中国所有制结构变迁与部门工资差距问题——基于中国微观家计调查数据的实证分析

不同所有制部门间的工资差距是近年来中国收入差距现象中的一个显著维度,国有与非国有部门在不同时期,经历了由折价到溢价的工资差距现象,构成了其中一个典型特征。但由于进入国有部门者与非国有部门者可能存在系统性差异,所有制性质在多大程度上可解释二者工资差异存在质疑。本文从工资决定因素分析的视角,通过Treatment-effects模型校正样本自选择偏差,利用CHNS数据分析中国部门工资决定中各因素的影响,尤其是所有制性质对部门工资差距的影响。基于1993-2006年CHNS数据的实证分析表明,部门性质对部门工资差距具有显著的影响,这种影响呈现出由折价向溢价转换的分阶段特征,表现出了较强的政策与体制相关性。     

A platform-based approach to ambidexterity for innovation: An empirical investigation in the public sector

Innovation in the public sector plays an important role in improving the quality of public services and addressing economic and societal challenges. Most of the previous research on innovations has focused on the private sector. How organizations may achieve ambidexterity for innovations in the public sector characterized by unique constraints has been largely underexplored. Platforms have emerged as key components in organizations’ approaches to innovation. Using an empirical study in a public sector organization, this study identifies a platform-based approach that can be used to achieve ambidexterity in balancing exploitative and exploratory innovations in the public sector. Organizations facing constraints pertaining to structure, risk, and value may benefit from considering their product/service development, process management, and value formulation through this approach. This study also identifies practices in platform development, appropriation, and control that contributed to the success of the platform-based approach.     

Should digital files be considered a commons? Copyright infringement in the eyes of lawyers

In this article, we draw on a survey conducted with elite upcoming lawyers from all around the world to shed new light on the ethical acceptability of file sharing practices. Although file sharing is typically illegal, our findings show that lawyers overwhelmingly perceive it as an acceptable social practice. The main criterion used by lawyers to decide on the ethical acceptability of file sharing is whether or not the infringer derives any monetary benefits from it. Further, our findings show that lawyers in the public sector (including judiciary and academia) are even more tolerant of online copyright infringement than those in the private sector. Interestingly, our data suggests that this is largely the result of self-selection: lawyers who lean more on the side of broad disclosure and social sharing tend to orient themselves toward the public sector. Implications for the current state of the debate on the reform of copyright law are discussed.     

Reinventing the public sector in Africa through knowledge management

There is extensive coverage in literature of knowledge management (KM) implementation based on private sector entities. Although recent trends have been characterised by a shift towards understanding KM in the public sector organisations, there is very little focus on the public sector entities in Africa. KM has become popular in modern organisations because it is capable of enhancing the effectiveness and efficiency of entities if properly implemented. While the explosion of the internet has seen the emergence of public sector transformation programmes such as e-government plans, most African states have wholly adopted these without due consideration to the structural constraints they would face in their implementation. Having observed that e-government is technology-based and most African states lack the necessary information technology (IT) tools to effectively implement it, my proposition in this paper is that the most viable option of transforming the public sector in Africa could be through KM, rather than e-government. Nevertheless, e-government plans in African states should be implemented as a component of the overall KM strategy.     

转型期间我国假冒伪劣行为三段论

转型期间我国假冒伪劣行为规模先增后减,分三个阶段:国有企业全面推行承包制和私营经济合法化之前是假冒伪劣行为滋生阶段;从国有企业全面实施承包、私营经济合法化开始到国有企业股份制改造基本完成是假冒伪劣行为的泛滥阶段;从国有企业股份制改造基本完成开始,我国产品质量进入逐步恢复阶段。     

中国物流业全要素能源效率动态变动及区域差异分析

物流业是我国能源消耗的重要行业之一,尤其是油料的消耗,位居各行业首位。研究物流业的能源效率,找出其中存在的问题,对于节能减排具有重要的价值。本文基于DEA-Malmquist生产率指数分析方法,构建了物流业全要素能源效率的测度模型。通过分析中国30个省、市、自治区2003-2012年物流业的能源消耗面板数据,对中国物流业的全要素能源效率及技术效率、技术进步、纯技术效率和规模效率指数进行了实证测度,并分析了样本年内中国物流业全要素能源效率的动态变动和区域差异情况。研究发现:2003-2012年中国物流业的全要素能源效率呈现了下降的趋势,下降了2.88%,行业的总体全要素能源效率不高;西部地区物流业的平均全要素能源效率变动最好,达到了0.996,东部次之为0.979,中部最低为0.950;在各地区的对比中,宁夏物流业全要素能源效率的改善最好,青海改善最差,规模效率是导致省域差异的主要原因。文章最后根据中国物流业能源效率的特点,提出了提高该行业能源效率的建议,可以为相关部门的节能减排政策制定提供科学依据。     

