从云南透视明代地方架阁库

本文列举了从明代云南地方志中查找到的架阁库 ,从这些架阁库可知 ,明王朝并非在洪武二十四年以后才在地方上设置了架阁库 ,事实上是明王朝一建立 ,就广建架阁库 ,接着又讨论了明代地方架阁库的数量问题 ,纠正了以往的观点。并认为元明清时期虽然都沿袭了宋代的架阁库制度 ,但其程度并不一样。     

宋代农村经济的赋役博弈问题——以江南东路为例

赋役制度是研究中国经济史不可回避的重要问题。宋代的赋役制度更是经历了中唐以后的重大调整，赋税和差役的成为国家机器运作的主要动力。赋税和差役在国家、地方权势和小农三者间的均衡是维持国民经济发展的重要因素。宋代江南东路的赋役博弈从一个侧面说明了赋役均衡的重要性。     

浅析隋唐以后的赋役变化

浅析隋唐以后的赋役变化曹青莲中国封建社会，由于存在庞大的官僚机构和繁重的劳役、兵役，农民的赋役负担特别沉重。唐以前，赋役的征收以人丁为主。随着社会发展，这种征税标准在不断发生变化。唐初的赋税制度是租庸调，这种赋税制度的基础是均田制，其特点是：第一，国...     

浅论我国封建社会赋税制度演变的主要趋势

赋税是国家财政的主要来源,也是维系国家政权的重要经济基础。在我国两千多年的封建社会历程中,各个封建王朝都很重视赋税制度的建设,其中,产生和演变出了许多形形色色的赋税制度,然而各个赋税制度产生的背景、表现的内容及对历史的影响都不见相同,下面笔者就其演变的主要趋势谈点拙见。     

简论中国封建社会性质的初步转变

笔者从中国封建社会土地、赋税制度的发展变化，说明从明中叶以后，由于商品经济的发展出现了资本主义萌芽。土地商业化和私有化迅速发展并成为趋势，迫使封建土地赋税制度发生变化。虽然中国的基本经济结构仍保留着农业和家庭手工业相结合的形式，中国封建社会还没有发生本质的变化，但资本主义萌芽毕竟在封建社会内部产生了，而且这种萌芽在不可遏制地生长着，中国的社会性质正在发生着初步的转变。     

人口与赋税:省志所载清初省级人丁尾数探析

何炳棣曾从省级人丁尾数出发,指出"丁"为征税单位,而非实际人口数,因而存在着尾数。清初至乾隆三十七年(1772),各省级志书始终详细记载了需要征收赋税的额内人丁,以及与赋税征收相关的额内转为额外的人丁尾数;康熙五十年(1711)以后,不再记载作为永不加赋对象的纯粹额外滋生人丁尾数。这一变化体现了清初人丁编审制度的缺陷,并客观上揭示了传统人口统计与赋税稽征走向分离的真正原因。     

中国古代赋税的演变及对一条鞭法的解读

普通高中《中国古代史》(人教版2006年月12月修订版)多次讲到赋税制度问题,由于高中学生对赋税制度了解的很有限,我结合自已的教学与认识,以一条鞭法为主,简单地谈谈中国的古代赋税的演变,以就教于方家。     

简论中国封建制社会性质的初步转变

笔者从中国封建社会土地、赋税制度的发展变化,说明从明中叶以后,由于商品经济的发展出现了资本主义萌芽.土地商业化和私有化迅速发展并成为趋势,迫使封建土地赋税制发生变化.虽然中国的基本经济结构仍保留着农业和家庭手工业相结合的形式,中国封建社会还没有发生本质的变化,但资本主义萌芽毕竟在封建社会内部产生了,而且这种萌芽在不可遏制地生长着,中国的社会性质正在发生着初步的转变.     

