角色冲突对平台依附型新创企业绩效的影响

平台主导者的网络效应和赢者通吃效应致使平台依附型创业者在平台演化过程中不断面临角色冲突,创业者角色冲突势必影响到平台依附型新创企业绩效。平台依附型新创企业需要基于知识的关键能力实现以更少的资源做更多的事情,减轻数字平台演化造成的不利影响。基于308份调研问卷,运用SPSS25.0和Mplus8.0软件,本文探索创业者角色冲突对平台依附型新创企业绩效的影响,并探索基于知识的关键能力的调节效应。结果表明,创业者角色冲突和新创企业绩效之间的关系呈负相关关系;吸收能力正向调节创业者角色冲突和新创企业绩效之间的负相关关系;独占能力正向调节创业者角色冲突和新创企业绩效之间的负相关关系;管理能力正向调节创业者角色冲突和新创企业绩效之间的负相关关系。新创企业的企业年龄对新创企业创新绩效的有积极的正向影响。该研究结论可为平台依附型新创企业健康成长提供理论指导。     

知识进化、惯例演化下的国际新创企业组织能力提升——以天士力国际营销控股有限公司为例

国际新创企业通过将知识进行整合并更新到知识存量中,形成一系列的组织流程和惯例,是企业快速成长和获取竞争优势的重要基础。以国际新创企业的组织能力提升为主线,从知识进化、惯例演化的视角,探讨知识进化、惯例演化下的国际新创企业组织能力提升的过程理论框架。研究发现:第一,国际新创企业的不同国际化发展阶段,个人知识、经营层面惯例和组织能力共同演化,组织能力随着知识的进化和惯例的演化不断的提升。第二,企业内部组织能力提升的路径可以分为3种:组织内部知识上行流动、组织内部惯例逐级演化和组织内部惯例互动演化,组织能力随着国际化阶段的变化也呈现提升的特征。第三,国际新创企业国际化的激进性特征,在其国际化的不同阶段,能力的提升力度是不一样的。     

Making knowledge visible: Using expert yellow pages to map capabilities in professional services firms

Professional services firms survive by exploiting the skills and knowledge of their employees to deliver a range of projects for clients. As a result of working on these projects, an organization's capabilities evolve in unpredictable and often divergent ways. In order to help their staff conduct these projects, services firms have invested heavily in knowledge management systems. To date, few attempts have been made to use the information contained in these knowledge management systems to understand the nature and evolution of capabilities in professional services firms. Using the expert yellow pages of Arup, one of the world's leading engineering consultancies, we develop a new approach based on co-word and proximity analysis to map the knowledge and skills of professional services firms. This approach provides a mechanism to allow such firms to better understand what they know and help them to deploy their skills in new and potentially lucrative ways.     

Pathways to developing information technology-enabled capabilities in born-digital new ventures

Despite significant business opportunities made possible through advancements in technology, readily available digital technologies are often overlooked and not used by new ventures. To address this knowledge gap, this paper looks at the relationships between readily available digital technologies and born-digital new venture capabilities. We use an affordance lens to explore conditions in which born-digital new ventures interact with digital technologies to actualize digital affordances that facilitate the development of important capabilities. First, using the existing literature, we present a research model and its key elements. Then, using data on new ventures in a Canadian university incubator, we conduct fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA) and develop seven configurational research propositions as pathways to develop information technology-enabled organizational capabilities in new ventures. Using this retroductive approach, this research builds a context-specific middle-range theory that explains complex interactions between readily available digital technologies and new venture characteristics, where resources are provided by incubators in dynamic environments, to facilitate the development of ITOCs in the new ventures. We close by describing the study’s theoretical and practical implications.     

Shared inventions and the evolution of capabilities: Examining the biotechnology industry

Do capabilities evolve differently as a function of the firm's unique ties or through the cumulative exposure to specific types of knowledge? We view capability evolution with respect to a firm's accumulation of knowledge-derived assets—patents. This study proposes that capabilities evolve by way of a firm's solo and joint invention experiences, and contends that these capabilities are uniquely shaped by the firm's history of patenting with two specific types of ties, upstream and downstream partners. Using a sample of 11,593 patents produced by 256 biotechnology firms from 1985 to 2006, we find that prior joint invention experience diversifies the capabilities of the firm and broadens its strategic options. In uncovering an inverted ‘U’ relationship, we also find that capabilities evolve differently according to the firm's unique joint invention experiences. Moreover, firms that continue to engage in more joint invention experiences develop broader capabilities than firms that retreat from this strategy and pursue solo inventions, whereby more specialized capabilities develop. Focusing on how R&D strategies impact capability development, our findings extend research on capabilities by accounting for how the path dependent role of shared property rights influences the technological trajectory of the firm.     

