英语语音意识和阅读能力相关关系的研究

对初二学生英语语音意识的发展状况及与阅读能力之间的关系调查研究表明。初二学生的英语语音意识与其阅读能力有显著性相关;语音意识是阅读能力较好的预测指标;初二学生在英语语音意识的三项任务上表现显著的差异,韵脚意识好于音节意识,后者又好于音位意识。     

Enhancing Phonological Awareness and Letter Knowledge in Preschool Children with Down Syndrome

This study investigated the effectiveness of a phonological awareness intervention for 4‐year‐old children with Down syndrome. Seven children with Down syndrome who attended an early intervention centre participated in the intervention. Their performance on measures of phonological awareness (initial phoneme identity), letter name and sound knowledge, and print concepts pre‐intervention and post‐intervention, was compared with that of a randomly selected group of age‐matched peers with typical development. The intervention involved print referencing techniques whereby the children’s parents were instructed to bring the children’s attention to targeted letters and sounds within words and to draw their attention to the initial phonemes in words during daily shared book reading activities. The intervention was presented for a 6‐week period. The results indicated a significant treatment effect on phonological awareness and letter knowledge for the children with Down syndrome. Additionally, above‐chance performance on the initial phoneme identity task was contingent on letter knowledge of the particular phoneme. Individual profiles of the children with Down syndrome pre‐intervention and post‐intervention are presented, and implications for the management of preschool children approaching the age of integration into mainstream primary schools are discussed.     

Relations Between Children's Invented Spelling and the Development of Phonological Awareness

The objective of this study was to assess the impact on phonological skills of a training program that was intended to lead preschool children to move from prephonetic spellings to early phonemic spellings. The participants were 30 preschool children who were divided into two groups (experimental and control groups) that were equivalent in terms of the children's intelligence, the number of letters with which they were familiar and the nature of their invented spelling. The intervention proved effective, inasmuch as the children in the experimental group moved to early phonemic spellings, whereas those in the control group did not. This conceptual evolution entailed enhanced performance in phonemic classification, segmentation and deletion tests, in which the children in the experimental group displayed a degree of progress which differed significantly from that achieved by the members of the control group.     

PASS认知成分和语音意识在中英文阅读中的作用

该研究旨在了解PASS理论包含的基本认知过程(计划、注意、同时加工和序列加工)与中英文阅读的关系.对三、四、五年级共102名被试施测了中英文阅读测验,中英文语音意识测验以及CAS认知评估测试.相关分析发现,中文识字量和阅读流畅性均与计划显著相关,英文真词辨认与计划和序列加工的相关显著,英文假词辨认则与计划和同时加工显著相关.回归分析发现,英文中,语音意识对阅读的解释力大于PASS认知过程,但计划、同时加工和序列加工的解释亦达到显著,中文中,PASS认知过程对阅读的解释力大于语音意识,且计划的解释力最高.结果既验证了PASS认知过程在英文阅读中的作用,也发现中文阅读有不同于英文阅读的认知特点.     

瑶族儿童汉语语音意识与阅读能力的相关研究

选取桂北24名瑶族和28名汉族三年级小学生,采用声母、韵母、声调的语音意识测试和拼音补词、读句指错、读句改错、语段阅读的阅读能力测试,探讨瑶族儿童的汉语语音意识与阅读能力及其相关的问题。结果发现：瑶族儿童汉语语音意识能力与汉族儿童相当,并未受普通话的使用率与熟练程度的影响,而有可能受元语言能力以及母语正迁移的积极影响;瑶族儿童阅读能力低于汉族儿童,这与处于学习第二语言汉语早期阶段有关,也与汉语书面阅读经验有限有关;瑶族儿童汉语语音意识与阅读能力存在相关,拼音补词与声母意识、韵母意识、声调意识相关显著;语段阅读与韵母意识相关显著。因此,应重新审视少数民族的语言价值,看到和发挥母语对于第二语言汉语语音意识和阅读能力的正迁移作用。     

Age of Bilingual Exposure Is Related to the Contribution of Phonological and Semantic Knowledge to Successful Reading Development

Bilingual children's reading as a function of age of first bilingual language exposure (AoE) was examined. Bilingual (varied AoE) and monolingual children (N = 421) were compared in their English language and reading abilities (6–10 years) using phonological awareness, semantic knowledge, and reading tasks. Structural equation modeling was applied to determine how bilingual AoE predicts reading outcomes. Early exposed bilinguals outperformed monolinguals on phonological awareness and word reading. Phonology and semantic (vocabulary) knowledge differentially predicted reading depending on the bilingual experience and AoE. Understanding how bilingual experiences impact phonological awareness and semantic knowledge, and in turn, impact reading outcomes is relevant for our understanding of what language and reading skills are best to focus on, and when, to promote optimal reading success.     

