Children's developing knowledge of the relationship between mental awareness and pretense

This study investigated 3- and 4-year-old's understanding of the relationship between pretense and mental awareness. In Experiments 1 and 2, only a subset of 4-year-olds recognized that sleeping characters and characters ignorant of their appearance were not pretending. However, these experiments had certain linguistic demands, which potentially influenced performance. In Experiments 3, these demand characteristics were reduced; under these circumstances, 3- and 4-year-olds recognized that pretenders were aware of their actions or appearance. However, Experiment 4 showed that even using this modified procedure, 3- and 4-year-olds do not completely understand the relationship between pretense and awareness. These data support the hypotheses that by the age of 4, children have some, but not a complete, understanding of the relationship between pretense and mental awareness.     

中小学应加强对青少年社会角色意识的培养

笔者从青少年社会角色意识这一角度对经常见诸于报端的青少年问题进行分析,指出不良行为的发生是角色不清所引起的.针对这一分析提出,中小学校应该加强对青少年社会角色意识的培养,防止角色失败给个人、家庭和社会带来的损失.同时,笔者就中小学对青少年角色意识的培养提出若干值得注意的问题,以期青少年尽早树立正确的社会角色意识.     

Children's developing commitments to joint goals

This study investigated young children's commitment to a joint goal by assessing whether peers in collaborative activities continue to collaborate until all received their rewards. Forty-eight 2.5- and 3.5-year-old children worked on an apparatus dyadically. One child got access to her reward early. For the partner to benefit as well, this child had to continue to collaborate even though there was no further reward available to her. The study found that 3.5-year-olds, but not 2.5-year-olds, eagerly assisted their unlucky partner. They did this less readily in a noncollaborative control condition. A second study confirmed that 2.5-year-old children understood the task structure. These results suggest that children begin to appreciate the normative dimensions of collaborative activities during the 3rd year of life.     

浅论大学生创业意识的养成

现代社会的高度发达,对人才的标准提出了越来越高的要求;同时由于现代社会转型的加快,使得传统的就业方式在很大程度上不能满足当代大学生的需求。因此,在新的历史条件下,当代大学生如何尽快转变自己的就业观念,即原来的＂就业＂转为＂创业＂在很大程度上制约着大学生的发展;同时,鼓励并积极的为大学生创业提供各种扶持,也是经济、社会良性发展的重要条件。     

应重视大学生健康意识的培养

当今大学生的健康意识非常薄弱,为适应社会的发展和国家未来的需要,应重视大学生健康意识的培养,提高自我保健能力,建立健康行为.     

Children's use of personality attributions to predict other people's emotional and behavioral reactions

This study examines children's abilities to take other people's personality traits into account when predicting their future emotional and behavioral reactions to events. Kindergarten, second-grade, fourth-grade, and college students listened to a series of stories. Each story described 3 examples of a child's past behavior from which a personality trait could be inferred. Subjects were asked to predict and explain the story character's behavioral or emotional reaction to a new event. Their responses were compared to those of subjects who were not given any information about the protagonist's past behavior, and to those of subjects who received prompts. There was an increase with age in the use of personality attributions to predict and explain future reactions. Subjects were more influenced by the trait information when predicting behavior than when predicting emotion. Understanding emotion may be more difficult in that it requires a conceptualization of personality traits as implying thoughts and feelings, as well as behavioral dispositions.     

在思想政治课教学中开展研究性学习初探

通过学科课程结构改革 ,积极思考利用研究性学习的探索活动来拓展延伸课堂教学 ,以全面培养学生的创新精神和实践能力 ,推动素质教育。     

普通高校成人教育发展思路探讨

进入新世纪后，我国普通高校成人教育面临着严峻的挑战，为适应社会发展的需求，本从四个方面探讨了普通高校成人教育的发展思路；更新教育观念，超越原始视域；优化教育结构，拓展社会功能；深化教学改革，坚持质量为本；健全管理规程，改善运行环境。     

关于当前大力发展农村职业教育的思考

在全国上下贯彻落实以人为本、全面协调可持续的发展观,建设社会主义和谐社会的今天,政府、教育界、企业界对发展职业教育的重要性、紧迫性和机遇现实性形成了广泛共识,各种有利于职教发展的政策、管理机制迅速推出,财政支持和社会资本正在集结到位,全国职业教育正在走出长期徘徊的低谷,迎来快速、健康发展的明天.然而,由于农业、农村和农民的特殊性以及种种原因,农村职业教育仍将经历一个艰难的爬坡、攻坚阶段.可以说,农村职教是整个职业教育中的重点和难点.而解决"三农问题",又是党和国家当前和今后一段时期内一切工作的重中之重.所以有必要将"农村职业教育"作为一个专门的问题来思考,探索专门的政策措施来推动.     