The rich or the poor? Personal resources,do-it-yourself,and innovation in the household sector

Household sector innovation is significant in scale and scope. Thus far, it has been studied in isolation and with mixed evidence regarding the role of personal resources (consumers' income and discretionary time). We recognize that household sector innovation is embedded in the broader phenomenon of do-it-yourself (DIY) by consumers, as the literature reveals conceptual similarities, parallel motivations, and antecedents. The main distinction is that, whereas DIY goods may replicate existing products, household sector innovation is restricted to goods embodying a novel function. We explore if studying household sector innovation and DIY in an integrated framework helps to resolve previous inconsistent evidence on the role of personal resources. Based on a neoclassical model in which agents optimize their time allocation, we hypothesize that income and discretionary time positively relate to their DIY output, but—given that agents develop DIY goods—we hypothesize that income negatively relates to innovation. For discretionary time, we formulate a research question regarding its effect on innovation which we answer empirically. Our findings suggest that consumers with more personal resources derive more process benefits from DIY but that these benefits crowd out individuals' focus on the function of their objects, hence, the likelihood of developing innovations. Survey data from the United Arab Emirates (n = 2728) confirm our suppositions, showing that the relationship between personal resources and household sector innovation is more refined than suggested by previous studies.     

Innovation regimes, R&D and radical innovations in telecommunications

By introducing the concept of innovation regimes, the aim of this article is to show how the rapid pace of technological development in the telecom sector may be explained by the close links between the sector's own R&D and the creation of numerous innovations, many of which are radical. In contemporary innovation theory, a theoretical antinomy exists: Whereas, the creation of incremental innovations is variously explained in terms of «rational» responses to markets, dynamics of technological regimes, dominant design, etc., radical innovations, in contrast, are explained in terms of serendipity, chance or haphazard scientific discoveries. Evidence from analysis of innovations in the telecom sector suggests that innovation regimes have provided a capability of coordination, direction and leadership in the creation of many of the radical technological innovations that have emerged in the sector. Thus, one may claim that the strong innovation regimes and high R&D intensity of the telecom sector, at least until recently, have provided a capability of creating innovations on purpose — for a purpose. The policy implications of this contradict some of the assumptions on which the prevailing market-oriented R&D governance models and policies are based — and which are supported by contemporary innovation theories.     

Psychiatry interacts with contemporary Western views: the DSM‐III innovation and its adverse effects

Economic studies of innovation are relevant to the mental health sector, not just for innovations in more conventional industries, such as telecommunications. We present an economic examination of the impact of an innovation in the mental health sector. The innovation examined here was first adopted in 1980 with the publication of a new edition of the nosology (or classification) for the diagnosis of mental illnesses and disorders, which is known familiarly as the DSM‐III. In our analysis, we incorporate the impact of that innovation, and another major force relevant to psychiatric diagnosis during that time period, i.e. a trend in the West towards the medicalisation of normal sorrows. This is now a documented phenomenon. By using conventional price–quantity space and focussing attention on the quantity outcome, we are able to consider the impact of these concurrent forces on the false positive rate in the diagnosis of mental illnesses in the West and on efficacious diagnostic practice in this sector. Diagnostic efficacy is relevant to treatment, but it is relevant also to resource allocation in the mental health sector. Our analysis highlights the vital place of innovation in diagnostic practices, and the funding of this, in the mental health sector.     

