Coworking spaces: An overview and research agenda

In the past decade, coworking spaces have emerged as a new and promising phenomenon within entrepreneurship. Due to its prevalence, popularity, and potential for disruptive change, coworking is increasingly relevant to theory, practice, and policy in entrepreneurship, yet its implications are largely unstudied given the rapid rise of the phenomenon. Overall, more research is needed to inform owners, policy makers, and entrepreneurs regarding the effects of this new organizational form. This study takes an exploratory empirical approach with the goal of shedding light on the current landscape of coworking. By so doing, I provide an initial foundation for research on the coworking movement in entrepreneurship and the various research streams it can enrich.     

地理接近性对跨国专利合作的影响——社会接近性的中介作用研究

跨国专利合作对于我国企业的技术创新具有重要意义。整合不同接近性因素来观察空间分散个体间的知识流动现象成为理论研究的新热点。既有研究分别探讨了地理接近性和社会接近性对远距离技术知识合作的影响,然而对二者的相互作用关系尚缺乏深入认识。基于112家中外企业的跨国专利合作数据,采用整体网络分析方法,研究发现地理接近性与跨国专利合作网络节点连接距离正相关,对连接重要程度无显著影响,说明地理空间并没有显著阻碍企业间的跨国专利合作。社会接近性对二者均有显著正向影响且对地理接近性与连接距离的相互关系具有中介作用,表明基于科技人员往来形成的密切社会关系有助于促进远距离技术知识合作。     

Decline of the center: The decentralizing process of knowledge transfer of Chinese universities from 1985 to 2004

University knowledge transfer, which contains both codified and non-codified knowledge, is an important source of industry innovativeness. The geographic constraint on university knowledge flows, which is commonly observed in Western countries, makes proximity with universities a big plus in creating learning regions. No systematic study has been conducted in China regarding such geographic constraint on knowledge transfer and its implications on China's nation and regional innovation systems. Taking advantage of the Chinese patent data, this paper examines the geographic variations in university-industry collaborations in China from 1985 to 2004 and shows a decentralizing/localizing trend in knowledge flows from university to industry. The blockmodel analysis further reveals the roles of different provinces and municipalities in the National Innovation System and how those had changed over time. Besides showing a vivid picture of the knowledge exchange patterns among Chinese provinces and municipalities, the results suggest that the geographic constraint on knowledge flows only becomes salient in China in recent years due to the administrative decentralization and the economic reform. As a result of these changes, less favored regions are further left behind not only due to their shortage of local university resources, but also because of the reduced extra-local knowledge support, which constitutes an important supplemental resource for regional development.     

研发团队中知识创新效率影响机制研究

 就研发团队中知识创新效率的影响机制进行了实证研究,研究表明团队成员间的相近性对知识创新效率有正向影响,信任在相近性与知识传递效果的关系中起中介作用,知识内隐性在相近性与知识创新效率的关系中起调制作用。在此基础上,我们提出了对于管理实践的建议和对于未来研究的展望。     

Does spatial proximity to customers matter for innovative performance?: Evidence from the Dutch software sector

User-producer interactions are often assumed to be an important source of innovation. Spatial proximity between organisations would contribute to such interactive learning processes, because it facilitates face-to-face interactions required to exchange knowledge. However, both assumptions are increasingly debated. Therefore, we have empirically examined this using firm-level data on user-producer interactions of Dutch software firms. Indeed spatial proximity facilitates face-to-face interactions, but it does not strengthen the effect of face-to-face interactions on innovative performance. Moreover, regular interactions and collaboration with customers increase the likelihood that software firms bring new products to the market, but do not improve the firm's innovation output.     

Configurations of platform organizations: Implications for complementor engagement

Digital platforms are an organizational form made up of a technological architecture and governance mechanisms for managing autonomous complementors. A platform’s success depends on their engagement in value creation and capture. Prior studies of such engagement have mainly focused on a platform’s governance mechanisms without recognizing their interdependence to its technological architecture. There is therefore a limited understanding of how the interplay between governance and architecture configures platform organizations, and why these configurations produce different levels of complementor engagement. In this paper, our analysis of a 12-year study of a shared platform initiative yields three configurations of platform organizations: vertical, horizontal, and modular. Based on these configurations, we develop propositions that theorize the implications of these organizational forms for complementor engagement. We further propose that these insights, which we derive from a shared platform, are particularly relevant for blockchain-based platforms.     

