高科技创新能力，必须实施科技创新战略和知识管理战略，并以知识管理为核心构建科技创新体系。通过剖析高校科技创新的有关因素，提出了基于知识管理的高校科技创新体系框架。     

China's innovation policies: Evolution, institutional structure, and trajectory

China has transformed itself from a planning to a market-oriented economy over the past three decades and has sustained a fairly long period of rapid economic growth, to which the contributions from innovation in science and technology (S&T) have become increasingly important. Then, how have China's innovation policies evolved to reflect the changing and supposedly better understanding of innovation by China's policy makers? The paper tries to answer this question through a quantitative analysis of 287 policies issued by China's central government agencies between 1980 and 2005 and of 79 policies introduced between 2006 and 2008 to implement the Medium- and Long-Term Plan for the Development of Science and Technology (2006-2020). China has shifted its S&T and industrial policy-centered innovation strategy and has pursued a series of better coordinated, innovation-oriented economic and technology initiatives that give greater attention to a portfolio of policies that include critical financial, tax, and fiscal measures. There has been a gradual departure from the pattern in which innovation policies are formulated by one single government agency, therefore steering China to a different and probably more promising innovation trajectory.     

基于内容分析法的广东省科技创新人才开发政策研究

从科技创新人才开发过程的角度,结合创新政策工具、技术生命周期构建三维分析框架,以广东省2008—2016年间出台的96项涉及科技创新人才政策文本为样本进行分析。研究表明:广东省已颁布的有关科技创新人才开发政策以规范性和约束性政策为主,可操作性政策相对缺乏;重视人才激励、人才培养和人才引进,对人才评价、人才流动和人才保障的关注度不够;重视使用供给型和环境型政策工具,较少使用需求型政策工具;科技创新人才政策在基础研究、共性技术开发和商业化的技术生命周期中的分布较为均衡。结合创新政策工具、技术生命周期提出优化科技创新人才开发的建议。     

关于我院科技布局调整的若干思考

本文从领域方向、研究机构地域分布和在创新价值链中工作性质三维坐标的新视角,研究归纳了国际重要科研团体科技布局调整的有益经验,系统梳理了我院科技布局调整的发展历程,总结了知识创新工程以来我院科技布局调整的经验与做法,分析了存在的问题,提出了抓住当前重要机遇期深入推进科技布局调整的主要思路和政策措施,完整表达了科技创新价值链理论及我院的定位,就科技创新基地建设、院属研究机构布局调整、加强联合合作优化科技布局、新建研究单元、建立我院科技布局自觉持续调整机制等提出了政策建议。     

国际科技政策研究进展与趋势——基于文献计量分析

[目的/意义]为探究国际科技政策研究进展与趋势,[方法/过程]基于Web of Science收录的6671篇相关文献,运用文献计量分析法和Cite Space V,从时空分布、研究方向、研究机构、来源出版物、研究主题和研究趋势等方面剖析了国际科技政策的研究图景。[结果/结论]研究结果显示,美国相关研究成果最多,英国次之;科技政策研究方向多元化;发文量前30名的机构中,美、英各占17席和5席,中国和澳大利亚均占2席;《Research Policy》发表的相关文献数量最多,其他刊物侧重生态环境科学、区域发展、技术创新与管理、科学技术与人类社会等议题;研究主题涵盖协同治理与政策创新扩散、技术政策与创新激励、环境政策与公共医疗卫生政策、经济内生增长等;研究焦点正在向创新体系、制度、政策的原则导向、框架构造等方面转移。     

Indicators for national science and technology policy: how robust are composite indicators?

This article addresses a set of issues that were central to Keith Pavitt's research, that is, the construction and use of tools to measure national innovative performance and to design national policies relating to innovation. It presents an overview of the development of science and technology (S&T) indicators and their use in national policy making and provides evidence of the vulnerability of composite S&T indicators to manipulation. A brief history of the development of S&T indicators begins with the role of the United States followed by their worldwide diffusion with particular emphasis on Europe. Newer developments towards composite indicators, benchmarking and scoreboarding are discussed. To investigate the robustness of innovation scoreboards empirically, a sensitivity analysis of one selected case is presented. It is shown that composite scores and country rank positions can vary considerably depending on the selection process. Thus, the use of scoreboards leaves room for manipulation in the policymaking system. Further research is needed on alternative methods of calculation to prevent their misuse and abuse.     

SPRU科研选题的词频分析与计量研究

本文选择世界著名科技创新与政策研究机构——英国Sussex大学科技政策研究所(SPRU)，对其科研选题进行案例研究。借助WordSmithTools词频分析软件，我们对该机构近年来出版的1003篇(部)论文及著作的目录进行分析，通过对词及词组出现频次的计量，凸显出研究选题的范围与特色。对国际著名科技创新与科技政策研究机构的工作进行扫描，定位世界范围内该领域的前沿，捕捉研究热点，了解其研究思路和研究方法，对于拓展我国科技创新与科技政策研究者的视野，丰富研究方法，提高国家创新系统研究的水平有一定启发和借鉴作用。     

科技政策学的理论溯源与内容框架构建

当前科技政策学尚未形成广为认可的理论体系和研究框架。通过梳理既往国内外科技政策研究与政策实践的主体内容,总结分析科技政策相关概念与内涵的演变,从科学学、创新经济学和公共政策学3个学科视角对科技政策学的主体理论进行分类梳理,在我国科技治理体系与治理能力现代化的总体需求与框架下探索提出科技政策研究的三层级框架,包括宏观层的科技战略研究、中观层的创新系统和政策工具研究以及微观层的政策过程研究,以期为科技政策研究的学科化发展提供支撑。     

