Preschool Children's Understanding of Disability: Experiences Leading to the Elaboration of the Concept of Hearing Loss

The impact of participation in a classroom with a peer with a severe hearing loss on preschool children's understanding of hearing and hearing loss was investigated. Subjects included children with and without a peer who had a hearing impairment. All children referred to their own experiences to explain hearing loss. Children who had a hearing-impaired classmate demonstrated a more complete understanding of sign language and the consequences of hearing loss than children without this experience. The implications of these results for children who are enrolled in inclusive preschool programs is discussed.     

Preschool Children's Concepts of Disability in Their Peers

Although mainstream preschool programs have been in existence since the 1970s, little is known about the ways in which typical children attempt to understand what it means for a peer to have a disability. In this study, 4-year-old children without disabilities who were enrolled in a mainstream preschool class explained their peers' disabilities by referring to concepts of immaturity, accident, or adaptive equipment to account for the behavioral differences that they observed. The implications of these cognitions for children's developing attitudes and behaviors toward peers with disabilities are discussed.     

学前儿童生命认知现状研究

生命教育是贯穿人的生命发展全程的终身教育,它有非常丰富的内涵。儿童时期的生命教育可为其今后一生的可持续发展奠定基础。当前,应该从生命起源教育、生命本质教育、生命安全教育、爱心教育和死亡教育这五个方面加强对学前儿童的生命教育。     

学前儿童乘法能力研究综述

关于学前儿童乘法能力发展的研究大多集中在许多与一对应、乘法概念起源、乘法类型以及乘法问题解决策略等方面.已有研究成果对当前幼儿园开展数学教育有积极指导意义.本文通过对已有研究文献的综述,展望了今后的研究方向.     

Context Influences Preschool Children's Decisions to Include a Peer with a Physical Disability in Play

Understanding children's decisions to include a child with a disability in activities is an important component of the social environment of children with disabilities. We examined preschool children's understanding of the motor and social competence of hypothetical children with a physical disability, children's decisions to include or exclude a peer with a physical disability in play activities, and children's justifications of their inclusion/exclusion decisions. Children understood that a peer with a physical disability would have more difficulty with activities requiring motor skills than social skills and were more likely to include a peer with a physical disability when the activities required minimal motor skills. The role of typically developing children's understanding of social contexts in peer relationships is discussed.     

践行"大爱"理念 引领认识科学发展观

有机结合时代特征,把握中国特色社会主义实践的科学性;有机结合教材大纲要求的实施,了解科学发展观内容的科学性;有机结合社会热点,确认科学发展观社会意义的科学性;有机结合学生成长的客观要求,认识科学发展观指导生活的科学性;有机结合教师自身终身发展的需要,坚信科学发展观核心原则的生命力。     

High-Quality Preschool: The Socioeconomic Composition of Preschool Classrooms and Children's Learning

Research Findings: As policymakers expand access to preschool, the sociodemographic composition of preschool classrooms will become increasingly important. These efforts may create programs that increase the concentration of children from low-income families or, alternatively, foster the creation of socioeconomically diverse preschool classrooms. What effect the creation of such contexts would have on very young children remains unclear. Using multilevel methods and data on 2,966 children in 704 prekindergarten classrooms, this study explores the relationship between socioeconomic classroom composition and children's social and cognitive development. The results indicate positive associations between the mean socioeconomic status (SES) of the class and children's receptive language, expressive language, and mathematics learning, regardless of children's own sociodemographic backgrounds and the characteristics of their classrooms. However, the analyses indicate no association between the development of social competence and class mean SES. Practice or Policy: The links between classroom SES and language and mathematics development were comparable in size to those associated with instructional quality and even children's own SES. Neither structural nor instructional characteristics of prekindergarten classrooms explained these relationships, suggesting the possibility of direct peer effects. The findings indicate that the composition of children's classrooms should be considered an important aspect of preschool quality.     