Close to you? Bias and precision in patent-based measures of technological proximity

Patent data have been widely used in research to characterize firms’ locations in technological or knowledge space, as well as the proximities among firms. Researchers have measured firms’ technological or knowledge proximities with a variety of measures based on patent data, including Euclidean distances (using the technological classifications listed on patents), and overlap in cited patents. Often research has employed only the first listed patent classification in measures of proximities. We explore the effects of using the first listed patent class as well as other methods to measure proximities. We point out that measures of proximity based on small numbers of patents are imprecisely measured random variables. Measures computed on samples with few patents or a single patent class generate both biased and imprecise measures of proximity. We discuss the implications of this for typical research questions employing measures of proximity, and explore the effects of larger sample sizes and coarser patent class breakdowns in mitigating these problems. Where possible, we suggest that researchers increase their sample sizes by aggregating years or using all of the listed patent classes on a patent, rather than just the first.     

集群情境下企业创新投入的影响因素研究——基于苏州制造业数据的实证分析

本文研究集群情境下企业创新投入的影响因素,并利用苏州制造行业中3090家企业的数据进行了实证检验。研究发现产业集群能促进企业创新投入强度的提高;由于复杂知识的排他性,集群中的高技术企业会进一步加大创新投入,但聚集效应对创新投入的影响还与集群知识分布的不对称性有关。由于具有外部技术来源,产业聚集中的外资企业会减少创新投入,但集群中采用市场机制进行创新的企业将会增加创新投入。     

多维邻近性对创新网络组织间知识转移影响研究——基于OLED产业专利数据

选取OLED产业2007—2016年专利数据,构建40家组织的显、隐性知识转移网络,采用QAP分析法探究地理、技术和社会邻近性对组织间不同类型知识转移的影响。3种邻近性对其作用效果存在差异,且多维邻近性间存在交互作用,具体表现为技术、社会邻近性均正向影响组织间显、隐性知识转移;地理邻近性对组织间显、隐性知识转移无显著影响,但能正向调节技术、社会邻近性对组织间隐性知识转移的影响。     

加权RIN知识流动效率测度研究

为确切描述RIN网络的本质,提出了创新网络主体间知识互动率的概念,把其嵌入到加权RIN图的解释中,通过界定主体间知识互动距离,对创新网络特征路径长度进行修正研究,在此基础上修正了意大利学者V.Latora和美国学者M.Marchiori的网络图交流效率算法,提出了RIN知识流动效率测度模型,给出进行网络间比较的关键变量度量规则。     

Shaping the national system of inter-industry knowledge exchange : Vertical integration, licensing and repeated knowledge transfer in the German plastics industry

We will claim in this paper that it was in particular the above-average propensity to share innovative information with customers and competitors which caused the exceptional international competitiveness of the West German plastics industry including chemical firms, plastics fabricators and machine makers. The system of knowledge exchange of this national cluster was shaped in two main steps. In the first half of the 20th century, cartellization and mergers were first tolerated and then even supported by the German government. It was in this period when German chemical firms formed the vertically integrated I.G. Farben concern which provided an optimal organisational framework to explore the new technological path of plastics. After the breaking up of I.G. Farben the firms of the West German chemical firms had to find new ways to maintain inter-industry technological co-operation in the second half of the 20th century. It turned out that they became aware of both contractual and non-contractual solutions of bundling standard good and information which were often placed somewhere between “market” and “hierarchy”. It seems to be no accident that all these different institutions did primarily encourage knowledge exchange between firms in geographical and cultural proximity. That is why the knowledge exchanging network of the plastics industry described in this paper has been in particular concentrated on German firms. Even so the question is still open whether this localisation is just a curiosity limited to a special industry cluster or part of a broader German system of knowledge exchange.     

