Beyond knowledge management – understanding how to share knowledge through logic and practice

The aim of this paper is to develop our understanding of how knowledge is shared within a professional service firm. Insights from a 1-year ethnographic study suggest that it is important to go beyond the ‘theoretical limitations’ of knowledge management in order to understand how to manage knowledge within a firm. From the analysis of how knowledge is shared in practice, three logics emerge that help us understand not only how, but also why knowledge is shared among professionals within a professional service firm. A conceptual framework regarding how to better understand sharing, handling and developing knowledge within an organization is discussed, and implications for managers and future research are outlined.     

企业隐性技术知识吸收模型研究

隐性知识是技术知识的重要侧面，对于技术追赶中的企业，其隐性知识的吸收能力决定了技术学习的有效性。本文回顾了有关隐性技术知识的重要理论研究，指出隐性技术知识(TTK)吸收对于企业技术学习的战略意义，并提出了企业隐性技术知识吸收的理论模型。该模型认为企业隐性技术知识有三类外部知识来源：科学群体、跨国公司全球网络及区域价值链组织；三类主体以多种管道向当地企业传输TTK，制度环境与技术市场格局影响主体间知识流动管道的选择及其中的TTK流动；企业研发管理等内部因素等决定了外部TTK的吸收能力；研发过程中对外部TTK的整合导致了企业技术创新能力。这一模型的提出为深入研究行业技术学习及企业研发管理战略提供了理论分析框架。     

基于知识交流网络分析的虚拟团队知识共享治理研究

虚拟团队组织方式较为松散,团队内部知识共享面临着诸多问题。本文首先构建了虚拟团队的知识交流网络模型,在此基础上借助于社会网络的结构分析方法,形成虚拟团队知识共享治理框架,分别选取局部网络层次、整体网络层次的结构指标对虚拟团队知识共享进行分析,并针对性地提出知识共享治理策略。     

Relations in Practice: Sorting Through Practice Theories on Knowledge Sharing in Complex Organizations

We examine practice theories concerned with knowledge sharing in complex organizations to distinguish common trends and variations in this complex body of work. We suggest that an analytical framework highlighting the relational thinking in practice theories can serve as a tool to sort through the literature on knowledge sharing. First, we delineate a relational framework consisting of seven attributes associated with a practice theory. Second, we use this framework to analyze a narrow set of practice theories represented by three seminal works on communities of practice. Third, we compare and contrast the relational dynamics found in the three seminal works in regard to how they conceptualize knowledge sharing within and across communal boundaries.     

Sociological Rob: How Rob Kling Brought Computing and Sociology Together

We examine practice theories concerned with knowledge sharing in complex organizations to distinguish common trends and variations in this complex body of work. We suggest that an analytical framework highlighting the relational thinking in practice theories can serve as a tool to sort through the literature on knowledge sharing. First, we delineate a relational framework consisting of seven attributes associated with a practice theory. Second, we use this framework to analyze a narrow set of practice theories represented by three seminal works on communities of practice. Third, we compare and contrast the relational dynamics found in the three seminal works in regard to how they conceptualize knowledge sharing within and across communal boundaries.     

个体知识共享意向的社会资本透视

由于知识意味着资源和权力,个体通常不愿意分享知识。在计划行为理论和社会资本理论的基础上,构建了组织内个体知识共享意向的决定因素模型。实证研究结果显示,社会资本的关系资源（信任、规范）和个体行为理念（自我价值感知、期望报酬）对知识共享意向有显著促进作用,但是社会资本结构资源的相关假设未获得支持。     

Innovation in the multinational firm with globally dispersed r&d: Technological knowledge utilization and accumulation

This paper employs evolutionary, resource-based, and knowledge-based perspectives to provide a framework for understanding technological knowledge sharing within the globally dispersed R&D function of the multinational firm. Elements from the three perspectives are inspected and drawn together. The constructs—knowledge, knowledge transaction, and performance—are articulated. Finally, two fundamental relationships are proposed: (1) kind of technological knowledge shared will impact the type of knowledge transaction undertaken and 2) type of knowledge transaction will impact R&D task performance.     