南昌东湖书院

南昌东湖,位于南昌城东隅,周围十余里,东涯有宋代高士苏云卿种菜织履的苏圃,南畔有祀奉汉代高士徐孺子的孺子亭,西畔有唐诸司使李寅所建的涵虚阁,登阁远眺,可以尽收东湖的胜景。南宋嘉定初年(1208年),涵虚阁已成为一片废墟,     

黄宗羲定律：一道难解的历史之题

【背景材料】　 2 0 0 3年 3月 ,新任国务院总理温家宝在解决“三农”问题上坚定地表示 :共产党人是全心全意为人民群众谋利益的 ,在农村税费改制、解决农民负担问题上 ,我们一定能够走出“黄宗羲定律”的怪圈 ,努力提高农民收入 ,实现全面小康社会。【编者按】明末清初的思想家黄宗羲 ,是我国古代研究赋税制度最深入、最系统的学者之一。他在《明夷待访录·田制三》中阐述了自唐以后我国赋税制度的演变 :唐初的租庸调制本来分为土地税 (租 )、人头税 (庸 )和户税 (调 ) ,晚唐杨炎的两税法以土地和财产为征税标准 ,虽然没有了人头税和户税 ,…     

卡思卡特城堡

It is worthy of noting that, whilst Crookston Castle witnessed the earlier and happier portion of Mary's variegated life,     

不同的吃喝玩乐

一、吃和喝吃苹果 eat an apple, 吃药 take medicine,吃糖 have some sweets,吃饭 have one's meals,吃馆子 dine out,吃惊 be surprised/     

漏洞百出的教育

Many college freshmen arrive woefully unprepared to do college work, and as disadvantaged populations continue to grow, the share of the American work force that has made it through college is expected to plummet. Many experts blame that educational failure not just on high schools but also on colleges. School & College, a special report by The Chronicle, looks at efforts to fix the system. What reforms would better prepare students for college? What should schools and colleges be doing differently? How should state and federal officials help?     

Western and Eastern culture differences in commercial field

The communication of people partially is the communication of cultures. Culture has a direct effect on international commercial activities in all aspects. Different conceptions about time, space, equality, law and the like, lead people to deal with things in different ways. So to know cultures of the counterpart is to facil-itate our enterprises so as to have a smooth and successful communication in commercial activity.     

只要努力,不要后悔

There are numbers of crossroads on our long and unpredictable life journey where we totally have no idea about which direction to choose. No matter what our decision is, we should not turn back, but face the music and go ahead instead. I am this kind of girl who always does try without regretting, one example is how I dealt with my love.     

浅谈移民问题

Migration occurs behind a variety of reasons and has a great effect on the whole world. People may migrate in order to improve their economic situation, or in order to escape civil strife, persecution, and environmental disasters. The impact of migration is complex, bringing both benefits anddisadvantages. This paper briefly talks about the causes of migration, the allocation of benefits, and the ways in which individual countries and the international community deal with this important subject.     

Sister Carrie, an Adherent of Desires

Sister Carrie is one of the most controversial characters in American literature.Thought as a "fallen woman" firstly,she was defined as a "new woman" by some critics later. However, by digging into the motivaton behind the whole process of Carrie's "success", the relationship between Carrie and her creator (the author), the social conditions of then American, it can be found that Carrie has never been free-standing on her thought and she has never found her real-sdf even after becoming a famous actress. In a society dominated by mass consumerism Carrie is only an adherent of her own desires. She also is a representative of all those country girls flooded into cities, a symbol and a sacrifice of the urbanization of America in a time countryside was overcome by cities.     

Improvement of one-cycle controller by use of proportional integral differential controller

1.IntroductionOne-cyclecontrolmethod,whichwasproposedaboutonedecadeago[1],hasbecomeanattractivemethodinspecialfieldssuchaspowerfactorcorrection[2-6],switchingamplifiers[7,8],etc.Themainideaofthiscontrollerisbasedonintegrationofdiodevoltageinone-cycleandforcesittobeexactlyequaltothereferencevalue.Themainadvantageofthiscontrollerisitsrealtimeabilitytorejectthevariationofinputvoltage[1].Despitethisgreatability,ithasnogoodperformancesinrejectingofloaddisturbanceandfollowingreferencecommands.Espec…     

风的曲线

Rosco and I wait for the fishermen to return.I sit at a wooden bench near the store at Mt.Baker Resort and watch the clouds change shape. Rosco has my belt around his neck and an eight foot tow chain hooked to a tree. Dogs must be on a leash. Ducks and rabbits are loose.