0-3岁儿童教育的途径

0-3岁儿童的早期教育,是人生开端的教育,是人一生中发展最为迅速和关键的时期,关系到国民整体素质的提高。随着学前教育社会需求量的加大,0-3岁儿童的教育除了在家庭中进行,还需要一些其它的教育途径来满足家长的需求,能为0-3岁儿童提供优质的教育服务。根据城乡的不同特点,通过社区学前教育、幼儿园、亲子园等教育途径,为0-3岁儿童和家长提供早期保育和教育服务。     

Teaching Phonological Awareness and Metacognitive Strategies to Children with Reading Difficulties: A comparison of two instructional methods

This paper describes an applied training study which investigated the differential effects of two instructional methods on the reading performance of primary school children with reading difficulties. Sixty five children aged 7-10 participated. Twenty five children were assigned to each of two experimental groups: direct instruction in phonological awareness and the alphabetic principle, or the same direct instruction in phonological awareness in conjunction with training in specific metalinguistic concepts and metacognitive strategies. Fifteen children were selected as controls. Reading performance from baseline was measured within a pretest, posttest, and delayed posttest experimental design. Data and results are presented on 60 children owing to attrition. Results showed that direct instruction in phonological awareness improved the reading performance of children with reading difficulties over time. However, direct instruction in phonological awareness in conjunction with explicit training in specific metalinguistic concepts and metacognitive strategies was more advantageous overall.     

Phonological Awareness,Peer Nominations,and Social Competence Among Preschool Children At Risk for Developing Learning Disabilities

This study examined the relations between phonological awareness skills and social-emotional competence among preschool children who were considered at risk for developing learning disabilities. Phonological awareness skills, loneliness, sense of coherence, and peer acceptance of 98 children with an age range from 5.0 to 6.4 years (39 with a high risk for developing learning disabilities and 59 nondisabled peers) were assessed. The children at risk differed significantly from the nondisabled children on all measures. Their scores on the phonological awareness measures were lower, they viewed themselves as more lonely, felt less confident about their world, and they were less accepted by their peers. Subgrouping, using the sense of coherence and the combined phonological measure as criteria, revealed that the largest number of children at risk were in the group with lowest levels of coherence and phonological awareness skills. The smallest proportion of high risk children was found in the group characterised by its high sense of coherence and high level of phonological awareness. Thus, children at risk for developing learning disabilities revealed two groups of deficits: phonological awareness difficulties and social-emotional difficulties. The results emphasised the need to examine interrelations between peer acceptance and both cognitive-phonological awareness and emotional domains.     

不同阅读方式下学前儿童在图画书阅读中对文字的关注

分享阅读被认为可以有效提高儿童的文字意识,因为它可以使儿童获得更多与文字接触的机会。为了验证以上观点,本研究以SMI眼动仪为工具,对71名3~6岁幼儿在自主阅读和分享阅读方式下阅读图画书的特点进行考察。结果发现:分享阅读不能提高学前儿童对文字的关注程度,自读方式则可以增加儿童与文字接触的机会;儿童对文字的关注程度随着年龄班的增长而提高,且在小班与中班之间变化最为明显;阅读方式不影响儿童对主人公的关注程度;分享阅读提高了儿童信息加工的速度,且该效应在小班最明显;儿童对图画书中隐藏细节信息的关注程度随着年龄班的增长而降低。     

Phonological Awareness and Rapid Naming Skills of Children with Reading Disabilities and Children with Reading Disabilities Who Are At Risk for Mathematics Difficulties

Limited research has examined the skills of children with a reading disability (RD) and children with RD and a mathematics disability (MD). Even less research has examined the phonological awareness (PA) and rapid automatized naming (RAN) skills in these two groups of children and how these skills relate to reading and math achievement. Additionally, various classification criteria are frequently implemented to classify children with MD. The purpose of this study, therefore, was to examine the PA and RAN skills in children who met different criteria for RD only and children with RD who are at risk for mathematics difficulties (MDR). Participants were 114 second‐ or third‐grade students with RD from public elementary schools in three large metropolitan areas. Students were classified as at risk for mathematics difficulties utilizing a 25th‐percentile cutoff and a 15th‐percentile cutoff as assessed by the KeyMath‐Revised Test ( Connolly, 1988 ). A series of PA and RAN measures were administered along with a range of reading and mathematics measures. Hierarchical regression analyses indicated that children with RD only evidenced a different pattern of results compared to children with RD + MDR. Additionally, using a more stringent criterion to classify children at risk for mathematics difficulties resulted in a differential pattern of results when compared to a less stringent classification criterion.     

The Relationship of Spelling Recognition, RAN, and Phonological Awareness to Reading Skills in Older Poor Readers and Younger Reading-Matched Controls

The role of spelling recognition was examined in word reading skills and reading comprehension for dyslexic and nondyslexic children. Dyslexic and nondyslexic children were matched on their raw word reading proficiency. Relationships between spelling recognition and the following were examined for both groups of children: verbal ability, working memory, phonological measures, rapid naming, word reading, and reading comprehension. Children’s performance in spelling recognition was significantly associated with their skills in word reading and reading comprehension regardless of their reading disability status. Furthermore, spelling recognition contributed significant variance to reading comprehension for both dyslexic and nondyslexic children after the effects of phonological awareness, rapid naming, and word reading proficiency had been accounted for. The results support the role of spelling recognition in reading development for both groups of children and they are discussed using a componential reading fluency framework.     