知识属性、知识关系与研发合作企业创新绩效

    本文依据知识基础观和组织学习理论,建立企业知识属性和企业间知识关系共同影响企业创新绩效的综合分析框架,研究合作伙伴知识多样性、合作伙伴与焦点企业间知识相关性对焦点企业创新绩效的影响,以及焦点企业内部知识复杂性的调节作用,并运用医药行业上市企业2007—2016年专利数据和负二项回归模型验证相关假设。研究发现：合作伙伴知识多样性对焦点企业创新绩效有正向影响,焦点企业知识复杂性对该关系有负向调节作用;合作伙伴与焦点企业间知识相关性对焦点企业创新绩效有倒U型影响,焦点企业知识复杂性对该关系有正向调节作用。     

同事评价与研发人员知识共享：群体关注的调节效应

结合绩效评价理论、动机理论、社会交换理论和社会焦虑理论，通过对535名企业研发人员的问卷调查，实证检验了不同类型的同事评价对员工知识共享的影响机理。研究发现：（1）同事正面和负面评价对研发人员知识共享分别产生显著促进和削弱作用；（2）结果和过程导向的评价对知识共享均产生促进作用，其中，过程导向的评价对显性知识共享的促进作用更显著，结果导向的评价则对推动隐性知识共享更有效；（3）结果导向的评价弱化正面评价对显性知识共享的积极作用，过程导向的评价强化负面评价对隐性知识共享的消极作用；（4）在群体关注较高时，结果评价对显性知识共享的促进作用变强，对隐性知识共享的促进作用变得不显著。     

支持知识共享管理的一个参考对象模型

在对知识共享的过程和途径进行分析的基础上,根据知识的“二相性”,采用面向对象的分析方法,提出支持知识共享管理的一个三层参考对象模型。对模型中的知识主体、知识和知识共享情景等3个主要对象设计了相应的基本框架,并分析了可枚举属性的值域。文中的对象模型和对象框架,有助于知识共享管理软件的开发。     

一个基于系统思考理论的个体知识共享分析框架

 以系统思考理论为指导,通过对知识共享既有研究成果的反思,认为知识共享既有研究成果具有线性思维性,而知识共享本身具有系统性特征,并主要表现在知识共享主体的系统性和共享过程的系统性两个方面。研究发现,有必要整合知识共享既有研究成果。在此基础上,提出了一个整合性的知识共享分析框架,并从动机结构、系统边界和主观机制三个方面进行剖析;认为动机结构是决定个体知识共享行为的首要因素,个体所在的系统边界对其知识共享主观机制的选择具有重要的调节作用。论文据此提出了优化动机结构、保持动机平衡和适当调整知识共享的系统边界两项知识共享推动策略。     

知识密集型组织内实现知识共享的激励策略选择

知识管理在知识密集型组织中有极其重要的作用,而知识共享是知识管理中的关键环节,如何促使员工进行知识共享从而达到组织收益的增加是实践中的一个难题.建立实现知识共享的激励模型,通过对模型的分析,得出如果知识的贡献度很小,知识的隐性度很大,组织是没有必要进行激励的;对知识隐性度低的知识,组织采取团队激励比个体激励有效;如果员工的知识的贡献度大、知识的隐性度大,进行个体激励是比较适合的.     

When do firms rely on their knowledge spillover recipients for guidance in exploring unfamiliar knowledge?

Knowledge spillover occurs when recipient firms combine the knowledge of an originating firm with other knowledge. When recipient firms combine the originating firm's knowledge with knowledge that is unfamiliar to the originating firm, the recipient firms potentially provide insight to the originating firm on the viability of exploring such knowledge. By mimicking its recipient firms, the originating firm reduces the challenge and uncertainty of exploring unfamiliar knowledge domains. We examine the exploration activities of 87 telecommunications equipment manufacturers over a ten-year time period. We argue that those firms that operate in competitive and dynamic market environments promoting conservative risk-taking behavior will value such uncertainty reduction more highly and thus rely to a greater extent on their recipient firms for guidance on where to explore for new expertise. In contrast, firms in high-growth market environments are more likely to look beyond the activities of recipient firms when exploring new technological domains and rely less on mimicking their recipient firms.     