知识网络嵌入情境如何激活企业双元创新？——基于QCA的研究

由于双元创新存在目的和特征的差异,它们对创新环境也有不同的要求。探究创新环境中不同要素的联动作用与不同类型创新的关系对全面把握创新发展理念具有重要意义。基于集合论思想,构建包含知识网络嵌入、知识资源管理以及组织惯例三个层次六个因素在内的企业双元创新影响机制模型,通过对171家创新集群样本企业进行模糊集定性比较分析,研究发现：知识网络嵌入情境下实现高突破性创新有两类构型,类型1强调知识搜索与知识创造策略的组合,类型2强调知识网络嵌入下探索惯例与知识创造的组合、利用惯例与知识搜索的组合、知识共享条件缺失下网络治理机制与知识搜索、知识创造的协同作用;实现高渐进性创新也包括两类构型,类型1强调知识搜索与知识共享策略的组合,类型2强调知识网络嵌入下利用惯例与知识共享的组合、探索惯例与知识搜索的组合、知识创造条件缺失下网络治理机制与知识共享、知识搜索的协同作用。研究结果为解释企业双元创新提供新的视角,也为科技管理部门有效引导企业双元创新提供多个指导路径。     

地理、信息化与交通便利邻近与省际知识溢出

通过拓展多维邻近的概念,引入信息化邻近与交通便利度两个邻近维度,基于中国区域高技术产业1995年-2012年的面板数据,采用空间面板计量经济方法,对地理邻近、信息化邻近与交通便利度单维度及其交互邻近下中国研发创新的省际知识溢出效应进行研究。发现:我国区域高技术产业存在显著的正向空间自相关,且相关性逐渐增强;研发资本对创新产出的贡献要高于研发人员;除信息化邻近外各邻近下的省际溢出效应均呈现显著的促进作用;单维度邻近下,地理邻近的作用效果最大,但是在信息化与交通便利度交互邻近下,地理距离将不再是发展的主要制约因素;三维度交互邻近下的空间知识溢出效应并没有显著增强。最后讨论了上述结果背后可能的发生机制,并提出相关的建议。     

Why users keep answering questions in online question answering communities: A theoretical and empirical investigation

This study theorized and validated a model of knowledge sharing continuance in a special type of online community, the online question answering (Q&A) community, in which knowledge exchange is reflected mainly by asking and answering specific questions. We created a model that integrated knowledge sharing factors and knowledge self-efficacy into the expectation confirmation theory. The hypotheses derived from this model were empirically validated using an online survey conducted among users of a famous online Q&A community in China, “Yahoo! Answers China”. The results suggested that users’ intention to continue sharing knowledge (i.e., answering questions) was directly influenced by users’ ex-post feelings as consisting of two dimensions: satisfaction, and knowledge self-efficacy. Based on the obtained results, we also found that knowledge self-efficacy and confirmation mediated the relationship between benefits and satisfaction.     

Do firms in clusters invest in R&D more intensively? Theory and evidence from multi-country data

This study aims to evaluate whether firms located in clusters invest more intensively in research and development (R&D) than their non-clustered counterparts. Specifically, it proposes a model of firm R&D and tests empirically its implications for the effect of being located in a cluster on firm R&D intensity. The key ideas underlying the theory are as follows: (1) due either to natural excludability or to a high degree of stickiness of R&D-opportunity-bearing technological knowledge, geographical proximity per se is limited in the (automatic) spillover of knowledge with promising R&D opportunities to nearby firms; (2) geographical proximity may, however, help enhance the effectiveness or efficiency of knowledge exchange through market mechanisms (e.g., through contract R&D, R&D collaboration); (3) potential advantages (or disadvantages) in firm R&D of being located in a cluster also depend on the degree of asymmetry in technological competence among firms located in the cluster. The key ideas are supported by an empirical analysis of a multi-industry, multi-country data set compiled by the World Bank. In particular, the results show that being located in a cluster per se actually has a negative effect on firm R&D intensity, which is in contrast to the conventional wisdom of pure or automatic localized knowledge spillovers, as far as firm R&D intensity is concerned.     