Policy implications of the innovation process in the U.S. food sector

A summary of the findings of a study of innovation among firms in the food sector (suppliers of equipment and packaging, and food processors) is presented. The methodology to incorporate national innovation policy concerns is discussed, including the analysis and impact of firm preferences for federal innovation incentives. Generally, it was found that government influence tends to discourage innovation in this sector, although there are notable exceptions. National science and technology policy recommendations included the following: (1) the most desirable actions are those that make more investment capital at a lower interest rate available to the sector. This would aid food processors in adopting equipment and packaging that would make them more productive and stimulate suppliers to innovate in these product categories. (By one source, suppliers account for more than half the significant innovations in this sector); (2) large food processor and large supplier firm size is a justifiable condition for innovation in the food sector; (3) national innovation policy would be more effective if informed by an increased awareness and understanding of the technology strategy formulation process at the firm level; (4) although tax incentives for innovation are preferred by the sector, the results of this study do not unambiguously inform innovation tax policy; (5) desirable regulatory reforms, especially in the areas that are extreme cost burdens to smaller firms, include the speed-up of the decision making process, and clarification and increased consistency of regulations (e.g., labeling); (6) dissemination of information on the innovation process is a desirable goal to be maintained by government; and (7) any government actions that foster supplier-food processor collaboration for innovating purposes would be desirable.     

China's national innovative capacity

China is transforming itself into the workshop of the world, building an export-oriented national production system linked by global value chains to the world's leading economies. But to what extent is it laying the foundations for moving from imitation to innovation? In this first study of China's national innovative capacity, we extend earlier work conducted on the East Asian Tiger economies, and bring it up to the year 2005. We demonstrate a surge in patenting activity by Chinese firms and organizations since 2001, and analyze the drivers behind this, as well as the quality characteristics of the patenting - in terms of intensity, impact and links with the science base. We have some striking findings to report, including the strong role played by universities in the building of China's national innovative capacity over the last 15 years, and the puzzling apparent lack of contribution of the public sector in reinforcing China's national innovative capacity. On the latter point we suggest that the role of public sector institutions has been mixed, and only exerts its effects after reforms streamlined the system and brought many of the institutions into the private sector.     

Advancing innovation in the public sector: Aligning innovation measurement with policy goals

There is sufficient evidence, drawn from surveys of innovation in the public sector and cognitive testing interviews with public sector managers, to develop a framework for measuring public sector innovation. Although many questions that are covered in the Oslo Manual guidelines for measuring innovation in the private sector can be applied with some modifications to the public sector, public sector innovation surveys need to meet policy needs that require collecting additional types of data. Policy to support public sector innovation requires data on how public sector organizations innovate and how a strategic management approach to innovation can influence the types of innovations that are developed. Both issues require innovations surveys to delve deeply into the innovation processes and strategies that are used by public sector managers. Implementation of the measurement framework proposed in this paper would open up opportunities for a new, policy-relevant research program on public sector innovation.     

Is the commercialisation of scientific research affecting the production of public knowledge?: Global trends in the output of corporate research articles

Judging by the large R&D-active companies that have slimmed down their research labs in recent years, it would seem that corporate research is increasingly managed as an economic asset that is predominantly driven by market forces and ruled by IPR strategies. Has this development significantly affected industry’s basic research and interactions with research communities in the public sector? This paper examines the global trends in an underdeveloped source of information on corporate science: their research articles published in the international scientific and technical journals.Statistical analysis of some 290,000 corporate research articles published in 1996-2001 indicate that, contrary to large increases in patenting and growth in patent citations to research literature, the numbers of research articles that list author affiliate addresses in the corporate sector have declined steadily, especially for those articles authored exclusively by industrial researchers. More detailed analysis of trends in the bio-pharmaceuticals sector and semiconductors sector show sector-specific publication trends and patterns related to specifics of their innovation processes.Overall, these observations provide factual evidence indicating that corporate research is in an on-going process of structural change characterised by a stronger emphasis on the appropriation and commercialisation of in-house research results.     

金融集聚对区域民营经济成长的空间效应研究

本文在分析金融集聚影响区域内部和周边区域民营经济成长的作用机理的基础上，运用空间面板杜宾模型以中国省域样本进行实证分析发现：(1) 考察期内中国省域金融集聚度大致由东部向中、西部地区递减。(2)东部地区金融集聚度较高，对区域内民营经济成长有一定促进作用，且其“涓流效应”可带动周边区域民营经济成长；中、西部地区金融集聚度较低，不能促进区域内民营经济成长，且其“极化效应”可能阻碍周边区域民营经济成长。(3)东、中部地区民营企业已经开始注重技术研发，而西部地区民营企业还停留在规模扩张阶段。     

潜伏的威胁：大部营运过程中的文化冲突

部门文化是部门在长期的行政实践中积淀、凝聚起来而形成的,它与行政部门的行政目标与管理模式融为一体。在部门文化的长期磨合下,部门内部各机构会处于相对平衡、协调状态。大部制改革,将几个相近职能的部门整合成一个大的新部门,这样必然打破这种平衡,使新部门进入一种新的不稳定状态。能否做到文化有效整合,关系到大部制改革的成败和改革后部门的可持续发展。     