大型集团企业知识共享模式研究

 知识是企业的重要战略资源,越来越多的企业开始关心自身的知识积累与更新,以适应时代瞬息万变的步伐。因此,探讨出一种企业知识共享的分析层次和实践模式,对于企业来说很有价值。通过对三家国内大型企业的全面深入调研,提出了集团企业知识共享现状的分析框架以及知识共享的三种模式,并对其应用范围进行了阐述。     

知识特性、知识共享与企业创新能力关系的实证研究

以知识的隐含性、分散性和知识价值作为知识共享的影响因素,并考虑了知识共享和企业创新能力的关系,建立了一个概念框架;在此基础上,运用结构方程模型,实证分析了影响企业内员工知识共享的因素以及知识共享对企业创新能力的影响。研究结果表明,知识共享对企业创新能力存在显著的正向影响;知识的隐含性和分散性对企业内知识共享存在显著的负向影响。研究结果对于大型组织如何通过知识管理提升创新能力具有重要的实践价值。     

Resource constraints as triggers of radical innovation: Longitudinal evidence from the manufacturing sector

Despite the significant role of radical innovation as a driver of firm growth and performance, the consequences of resource constraints for radical innovation outcomes remain unknown. Our paper addresses this gap. We combine arguments from entrepreneurship theory and the theory of recombinative innovation to construct an overarching theoretical framework that argues why resource constraints can promote, rather than impede, radical innovation. We then build hypotheses on two specific resource constraints, knowledge and financial, and test these by a lagged-variable random-effects Tobit model with longitudinal data from an exceptionally large and detailed innovation survey. Controlling for absorptive capacity, firm age, and firm growth, we find full support for the hypothesis that knowledge constraints spur radical innovation and partial support for the hypothesis that financial constraints spur radical innovation. We discuss the theoretical significance of these findings and point to managerial implications and paths for future research.     

组织知识管理绩效评估研究

构建基于知识创造、积累、共享、使用和内化的知识循环过程的组织知识管理绩效评估体系,使用知识循环过程指数来构造知识管理绩效指数的S型logistic函数,用于评估组织在某个时点的知识管理绩效;并通过实证研究证明知识管理绩效指数与财务指标的相关性,从而验证其有效性。     

供应链视角下共享意愿、沟通与知识共享效果关系的实证研究

以共享意愿和沟通两个因素为出发点,研究影响供应链知识共享效果的相关因素。通过分析影响共享意愿和沟通两因素的前置变量,构建出影响供应链知识共享效果的因素模型。以华东地区12家大型国有企业为研究样本进行的实证分析结果表明:供应链知识共享的意愿、沟通与知识共享效果显著正相关;供应链企业知识共享意愿与沟通显著正相关;沟通对知识共享意愿和知识共享效果之间起到部分中介作用。     

组织文化与关系策略对供应链知识共享的影响研究

文化作为企业特有的资源禀赋,其差异性会影响供应商采取不同的关系策略来构筑知识共享的平台,以促进供应链的知识共享.提出一个概念模型,探讨了三种不同类型的组织文化(市场导向、人本导向和竞争导向)如何通过影响关系策略(包括适应、知识共享和顾客导向)的实施,促进供应链的知识共享.     

To have or to be? The interplay between knowledge structure and market identity in knowledge-based alliance formation

We explore how a firm’s knowledge structure characteristics and market identity—as reflected in its position in the industry value chain and market status—influence knowledge-based alliance (KBA) formation. We propose that a firm’s propensity to form KBAs is affected by the congruence (or misalignment) between its knowledge structure characteristics (i.e., knowledge depth and scope) and the role it plays in the industry, as demanded by its position in the value chain. We further argue that while a firm’s market status can amplify the positive effect of the congruence, thereby enhancing a firm’s proclivity to form KBAs, being prominent can also hurt a firm when it faces a misalignment between its knowledge structure characteristics and externally induced expectations related to its value chain position. We validate our arguments using panel data on 1051 firm-year observations for 197 firms patenting in the global fuel cell industry for the period 1999–2009. By developing a richer understanding of the relationship between a firm’s knowledge-based resources and KBA formation, we answer the call for a better understanding of how and when firms can leverage their internal knowledge configurations to improve their proclivity to form alliances.