A question worth a million: The expert,the crowd,or myself? An investigation of problem solving

In an era of rapid technological advances, individuals have access to a plethora of open and closed forms of problem solving. We introduce and test a framework that compares different forms of problem solving and determines how individuals make choices among them. Our analyses of 4,556 problems solved by 398 individuals reveal that high problem complexity and strong implicit social norms of open exchange increase the probability that individuals will seek external solutions rather than solve the problems themselves. Our analysis also shows that they prefer individual experts (contacted directly or via open call) over aggregated crowd knowledge. We also find that strong implicit social norms of open exchange weakened the positive impact of complexity on the probability of solving problems externally. Interestingly, this effect is more subtle when the use of aggregated crowds is compared with individual experts: while strong implicit social norms strengthen the positive impact of problem complexity when experts are contacted directly, they otherwise weaken the use of open call experts. We discuss and examine the nuanced effects between problem complexity and social norms of open exchange. The study contributes to a stream of the open innovation literature that uses a problem solving perspective to better understand under what circumstances certain forms of problem solving are utilized, and it then combines it with a novel empirical setting based on real-life experimental data.     

对客户到客户的口令认证密钥协商协议的密码分析和改进（英文）

大多数基于口令的密钥协商协议都只考虑如何在客户与服务器之间协商密钥。 客户到客户口令认证密钥协商协议考虑如何在两个客户之间协商密钥，而这两个客户 只分别与各自的服务器共享口令。在[?]中, Jin Wook Byun 等提出了两个协议，分别称为跨域C2C-PAKE协议，和单服务器C2C-PAKE协议。最近 针对这两个协议，提出了一系列攻击和改进方案。在本文中，我们指出跨域C2C-PAKE 协议及其所有的改进方案都是不安全的。我们设计了一个新的跨域C2C-PAKE协议。 它可以抵抗已知的所有攻击。     

Proximity effects on the dynamics and outcomes of scientific collaborations

This paper uses path overlap, an innovative measure of functional proximity, to examine how physical space shaped the formation and success of scientific collaborations among the occupants of two academic research buildings. We use research administration data on human subject protection, animal use management, and grant funding applications to construct new measures of collaboration formation and success. The “functional zones” investigators occupy in their buildings are defined by the shortest walking paths among assigned laboratory and office spaces, and the nearest elevators, stairs, and restrooms. When two investigators traverse paths with greater overlap, both their propensity to form new collaborations and to win grant funding for their joint work increase. This effect is robust across two very differently configured buildings. Implications for scientific collaboration and the design and allocation of research space are considered.     

Web2.0技术应用对知识分享行为影响研究

Hendriks(1999)的研究表明知识交流工具在组织内的应用,会影响组织成员之间的知识分享。本文主要探讨在WEB2.0环境下,特别是WEB2.0典型技术的运用,因其具有与传统信息交流技术不同的特征,对组织成员知识分享行为的影响是否与前述研究一致。经研究,得出以下结果:在WEB2.0环境之下,WEB2.0典型技术的应用与员工知识分享行为仍存在显著的正向关系;由于web2.0技术发展的速度较快,对于WEB2.0中典型技术的认知与运用呈现显著的正相关关系,并且又与成员知识贡献和知识获取行为呈现显著的正相关关系。     

Spatio-temporal processes of knowledge creation

This article presents a novel spatio-temporal framework for studying knowledge creation. To achieve this, we analyzed the recent literature on space, time and knowledge and conducted an empirical study. The intensive case was about four international distinguished university research groups in Finland in the fields of technology and science. Object, communicative and cognitive spaces with linear and relational times were used as tools for empirical analysis. Combinations of space and time bring out different aspects of knowledge. Knowledge processes of progressing knowledge (time-space), creating distinguished knowledge (space-time), and path-taking and bundling knowledge (spacetime) bind spaces and times closely together. Besides academy, the spatio-temporal framework can be applied to study the knowledge creation processes in art, business and local communities, for example.