建设适应经济社会发展趋势的科技创新体系

近20年来世界科技呈现出加速发展态势。随着新一轮科技变革和产业革命不断蓄势,世界已经进入以创新为主题、以创新为主导的新时代,全球科技领域的、国家间的科技创新格局加速调整和重构,而国际经济社会发展大趋势对科技创新格局调整和重塑起到重要驱动作用。在归纳国际经济社会发展大趋势的基础上,基于中国经济由高速增长转向科技引领和创新驱动的高质量发展新阶段的现实,分析讨论了经济社会发展趋势对科技创新发展的关键需求,提出了建设适应经济社会发展大趋势、支撑我国科技强国建设的主要科技创新体系,包括基础科学研究、关键核心技术、"数字中国"与智慧社会先进信息网络、清洁可再生先进能源、绿色智能制造、现代绿色生态可持续高效农业、"健康中国"医疗卫生保障、"美丽中国"人地和谐共生生态环境、深空与深海探测等主要科技创新体系。     

基于智库双螺旋法的秦创原科技创新发展指数研究

科技创新发展指数研究是源于实践、用于实践、高于实践的典型智库研究,但已有研究存在理论性不足、视角单一等问题,不利于保证研究过程的科学性和研究结果的准确性。智库双螺旋法兼具系统性思维、全流程指导和操作性思路的典型特征,为有效解决上述问题提供了新的思路。文章基于智库双螺旋法,建立了一套从内涵解析、指标构建、指标赋权到指标测度的全流程系统性动态化研究框架,并以秦创原科技创新发展指数研究为例开展实证研究,得到了有价值的研究启示和思考发现。研究过程充分验证了智库双螺旋法对于智库研究的科学指导作用,研究结果为研判秦创原科技创新发展态势及其对陕西省高质量发展的贡献提供了重要的定量支撑和决策参考。     

SCIENCE,TECHNOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT IN ASIA: NEW TRENDS AND OLD MODELS

This paper reviews the operation of the science and technology (S&T) for development strategy in the developing countries of Asia since its introduction in the 1960s. It is particularly concerned with the performance of S&T policy-making and planning in promoting the goals of that S&T for development strategy. The various problems which the strategy has faced are discussed, and the subsequent trends, especially towards greater emphasis on S&T policymaking and planning, are explained. The paper concludes by assessing the implications of these problems and trends for the entire S&T for development strategy in the developing countries of Asia.     

关于强化国家战略科技力量体系化布局的思考

强化国家战略科技力量是实现科技自立自强、加快建设科技强国的关键路径。从全球百年科技史来看,伴随着世界科学中心的转移,主要发达国家在不同发展阶段,均从国家战略高度认识和强化其战略科技力量。文章在深刻认识强化国家战略科技力量体系化布局的重大意义基础上,分别从聚焦国家需求"基本面"、围绕前沿探索"无人区"、面向产业经济"主战场"3个方面论述了关于国家战略科技力量在国家科技创新体系中布局的思考,并提出相关建议,以期为强化国家战略科技力量提供参考。     

OECD研究与开发资助模式演化及其启示

OECD的大多数国家的研究与开发资助经历了"科学政策时代"、"科学和技术政策时代"、"科学、技术和创新政策时代",知识生产(knowledge production)的指导思想也从"国际领先知识"转向"知识创造财富","新的知识生产方式" 是OECD资助的一个必然趋势。它意味着,如果政府仍然用老的政策工具和行政结构来规划和安排科技政策,那么老式的技术政策将会提高政府失灵的风险,政府在制定科技政策时应该通过激励企业对R&D的投入,调整R&D的资助结构和方式。     

The emergence of S&T indicators: why did governments supplement statistics with indicators?

Science and technology (S&T) indicators are widely used in policy documents as well as in science and technology studies. This paper traces their origins and shows that it was the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) that first imagined and developed science and technology indicators. In the 1960s, the debate on technological gaps between the United States and Europe gave the OECD the opportunity to develop the first world-wide indicators on science and technology. The National Science Foundation (NSF) followed in the 1970s and improved the methodology of indicators on science and technology with its publication entitled Science Indicators. Science and technology indicators remain contested however, because centered on inputs rather than outputs, and because preoccupied mainly with the economic dimension of science and technology.     

科学学理论体系建构的思考——基于科学计量学的中外科学学进展研究报告

近10年来,国内外科学学的发展正在形成科学学理论体系的新框架。本文从科学学的研究传统与范式入手,运用科学计量学一系列方法和手段,对中外科学学研究的主要领域、相关学科以及热点问题进行了深入的考察和比较,结果表明以科学、技术、创新以及相关的科技政策与管理为内容的科学学应用研究是当前的主流领域;网络计量学、科学知识图谱和信息可视化技术发展迅猛,正成为科学学方法研究的前沿领域;有关科学、技术与创新相互作用规律、自然科学某些学科的演化规律以及科学技术合作理论等成为科学学理论研究的热门领域。在此基础上,对新世纪科学学理论体系按“研究维-学科维-对象维”的三维结构建构进行了初步探讨。     

强化科技强国对现代化强国的战略支撑

科技强国建设是现代化强国建设的战略支撑。文章从中国建设科技强国的意义出发,总结了科技强国建设的国际经验和我国建设中国特色科技强国的历史进程,分析了我国现代化建设与科技强国建设长期性和阶段性的统一关系,探讨了新时代科技强国建设的阶段性任务。文章提出,在新的历史起点上建设科技强国,要进一步提高科技创新要素质量,构建现代化国家创新体系,完善科技强国建设的保障措施。