Early Peer Interaction: A Research Agenda

We propose and discuss several hypotheses concerning the unique developmental status of peer relations in the first three years of life. We then suggest how these developmental differences might translate into hypotheses regarding early individual differences. The integrating questions revolve around whether individual differences in toddler and early preschool peer relations mean the same thing to young children as they do to older children, and whether they carry the same weight and serve the same functions in toddler peer groups as in peer groups among older children. Specifically, we suggest three ways that peer relations in the first three years are fundamentally different from later childhood peer relations: 1) they are likely to be more directly linked to and determined by temperament and attachment relationships; 2) limits in self and other understanding in the early years we likely to constrain both individual interaction skills and the formation of relationships with peers; 3) because emotion regulation in very young children is different from childhood emotion regulation, its role in governing peer relations will likely be different as well. Together, these proposals lead to the conclusion that individual differences in toddler peer relations must carry different meaning than in later childhood. A developmental perspective on individual differences suggests both continuities and discontinuities between toddler peer relations and childhood peer relations, and we offer several predictions.     

学习科学研究领域及其新进展——"学习科学新进展"系列论文引论

围绕人类学习,整合心理学、认知科学、教育学、计算机科学等领域的研究成果,从不同学科视角对人类学习进行全方位研究,催生了一个全新的、跨学科的研究领域——学习科学."学习科学新进展"系列论文以国外学习科学主要领域研究的新进展为核心,系统梳理和把握国外学习科学研究最新成就,以期为我国教育改革与发展提供思想给养.本文系此系列论文的开篇,重点就学习科学的本质与使命、学习科学的发展演变、研究取向及主要实践领域等问题进行深入分析,并就系列论文的设计与安排进行介绍,最后论述了利用学习科学与技术变革教育的意义与价值.     

早期留守经历对农村初中生同伴交往的影响

采用友谊质量问卷对河南省1 063名农村初中生同伴交往状况进行问卷调查,探讨早期留守经历对青少年同伴交往的影响。结果发现,经历了留守的农村初中生表现出更多的友谊冲突和背叛,较少的帮助与指导,与同伴间缺乏交流,早期双亲外出的初中生友谊质量最差,且经历留守的初中生友谊质量存在显著的性别差异。因此,早期的留守经历影响个体初中阶段的同伴交往,不利于青少年的社会化。     

数学教学促进同伴交往的策略研究

同伴交往学习,不仅使学习者可以聆听别人的意见并作出适当的评价,而且可以使学习者在交流他们的思想时,进一步明晰、精确和发展他们的思维。在数学教学中,同伴交往的策略是：理解教材,丰富同伴交往学习;把握时机,组织同伴交往学习;发展评价,促进同伴交往学习。     

Identifying a School Counseling Research Agenda: A Delphi Study

The authors conducted a Delphi study to identify important research questions regarding school counseling. During 3 consecutive rounds of e‐mail queries, an expert panel of 21 school counseling educators and practitioners were asked to identify the goals of school counseling research, develop specific research questions, and rate the importance of the questions. The highest rated research questions concerned school counseling interventions that have an impact on academic achievement and the effects of school counseling programs on student outcomes. The panel's final list of 42 research questions can help counselor educators, graduate students, and practitioners develop research projects that most effectively meet the needs of the field.     

Updating the School Counseling Research Agenda: A Delphi Study

The authors updated an earlier Delphi study identifying the research priorities for school counseling (Dimmitt et al., 2005 ). A 29‐member expert panel selected research questions from the prior study, generated new questions, and rank ordered the combined set. The results provide guidance for prioritizing dissertation topics, targeting future research, and focusing the scholarly efforts of counselor educators.     