马克思恩格斯关于可持续发展的哲学思想

马克思和恩格斯在创立历史唯物主义哲学的过程中,对人和自然的关系和人类生产的可持续发展问题已作出较系统的论述。他们提出了自然、人和社会作为一个整体的思想,并依据人与自然的相互制约提出了可持续发展的必然性思想,揭示出资本主义生活方式是不可持续发展的社会根源,提出实现可持续发展的社会条件和主要途径。     

Self-assessment to incite learning in higher education: developing ontological awareness

Incorporating self-assessment tasks in higher education involves a conceptual shift of the function of assessment for both learners and teachers. Self-assessment is an innovative assessment initiative that foregrounds ontological knowledge and professional identity in higher education, especially where external professional bodies require additional competencies for learners to be work-ready. As a tool to develop learners’ metacognitive strategies, self-assessment challenges views around learning and assessment. The defined task that constitutes ‘self-assessment’ is considered for two key reasons. First, it is essentially a tool to reflect student-staff partnership in learning and assessment if students are positioned as agentic in the assessment process, and, second, it challenges the relationship between assessment and learning; no longer dichotomous, and more culturally relevant. This paper outlines the introduction of self-assessment over three years in a university postgraduate programme. Using cultural historical activity theory, a framework of analysis that recognises multiple networks of activity, the question ‘what constitutes a self-assessment task?’ is addressed. Results show that the development of self-assessment tasks needs to be considered in the learning-assessment nexus. While these forms of assessment initially unsettle students, they are designed to enable students to participate with an eye on their learning, not the grade.     

An investigation into children's developing awareness of time and chronology in story

This study explores how children in English primary schools perceive time and chronology in storybooks-whether the children are aware of the devices used in stories to manipulate time and chronological sequence, and whether their responses demonstrate their own ability to use these devices. Children aged between 3-9 years were involved in conversation about storybooks through the use of open-ended questions. Responses were analysed according to features of the talk that reflected the children's awareness of the time dimension within the stories. The data suggest that children are able to use temporal terms and perceive chronological sequence, or lack of it, at very early ages. If exposed to ideas about time within a meaningful context, young children are capable of surprisingly sophisticated ideas. The implications of this finding for teaching chronology and for the history curriculum are discussed.     

Children's developing ability to adjust their beliefs reasonably in light of disagreement

Two preregistered experiments (N = 218) investigated children's developing ability to respond reasonably to disagreement. U.S. children aged 4–9, and adults (50% female, mostly white) formed an initial belief, and were confronted with the belief of a disagreeing other, whose evidence was weaker, stronger than, or equal to participants' evidence. With age, participants were increasingly likely to maintain their initial belief when their own evidence was stronger, adopt the other's belief when their evidence was weaker, and suspend judgment when both had equally strong evidence. Interestingly, 4- to 6-year-olds only suspended judgment reliably when this was assessed via the search for additional information (Experiment 2). Together, our experiments suggest that the ability to respond reasonably to disagreement develops over the preschool years.     

语文开展素质教育的反思

随着时代的发展，社会的进步，中学语文教育在提高国民素质方面显得越来越重要。因此，语文教学课堂走上素质教育轨道刻不容缓。这就要求从培养学生全面发展和提高教师队伍素质两方面下功夫。让语文教育走在素质教育的前列。充分发挥语文教育的基础性作用。     

全面建设小康社会的思想方法思考

十六大提出全面建设小康社会的奋斗目标。然而为了这个目标的奋斗过程还是很艰辛的，建设小康社会给我们提出了挑战也使我们面临着更好发展的机遇，而在这个过程中，思想方法的正确与否是相当关键的，本文将从探索精神、创新意识和继承融合几个方面进行论述。     

Self-assessment of diversity competence as part of regular teaching evaluations in higher education: raising awareness for diversity issues

Tertiary Education and Management - Higher education institutions face the challenge to promote diversity competence. We suggest a procedure which can help raise awareness for diversity issues...     

对开发和挖掘中职语文潜性课程的思考

中职语文蕴涵着深厚的人文精神和文化底蕴，有着丰富的语文潜性课程内容。中职语文教学，只有从语文教材、课堂教学和课外活动等层面，坚持本体性、适应性、主导性和沟通性原则，才能对中职语文潜性课程进行分类开发与挖掘。     

关于农村成人教育进展情况和推进工作的思考

农村成人教育是我国教育的重要组成部分，随着我国经济社会的发展而不断发展。