Theoretically sound: practically useless? Government grants for industrial R&D in Australia

For nearly twenty years the Australian government has relied on a system of grants to encourage R&D activity in firms. Despite low and declining R&D effort in this sector and only equivocal evidence that grants were having the desired effect, the Board that administers the grants programme has regularly expressed its total confidence in its success. Indeed. the government has long relied on grants as the foundation of its industrial R&D policy - until recently at the cost of any major alternative programme. Much of this confidence has been encouraged by the combined influence of market failure theory and faith in the linear model of technological change. the first explaining what is wrong rather than how it may be put right and the second imputing a simplicity to the innovative process which suggests that if something is wrong it can be easily and assuredly rectified by stimulating R&D.     

经济转型:基于网络分析的产业部门角色演化

利用地区的投入产出表,本研究将网络分析方法运用到地区经济转型分析中,并顺利识别出地区产业网络的演化、集群网络之间的互动及部门角色的变动,尤其是对服务和信息技术产业发展的分析,丰富了我们关于经济转型过程的认识和了解。可以说网络的分析方法,为我们增进对改革过程中各地区产业演化过程的认识提供了又一有效工具,并且通过分析发达地区,相应的发展模式分析结果对落后地区的发展具有一定的借鉴价值。     

行业异质性、环境规制与工业技术创新

技术创新是协调环境规制与工业行业的产业绩效这对矛盾体的有效途径,学术界对环境规制与工业技术创新之间关系的观点存在分歧,需要在理论和经验上进一步证实。本文建立了环境规制与工业技术创新关系的理论模型,并采用2003-2012年间我国35个工业行业的面板数据,考虑异质性行业的环境治理动机差异,实证检验了环境规制对工业技术创新的影响。研究表明:环境规制对工业技术创新的影响趋势呈现"U"型曲线特征,即弱环境规制不利于工业技术创新,而当环境规制强度达到"U"型曲线拐点以后,环境规制会促进工业行业的技术创新。污染密集行业比清洁行业的"U"型拐点出现更晚,污染密集行业的技术创新对环境规制的反应更慢,目前两类行业的环境规制强度都处在曲线拐点的左侧。因此,我国应提高环境规制强度达到一个合理的区间,同时对于不同类型的工业行业采取差异化的环境规制政策,从而有效推动我国工业技术创新能力的提升。     

Towards a holistic user innovation policy

This paper aims to synthesize previous user innovation policy proposals into an adapted system of innovation framework, on which a future holistic user innovation policy for the household sector can be based. We do this in three steps. First, we introduce the systems of innovation framework as a comprehensive basis for a holistic approach to innovation policy. Second, we identify and review policy proposals made by user innovation researchers and categorize them according to ten key activities in the systems of innovation framework. Third, from a system of innovation perspective, we synthesize the policy proposals identified into an adapted framework, including determinants specific to user innovation in the household sector. The synthesized proposals are intended to strengthen the systemic and multi-causal effects of policy on household sector user innovation in a country, region, or sector. Future policies for user innovation may, on this basis, be instrumental in avoiding mono-causality, or the concentration on only a few policy instruments in a proposed policy.     

中国投资引致碳排放与经济增长的空间特征及脱钩测度

长期以来中国经济增长依赖投资,在低碳经济时代下,投资引致的碳排放和经济增长脱钩关系应受到关注。以往对此研究相对较少,且忽略了投资通过不同区域间产业联系所引发的间接脱钩。本文引入面积元并结合投入产出表以改进脱钩模型,研究了2007-2010年间全社会固定资产投资直接、间接引致的中国30个省区市碳排放和经济增长的空间特征及脱钩关系。结果显示：①大部分省份由投资引致的经济增长比碳排放略快,两者为弱脱钩关系;北京和上海实现强脱钩发展,内蒙古、宁夏等资源型省份多为扩张负脱钩;②投资直接引致农林牧渔业实现脱钩发展,建筑业和服务业的直接脱钩状态相对较差;工业投资引致不同区域各产业的间接负脱钩状态最多,服务业受其他行业投资间接影响多呈现负脱钩状态。低碳发展相关政策的制定应考虑地区间的经济联系和产业间的拉动作用,适当补偿承担高碳生产环节的地区,避免盲目发展可能转移大量碳排放的产业。