何种能力组态能够带来企业竞争优势？——动态环境下新创企业与成熟企业的比较

组织能力一直是创业与战略管理领域研究的焦点。然而,现有研究对新创企业和成熟企业如何在不同环境动态性水平下运用组织能力形成企业竞争优势尚未达成共识。根据企业发展阶段和环境动态性将企业所处的动态情境划分为C1(新创企业-低环境动态性)、C2(新创企业-高环境动态性)、C3(成熟企业-低环境动态性)、C4(成熟企业-高环境动态性)四种状态。基于能力的组态视角,通过模糊集定性比较分析方法探究运营能力(资产性资源和职能能力)、动态能力(感知能力和利用能力)、即兴能力(创造性和自发性)六个前因条件在上述四种情境下影响企业竞争优势的路径。通过对286份来自企业中高层管理者的调查问卷进行分析,研究结果显示：(1)无论哪种情境,任一前因条件均不构成企业高竞争优势的必要条件,但是运营能力在形成企业竞争优势方面发挥着更加普遍的作用。(2)研究发现了组织能力驱动企业高竞争优势路径的5种类型：双能力直接驱动型、即兴能力间接驱动型、即兴能力直接驱动型、动态能力间接驱动型、双能力间接驱动型。(3)无论处于何种环境动态性水平,新创企业和成熟企业能力组态均存在差异。(4)无论企业处于何种生命周期阶段,高环境动态性和低环境动态性下即兴能力和动态能力对企业竞争优势的驱动路径存在差异。研究发现对于组织能力驱动企业竞争优势具有重要的理论与实践意义。     

Workers’ replacements and firms’ innovation dynamics: New evidence from Italian matched longitudinal data

In this paper, we explore the impact of a firm's workers’ replacements on innovation performance by using rich matched employer–employee panel data for the Veneto region of Italy. We take the well-known resource-based theory of the firm as our departure point, and develop a set of hypotheses which we test empirically with negative binomial regressions. We find that workers’ replacements significantly dampen innovation performance, coherently with the idea that they generate losses in the tacit knowledge base of the firm. We also find that workers’ replacements are especially detrimental to large and young firms, possibly because large companies benefit comparatively less from ‘diaspora’ effects and because innovative capabilities in young firms are mostly dependent on specific human capital. Finally, our results show that firms’ location in industrial districts significantly mitigates the negative impact of workers’ replacements, and that a similar picture emerges when firms are more exposed to knowledge spillovers, particularly of related knowledge.     

Managing knowledge within networked innovation

The purpose of this paper is to research firms’ knowledge management practices within the context of networked innovation between multiple actors. The analysis is based on case research carried out with six companies. Based on earlier literature and the theoretical framework of the paper, two models of networked innovation can be distinguished according to knowledge management needs: networks focusing on the transaction of explicit knowledge and intellectual property, and networks focusing on the co-creation of new knowledge and business opportunities. The paper argues that a strategic approach to knowledge management is a key element of success within networked innovation, both in the theory and in the practices of firms. In that way, firms are able to manage knowledge within networked innovation when they understand their partners’ business models and strategic intents, for example their motivation to collaborate.     

Knowledge creation for science and technology in academic laboratories: a pilot study

In the last decade, there has been increasing pressure on academic laboratories to produce practical results. The last 10 years also have seen a growing interest in knowledge management, a management discipline believed to enhance organizations’ innovative capability by the sharing and creation of knowledge. While most knowledge management cases refer to the business setting, we believe that the introduction of these practices can also enhance knowledge creation and knowledge sharing within and among research units. This paper focuses on a pilot study being conducted at a Japanese public graduate university – JAIST – under a Center of Excellence (COE) program that was established to bring the performance of research laboratories up to a world class level in productivity by applying the theories and tools of knowledge science. This study is a cooperative effort between the School of Knowledge Science, doing research on knowledge management and systems, and two research laboratories in the School of Materials Science, doing basic and applied research on materials science. The goal of this project is to enhance materials science students’ capabilities so that they become successful creators of new scientific knowledge. A group of seven graduate research students volunteered for the study. As one of the first steps, we introduced a formal and periodic written reporting system that motivates students to think strategically about their experiments, helps them to improve their communications skills, and enables students to self-evaluate their skills and supervisors to evaluate the students’ skills as well as monitor their progress and developments in a formalized way. Since the project is relatively new, these preliminary results are associated with a generalized awareness and participation of the students in the project. However, we are expecting to obtain more concrete results, that is, quantifiable improvements in scientific production, in the near future.     