Children's Sensitivity to Lack of Understanding

Successful tutoring depends in part on child tutors’ ability to recognise and interpret accurately signals of misunderstanding by their tutees. Age- and gender-related differences were investigated in a study which exposed 80 children to a video-recorded episode involving a target child receiving ambiguous instructions in her attempts to move a model car along a designated route on a playmat roadway from one destination to another. The results showed that explicit, general and facial modes of displaying puzzlement by the target child were judged as equally powerful expressions of degree of puzzlement, but 8-10 year olds judged the target child as significantly more puzzled than did 7 year olds. Older children were also more likely to attribute the puzzlement of the target child to the ambiguous instructions than to her verbal or facial expression of puzzlement. Girls were generally more accurate than boys in judging facial expressions and less likely than boys to give wrong or alternatively ambiguous responses when given the opportunity to correct the video-recorded ambiguous instructions. The results throw some light on the developing sensitivities of boys and girls in recognising and attributing failures of understanding by other children.     

幼儿抗挫折能力的发展特点

幼儿抗挫折能力是幼儿适应社会环境所不可缺少的一种生存能力,是儿童健全人格的重要组成部分.本研究采用问卷调查法对507名3～5岁幼儿抗挫折能力的发展特点进行调查,结果表明:幼儿抗挫折能力的发展存在极其显著的年龄差异,表现出随年龄增长而不断增强的发展趋势,3～4岁可能是幼儿抗挫折能力发展的关键期;幼儿抗挫折能力的发展不存在显著的性别差异.     

From Scribbles to Scrabble: Preschool Children's Developing Knowledge of Written Language

The purpose of this study was to concurrently examine the development of written language across different writing tasks and to investigate how writing features develop in preschool children. Emergent written language knowledge of 372 preschoolers was assessed using numerous writing tasks. The findings from this study indicate that children demonstrate knowledge about writing before beginning school and receiving formal instruction. There was clear evidence to support the claim that universal writing features develop before language-specific features. Children as young as 3 years possess knowledge regarding universal and language-specific writing features. Preschoolers appear to progress along a continuum from scribbling to conventional spelling. Although this progression is sequential, children’s writing proficiency is task dependent. Implications of these findings on writing development are discussed.     

理解儿童的理解——从哲学解释学的角度分析

后现代哲学解释学认为理解是人存在的方式.人自从呱呱落"地"以后,就不断理解着世界,体现生命和生存的意义,那些看上去很"浅薄的"哲学和科学思想,以及"简单"的艺术手法,无不体现儿童对世界的理解.但在现实社会中,成人往往无法正确理解儿童,容易把成人的意识强加给儿童.我们要通过"澄明""阐亮"和"平等对话"来改变这种现状,还儿童一片新的世界.     

论生命化教学理念与学前教育教学实践

关注生命是人的发展的必然要求。学前儿童生命化教学的理念在于追求儿童的生命完整。生活世界是学前儿童生命化教学的根基，学前儿童生命化教学的实践途径主要是交往互动和体验。学前教育应以生命的发展为基础，视儿童为生命体，弘扬生命的体验性、交往的互动性、知识的生成性、情感的和谐性，把教育的目的、过程、结果与生命发展联系起来，注重生命的发展、人格的健全和智慧的生成。     

学前期儿童情绪发展的特征

情绪发展是人的整体发展不可分割的部分,学前期儿童情绪发展的特征主要表现在情绪理解的发展、情绪的调节性增高、移情和情绪表达的发展四个方面.情绪发展对学前期儿童的生存和成长具有三个方面的价值;适应生存的心理工具,应对社会生活情境的能力来源,组织认识活动的心理激发者.     