试论形而上学与数学的关系——以笛卡尔为例

形而上学与数学有怎样的联系?这是西方哲学研究中的一个重要的问题.从西方哲学家泰勒斯、毕达哥拉斯、柏拉图、亚里士多德的哲学中可见出数学对其形而上学的影响.笛卡尔采用数学的方法,建立了他的知识论形而上学.数学与笛卡尔的知识论形而上学相互影响、互为根据.     

Phonological Awareness and Rapid Automatized Naming Predicting Early Development in Reading and Spelling: Results from a Cross-Linguistic Longitudinal Study

In this study, the relationship between latent constructs of phonological awareness (PA) and rapid automatized naming (RAN) were investigated and related to later measures of reading and spelling in children learning to read in different alphabetic writing systems (i.e., Norwegian/Swedish vs. English). 750 U.S./Australian children and 230 Scandinavian children were followed longitudinally between kindergarten and 2nd grade. PA and RAN were measured in kindergarten and Grade 1, while word recognition, phonological decoding, and spelling were measured in kindergarten, Grade 1, and Grade 2. In general, high stability was observed for the various reading and spelling measures, such that little additional variance was left open for PA and RAN. However, results demonstrated that RAN was more related to reading than spelling across orthographies, with the opposite pattern shown for PA. In addition, tests of measurement invariance show that the factor loadings of each observed indicator on the latent PA factor was the same across U.S./Australia and Scandinavia. Similar findings were obtained for RAN. In general, tests of structural invariance show that models of early literacy development are highly transferable across languages.     

国外幼儿手指动作与数能力关系研究回顾与展望

数能力作为儿童认知发展的重要方面一直是心理学关注的问题.近些年来,国外手指动作与早期数能力关系研究越来越受到研究者的重视.笔者通过发展心理学与认知神经科学两个视角,从数概念及其表征、计数技能的获得以及运算能力的发展等方面概述了国外近些年来幼儿手指动作与数认知关系的研究,并在此基础上提出了当前该领域研究的前景与教育上的思考.     

水可载舟亦可覆舟--谈声乐演唱与钢琴伴奏的关系

声乐演唱离不开伴奏。钢琴伴奏是声乐演唱的主要伴奏形式之一,是水与船的关系。互相依托。但在普通高校音乐专业的声乐观摩、考试中,钢琴伴奏的艺术质量强差人意,透过声乐钢琴伴奏艺术质量较差的现象,我们应看到普通高校音乐专业在教学机制、教学内容、教师配备、师资水平等方面存在的不足,并应在上述方面有所加强和改善,使学生得到完善的艺术教育。     

促进幼儿阅读习惯养成的策略

早期阅读通过各式各样的阅读经验来培养幼儿的阅读能力、阅读兴趣与阅读习惯.为此,幼儿园要为幼儿创设适宜的阅读环境,选择适宜的阅读材料,开展丰富的阅读活动.在此过程中,还需要教师与家长形成教育合力,一起促进幼儿良好阅读习惯的养成.     

从“宏大叙事”到“叙事游戏”——《人到中年》和《冈底斯的诱惑》的比较

《人到中年》和《冈底斯的诱惑》这两个文本是处于新时期两个重要时间点的重要作品。从其创作方法、小说观念的异同中，我们可以看到新时期文学从意识形态普遍化到反抗意识形态，从寻找历史主体到个人化写作，从“写什么”到“怎么写”的嬗变轨迹。     

儿童阅读障碍的生成与诊治研究综述

阅读障碍是学习障碍中最常见的一种障碍。1993年的一项统计资料表明,有80%的学习障碍儿童出现阅读方面的困难。另据统计,美国在发展方面存在障碍的儿童占儿童总数的5.25%,在学习障碍儿童中有至少50%是阅读障碍儿童。可见,阅读障碍儿童所占比例之大。那么,到底什么是阅读障碍呢？所谓“阅读障碍”是指对阅读技能的掌握落后于年龄常模,而落后的原因又不是智力落后、重大脑损伤或严重的情绪不稳定”。（［美］E.J.Gibson）儿童阅读障碍主要包括认字和理解两大部分。具有阅读障碍的儿童在学习过程中一般会出现以下特征：①阅读速度慢,…     

How to Improve Reading Accuracy by Strategic Leading-in and Guidance

The present study presents a detailed report of a project implemented to solve the problem that most of my students’reading comprehension accuracy is low.It is hypothesized that learners'reading comprehension accuracy can be improved by strategic leading-in and guidance.This hypothesis is verified by a threeweek classroom teaching of strategic leading-in and guidance in pre-reading stage.Among the methods of scientific investigation used are analytic method,cause analysis,questionnaire and brainstorming activation.