基于跨境电商的中国新创企业国际创业路径

本文构建了基于跨境电商的国际创业路径模型,并采用跨案例研究法对鼎龙股份、中瑞思创、青岛金王三家企业的国际创业路径进行了剖析,提出了技术型、市场型与技术市场整合型三种国际创业路径。本文认为,中国新创企业应根据技术、市场、资金三方面的能力强弱,借助跨境电商优化自身相对较弱的国际创业要素,选择适合自己的国际创业路径。     

Technological Diversification to Green Domains: Technological Relatedness,Invention Impact and Knowledge Integration Capabilities

Climate changes and ecological challenges often motivate firms to diversify into environmental domains. However, this does not guarantee impactful inventions. Therefore, this study investigates how firms can create impactful environmental inventions based on their technological relatedness and prior knowledge integration capabilities. Using a unique dataset of 1,990 high-tech Chinese firms between 2006 and 2016, our results reveal that diversifying firms’ green technological relatedness has an inverted U-shaped relationship with invention impact. While the depth of firms’ knowledge integration capabilities steepens this relationship, the breadth flattens it. Higher levels of depth capability result in a greater impact, while greater breadth leads to an early attainment of peak invention impact at a lower degree of green technological relatedness. Theoretical and policy implications are discussed.     

联盟组合多样性、关系强度与技术标准化能力

利用1999至2013年拥有标准联盟参与经历的170家车辆生产企业的数据,研究标准联盟组合多样性对企业两类技术标准化能力(主导能力、跟随能力)的影响,及关系强度在上述影响中的调节作用。基于负二项随机效应回归模型的实证分析发现：标准联盟组合多样性与企业技术标准化主导能力呈正U型关系,与技术标准化跟随能力呈倒U型关系。在标准联盟组合资源向技术标准化能力转化的过程中,联盟关系强度发挥了显著调节作用：随着关系强度提升,联盟组合多样性与技术标准化主导能力的正U型关系曲线、与技术标准化跟随能力的倒U型关系曲线将变得更为陡峭。     

IJVs非正式控制、知识转移与技术创新能力研究

本文以控制理论、资源交换理论以及组织学习理论为基础，研究了非正式控制对企业技术创新能力的影响，探讨了知识转移在其中的中介作用和组织学习能力的调节作用。采用问卷调查的方法，收集了174家IJVs的有效问卷。通过逐步层次回归法、验证性因素分析和被调节的中介模型等方法，验证了本文提出的模型。研究表明，非正式控制对隐性知识转移以及企业技术创新具有显著的正向作用；隐性知识转移在非正式控制和企业技术创新之间起到了完全中介作用；组织学习能力在非正式控制与隐性知识转移以及隐性知识转移与企业技术创新之间起到了调节作用。     

核心企业视角下不同集群演化过程的比较研究

论文分别从进入壁垒、分工水平以及集群创新等三个方面比较地研究了两个具有不同结构（同质性无核结构和异质性有核结构）产业集群的演化成长过程,结果发现：（1）相比同质性模型,具有核心企业的异质性产业集群在达到演化稳态的情况下规模更小,但总体收益更高,且具有更强的稳健性;（2）异质性结构的产业集群相比起同质性结构的产业集群有更高的分工水平和创新能力;（3）研究还发现核心企业的出现以及进入壁垒的升高,提高了整个集群的福利水平,但却抑制了集群的企业家精神（新创企业的创业家精神）,从而很难像同质性集群那样更容易地出现新创企业,这一点也表明核心企业成长对集群的影响可能是非常复杂的。     

An empirical investigation of knowledge management and innovative performance: The case of alliances

This paper examines firm-level performance implications of strategic alliances by employing knowledge management practices as intermediaries. Unlike previous research which focuses on partner firm factors, this study investigates how alliance characteristics (i.e., alliance scope and governance) affect interfirm knowledge sharing and creation, and how these two practices and their interaction in turn affect innovative performance. These questions are examined in a sample of 127 German partnering firms. Results show that joint ventures as opposed to contractual alliances are more effective and influential in facilitating knowledge sharing and creation. In contrast, the scope of alliance activities, while positively associated with knowledge sharing, has no direct relationship with knowledge creation. In addition to these results, the study also finds that knowledge sharing, knowledge creation and their interaction significantly contribute to partner firms’ innovative performance.     