国际开放教育资源典型案例:一个研究计划

开放教育资源运动不仅体现了大学的使命与教育体系的开放,而且使得知识开始成为公共财富。文章在简要介绍开放教育资源的内涵、分类以及开放教育资源运动发展现状的基础上,报道了"国际开放教育资源运动典型案例研究"的背景、目的、典型案例遴选方式以及该研究专栏的研究方法。作为"开放教育资源运动"系列论文的首篇,文章还就整个研究专栏的设计与安排作了简要介绍。最后,深入分析了此项研究对我国开放教育资源建设乃至教育信息化的重要意义和借鉴价值。     

面向群体智能塑造未来教育:一项重要研究课题

群体智能指群体在完成一系列不同任务时表现出的综合能力,是面向未来复杂情境中跨学科、综合型任务解决过程必不可少的关键要素。教育现代化进程中的群体智能教育是面向未来培养公民信息素养、合作能力、问题解决能力的重要载体和实现目标。文章基于当前研究领域中对群体智能基本概念的辨析和探索,从国际视野出发,剖析基于不同的技术手段对群体智能教育的探索和实践,提出教育信息化时代中国教育领域中进一步强化群体智能教育、推动"五育并举"、促进培养复合型人才的可行路径。     

A Pragmatic Agenda for Developmental Supervision Research

Three “moratoriums” are proposed for developmental supervision research. Future researchers are encouraged to focus on pragmatic questions about the actual conduct of effective supervision.     

融合教育中的同伴作用策略

同伴作用是融合教育中需要予以特别重视的问题,其决定着融合教育的质量,它可以分担教师的工作压力和拓展融合教育的发展。常用的同伴作用策略有同伴指导、合作学习和反向融合。同伴作用策略的实施应着眼于满足残障儿童的特殊需要,形成系统的计划和关注全体学生的发展。     

Child Care and Children's Peer Interaction at 24 and 36 Months: The NICHD Study of Early Child Care

Data from the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Study of Early Child Care were examined to determine how children's experiences in child care were related to peer competence at 24 and 36 months of age, after controlling for the effects of family and child characteristics. Peer competence was assessed using mother and caregiver ratings as well as observations of children with their peers in child care, and at 36 months from observations of dyadic play with a familiar peer. Consistent, albeit modest, relations were found between child-care experiences in the first 3 years of life and children's peer competencies. Positive, responsive caregiver behavior was the feature of child care most consistently associated with positive, skilled peer interaction in child care. Children with more experience in child-care settings with other children present were observed to be more positive and skilled in their peer play in child care, although their caregivers rated them as more negative with playmates. Children who spent more hours in child care were rated by their caregivers as more negative in peer play, but their observed peer play was not related to the quantity of care. Child-care experiences were not associated with peer competence as rated by mothers or as observed in dyadic play with a friend. Maternal sensitivity and children's cognitive and language competence predicted peer competence across all settings and informants, suggesting that family and child-care contexts may play different, but complementary roles in the development of early emerging individual differences in peer interaction.     

游戏情境中幼儿的同伴交往策略系统

本研究以109名3~6岁幼儿为被试,用自然观察法采集幼儿同伴交往事件,提炼幼儿同伴交往策略,建立游戏情境中幼儿同伴交往策略系统。结果表明,游戏情境中幼儿同伴交往策略系统共包含26种策略,根据交往目标可归纳为主动邀请、合作、联合、攻击、应对攻击、助人、物质交换、言语协商、提供物质、拒绝等十大类。该策略系统能够有效地反映幼儿同伴交往策略的发展状况。     

异龄同伴交往:改善社交障碍儿童的一种有效方式

与同龄同伴交往相比,异龄同伴交往表现出非对称相依性、非竞争性和角色匹配适宜性等特征,这些特征使得异龄同伴交往活动成为改善交往不足儿童和交往不当儿童的一种十分有效的方式.教育者应为社交障碍儿童创设参与异龄同伴交往的机会与条件,并注意在环境创设、交往引发以及交往过程的疏导等方面做好相关的支持性工作.     