解读在学前教育中如何培养孩子的注意力

在我国的教育系统中,学前教育是儿童心智系统和神经系统得到迅速发展的最重要的时候,也是儿童发展智力和潜力的关键期。学前教育对儿童实施教育的过程中,对儿童实施有目的性、有规划性的教育内容是非常有必要的,尤其是对学前儿童注意力的培养方面。本文主要概述学前教育应如何培养孩子的注意力的方法手段以及注意力的相关特点,希望可以为相关人员提供一定的帮助。     

绕开"听而不闻"的策略

英语听力的重要性日益显现,中国的高职生,尤其非英语专业的高职生,却由于存在听力焦虑而常常听而不闻,试通过症结分析推荐一个综合解决方案,希望有助于国内的听力教学。     

Preschool Children's Evolving Conceptions of Badness: A Longitudinal Study

The purpose of this research was to investigate longitudinally preschool children's conceptions of badness. Forty children from the Block and Block study of personality and cognitive development were interviewed at ages 3, 4, and 5 years. When asked to generate things children do that are "bad," preschoolers predominately generated events entailing negative consequences to others, that is, moral transgressions. They also mentioned events pertaining to conventional violations, emotional expressions, prudential situations, and punishments, but these were comparatively rare. The moral transgressions generated involved physical harm, property violations, and inter- personal trust violations. Physical harm was referred to significantly more often than the latter two moral categories. These findings were stable across the preschool years.     

Preschool Children's Evolving Conceptions of Badness: A Longitudinal Study

The purpose of this research was to investigate longitudinally preschool children's conceptions of badness. Forty children from the Block and Block study of personality and cognitive development were interviewed at ages 3, 4, and 5 years. When asked to generate things children do that are “bad”, preschoolers predominately generated events entailing negative consequences to others, that is, moral transgressions. They also mentioned events pertaining to conventional violations, emotional expressions, prudential situations, and punishments, but these were comparatively rare. The moral transgressions generated involved physical harm, property violations, and inter- personal trust violations. Physical harm was referred to significantly more often than the latter two moral categories. These findings were stable across the preschool years.     

Maternal Support of Children's Early Numerical Concept Learning Predicts Preschool and First‐Grade Math Achievement

The primary goal in this study was to examine maternal support of numerical concepts at 36 months as predictors of math achievement at 4½ and 6‐7 years. Observational measures of mother–child interactions (n = 140) were used to examine type of support for numerical concepts. Maternal support that involved labeling the quantities of sets of objects was predictive of later child math achievement. This association was significant for preschool (d = .45) and first‐grade math (d = .49), controlling for other forms of numerical support (identifying numerals, one‐to‐one counting) as well as potential confounding factors. The importance of maternal support of labeling set sizes at 36 months is discussed as a precursor to children's eventual understanding of the cardinal principle.     

关于学前儿童注意力缺失问题的调查研究

注意力缺失是学前儿童常见的一种心理和行为障碍。如果出现这种问题将会对幼儿今后的学习和生活造成很大的影响。通常在幼儿注意力缺失出现的早期,因为其表现不十分明显,经常被大家所忽视。鉴于此,本文从学前儿童注意力缺失的表现症状入手,主要论述对注意力缺失问题儿童所采取的矫正方法及相关措施。     

Parenting Practices in Preschool Leading to Later Cognitive Competence: A Family Stress Model

Research Findings: This study investigates the effect of the early home environment on self-regulation in preschoolers, and how self-regulation relates to later school achievement, while taking into account family resources. Participants were part of the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development's Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development. Our model tested paths from family income and maternal depression through parenting to dyadic and child outcomes, including attachment, self-regulation, and child cognitive outcomes in the 1st grade. Findings indicated that family income and maternal depression had a substantial effect on parenting practices. Children whose parents did not display negative affect toward them during episodes of depression were more likely to maintain healthy attachment styles. Parenting, which was directly affected by family income, was the most important predictor of children's cognitive development. Practice or Policy: Regarding implications for practice, this research indicates that parents who provide a safe and stimulating environment for their children, despite limited financial resources or mental health issues, are more likely to have children who are prepared for school. School counselors, child care administrators, and policymakers should be aware of the importance of parenting to school success and should provide opportunities for parent education and involvement during the first years of life.