Knowledge process capabilities and innovation: testing the moderating effects of environmental dynamism and strategic flexibility

Knowledge process capabilities are highly associated with innovation performance. Namely, firms which develop better capabilities in processing knowledge can innovate better. The Dynamic Capabilities view states that the effects of contextual variables on capability development cannot be ignored. This study seeks to examine the roles of two contextual variables; environmental dynamism and strategic flexibility on developing knowledge process capabilities and innovation performance. In parallel with this aim, a survey was conducted on a sample of 236 firms from different industries in Turkey and a number of hypotheses including the interaction effects of environmental dynamism and strategic flexibility were tested through moderated multiple regression methods. The three-way interaction of knowledge process capabilities, environmental dynamism and strategic flexibility was associated more strongly with innovation performance than the two-way interactions of knowledge process capabilities and environmental dynamism, and knowledge process capabilities and strategic flexibility. Hence, the findings revealed that the effectiveness of knowledge process capabilities on the way of enhancing innovation performance in highly dynamic markets were contingent upon strategic flexibility.

     

资源重构能力与商业模式创新：基于动态能力束的观点

基于动态能力束观点,本文研究了资源重构能力通过顾客整合与供应商整合对商业模式创新的影响,提出了相关研究假设。在此基础上,运用层次回归分析方法对来自154家企业的数据进行实证分析,检验了这些研究假设。研究发现：资源重构能力的两个维度——资源重组能力与资源重置能力,对商业模式创新不仅具有直接影响而且具有间接影响;资源重组能力可与顾客整合组合形成动态能力束进而能够通过顾客整合影响商业模式创新;资源重置能力可分别与顾客整合、供应商整合组合形成动态能力束进而能够分别通过它们影响商业模式创新。     

合作条件下企业能力提升的路径分析——基于组织学习模式的实证研究

合作中企业提升能力的路径包括两个阶段,首先是企业与外部伙伴的知识转移,即正式契约下,企业之间在个体层、团队层和组织层进行外部的平行知识转移,一方企业的知识被转移到另一方;第二阶段是企业内部的能力生成,即企业通过内部知识的跨层次转移不断形成新的组织知识,实现能力的演化升级。组织学习模式影响知识活动效果,决定能力提升活动的效率。实证结果表明,探索式学习更能促进企业内部团队惯例的形成,更有助于企业间个体层和团队层的能力转移。挖掘式学习更能促进企业内部组织能力的形成,对于企业间组织层的能力转移活动更为有效。     

基于技术生命周期的企业技术管理能力评价研究

基于技术生命周期理论,考察技术生命周期不同阶段技术任务的变化,根据技术管理系统运作过程识别技术管理能力的关键活动,并据此设计技术管理能力评价指标体系。选择支持向量机方法构建技术管理能力评价模型,并以A企业为例进行实证分析。结果表明:在不同技术生命周期阶段,技术管理的重点发生变化,技术管理能力的评价指标体系不同;技术管理能力评价的支持向量机模型能够对技术管理能力进行有效评价。     

外部创新搜寻战略与新创集群企业产品创新

从过于强调区域内外大公司的作用转向重视新创企业的力量,是促进产业集群升级的新思路和新途径。通过将创业和创新搜寻理论引入产业集群研究,本文实证检验了外部创新搜寻战略对新创集群企业产品创新绩效的影响。研究发现,新创集群企业在创新活动中采取本地搜寻宽度、本地搜寻深度、全球搜寻宽度和全球搜寻深度四种不同的外部创新搜寻战略,不同的搜寻战略对新创集群企业的产品创新绩效产生了不同影响,全球搜寻宽度战略具有促进作用,本地搜寻深度战略呈现倒U型的复杂影响,本地搜寻宽度战略和全球搜寻深度战略则都没有影响。论文最后简要讨论和总结了相关的理论贡献和实践启示。