Contextualizing Teacher Efficacy in a High-Performing System: A Research Agenda

Drawing from Albert Bandura’s social cognitive theory, Tschannen-Moran, Woolfolk Hoy and Hoy (1998) proposed an integrated model of teacher efficacy to aid the understanding of this complex construct. This framework, despite its richness and usefulness in framing teacher efficacy research within the education landscape, is barely examined in the Southeast Asian education context. Acknowledging that teacher efficacy is a context-specific construct, this article discusses three defining features of the socio-cultural context in Singapore, including diversification of curriculum, high-stakes examinations and the culture of collectivism. We argue that these three features present a unique culturally appropriated perspective on the interpretation of Tschannen-Moran et al.’s integrated conceptual framework. These contextual characteristics and their implications to choices of methodological inquiries need to be considered in the application of this influential framework to teacher efficacy research across subject matters, levels and academic streams in Singapore as well as other education systems that share similar socio-cultural backgrounds.     

Computer-Supported Collaborative Concept Mapping: Study of Synchronous Peer Interaction

The paper studies undergraduate students' synchronous peer interaction using a shared Activity Space and a text communication tool. Several groups of students collaborated in order to accomplish a data-modelling task in the context of a Databases University undergraduate course. The paper presents the collaboration support environment, i.e. a concept-mapping tool, used in this study. Subsequently, evaluation of the effectiveness of the environment in the educational process is discussed along various dimensions, like group synthesis, task control, content of communication, roles of the students and the effect of the tools used. Special emphasis is given in the ways the tools and the representations used complement each other and support the process. A discussion on the use of computer-supported collaborative problem solving environments is also included.     

Integration: An Agenda for Developmental Research

In their magnum opus, Lakoff and Johnson (1999) argued for a philosophy in the flesh. The research presented in the Monograph describes psychology in the flesh. There are ways to measure the changing constellations of interacting systems that influence and transform one another during development and many models to conceptualize the resulting patterns (Flavell, 1972). Development may consist of changing patterns of transactions among internal and external systems (Oyama, 1999). As Bloom and Tinker note, "Development leads to a variety of different abilities.... However, another developmental task not ordinarily considered is the integration of these abilities ... in a seamless pattern of contingency in everyday events." Development consists of more than acquisition; it consists of changing patterns of integration, and changing patterns of use of multifaceted abilities.     

同伴互动及其评测研究综述

作为认知发展和语言学习的重要途径,同伴互动自20世纪80年代以来受到了研究者的广泛关注。本文介绍同伴互动的理论基础,从"同伴互动效果""同伴互动模式""同伴互动效果影响因素""同伴互动评测研究"四个方面对国内外同伴互动研究与实践领域进行归类与分析,提出当前研究的不足及未来研究方向,提出"课堂上进行有效同伴合作交流,适当的教师引导和合理的教学设计相当重要"的结论。     

The Value of Peer Interaction in the First-Term Community College Classroom: A Faculty Perspective

ABSTRACT

Existing literature suggests that social connection with peers is beneficial for first-term college students. First-term community college students are less likely to experience social interactions than their counterparts at residential universities. However, recent attention has pointed to the classroom as the main place where social interaction can occur. The objective of this study was to understand the value in promoting social integration in the first-term community college classroom. This qualitative study used a multiple case-study design to interview 13 instructors who promote social interaction in their community college classrooms filled with primarily first-term students. The sampling was reputational. Coding and thematic analysis was applied to each completed interview, and then a cross-case analysis was used to generate comprehensive themes for the entire study. According to the data generated by this study, the value of promoting social interaction in the community college classes is found in: (a) enhanced learning, (b) appealing classroom atmosphere, (c) student development and growth, (d) membership in supportive community, (e) student success, and (f) safety and comfort. The themes that emerged from the data indicate that there is qualitative value for both the student and the instructor when social interaction is present in a community college classroom. This study also suggests further research is needed to better understand how social interaction activities impact the student, and how practices can be delivered effectively and beneficially.