管理学习的过程及来源:上汽集团的案例研究

管理学习是能力提升的重要机制。但现有的学术文献主要探讨了技术学习,缺乏对管理学习的研究。为了填补这一文献差距,本文采用案例研究法,以上海汽车集团股份有限公司作为案例,研究了两个问题即管理学习的过程和来源。研究发现,管理学习的过程主要分为预热、制度建设、体系建设和落实与优化四个阶段;管理学习的来源主要有业务协同、人员流动、外部专业机构和内部学习中心四大来源。此外,本文还提出了可以促进企业管理学习的管理启示。     

Codification and tacitness as knowledge management strategies: an empirical exploration

This paper develops four categories of knowledge management strategies used by multinational corporations (MNCs). Codification strategies involve the transformation of tacit knowledge into explicit knowledge in order to facilitate flows of organizational knowledge. Tacitness strategies keep organizational knowledge tacit in order to prevent flows of knowledge to competitors. Focused knowledge management strategies regulate knowledge flows by controlling the degree to which knowledge is encoded in forms that match the information intensity and ambiguity of their knowledge. Unfocused knowledge management strategies attempt to regulate knowledge flows by controlling the overall level of codification of knowledge without special consideration of the capabilities of specific forms of codification. Empirical analyses of the effects of these strategies on subunit performance in a sample of US and Danish subsidiaries suggest that the focused strategies are superior to the other strategies. Our results also indicate that different kinds of organizational knowledge require matching forms of codification in order to increase performance. The results give rise to a nested contingency model of knowledge management.     

基于环境信息的企业全面项目化管理模式研究

项目管理成为当前管理学界一个研究热点。本文将管理的多项职能，如信息资源管理、知识管理、战略管理等从项目管理的角度进行研究，提出了企业全面项目化管理的背景、定义，阐明了企业经营管理与项目管理的相似性，企业中的管理活动和任务可遵循项目的程序和管理体系及项目管理的组织结构展开。指出项目管理不仅是针对项目的科学管理方法，也是具有巨大应用前景和广泛适用性的有效管理手段。     

管理学习的过程模型：基于苏宁的案例研究

管理能力是企业竞争优势的重要来源,现在普遍认为企业通过管理学习能够获取先进的管理技术、推动管理水平的提升,但关于管理学习的具体过程还鲜有研究。本研究以苏宁云商集团为例,通过案例研究揭示了管理学习的动因以及学习过程中的内容选择、路径选择、网络构建三大核心问题。研究表明,①管理升级的困境是管理学习的关键动因;②企业可以通过参观和考察优秀企业、借助外部专业机构辨别学习内容,降低信息不对称性;③企业应该根据管理知识的属性、嵌入性及企业积累的知识基础等特征选择恰当的学习路径;④多元的内外部学习网络能够为企业提供异质的知识来源,从而降低信息不对称性,同时这也是内外部学习代理人的重要来源。     

Analysis of the interplay between knowledge and performance management in industrial clusters

The concept of industrial clustering has been studied in-depth by policy makers and researchers from many fields, mainly due to the competitive advantages it may bring to regional economies. Companies often take part in collaborative initiatives with local partners while also taking advantage of knowledge spillovers to benefit from locating in a cluster. Thus, Knowledge Management (KM) and Performance Management (PM) have become relevant topics for policy makers and cluster associations when undertaking collaborative initiatives. Taking this into account, this paper aims to explore the interplay between both topics using a case study conducted in a collaborative network formed within a cluster. The results show that KM should be acknowledged as a formal area of cluster management so that PM practices can support knowledge-oriented initiatives and therefore make better use of the new knowledge created. Furthermore, tacit and explicit knowledge resulting from PM practices needs to be stored and disseminated throughout the cluster as a way of improving managerial practices and regional strategic direction.     

Implications of managerial control on performance of Dutch academic (bio)medical and health research groups

Our paper examines the relationship between managerial control and research performance of academic groups. An understanding of the determinants of research performance is a prerequisite for designing effective micro- and macro-research policies. The paper focuses on Dutch medical and health research groups. Our paper addresses the following question: do (certain) research management activities enhance the performance of academic groups? A quantitative approach was used to gather data from research leaders in 160 groups. Correlation analysis and multivariate linear regression analysis show that several aspects of research management have a positive relationship with research performance. Furthermore, this study reveals that managerial choices of Dutch (bio)medical and health research leaders give rise to differences in performances measures. Additionally the disciplinary setting is found to have an impact on relationships between managerial control and performance. The paper concludes by giving suggestions for further research as well as considering possible implications for research policy.     

知识管理在区域物流信息化中的应用研究

随着物流业对信息技术的高度重视与广泛应用,物流现代化的发展取得了巨大飞跃,在知识经济的时代,知识管理的思想已成为企业物流信息化进程中所考虑的重要因素之一,如何将知识管理的应用范围扩展到区域物流,使得一定区域的物流知识得到更好的共享与传播是这篇文章的主要目的。文章运用了知识管理相关的理论并结合区域物流的实际特点,分析了区域物流主体要素的知识管理需求及区域物流知识管理平台的功能,构建了区域物流知识管理平台的模型框架,旨在为物流业的发展提供理论支持,增强我国物流的国际竞争力。     

Ethnicity-based cultural differences in implicit managerial knowledge usage in three Australian organizations

This study was interested in determining whether ethnicity-based cultural differences affected knowledge usage in today's multicultural organizations. Our empirical study uses a psychology-based approach to measure what we refer to as implicit managerial knowledge of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) workers within three Australian organizations. The research instrument captures responses to various ICT workplace scenarios in order to determine and compare the different ways in which people make use of the implicit knowledge they use to manage themselves and others. Using the culture-based literature to assist with interpretation of the data, we have identified a number of themes and their characteristics and brought these together to provide a comprehensive model for understanding cultural influences. This model can be used to better appreciate why and perhaps anticipate how an individual's implicit managerial knowledge will be used in responding to everyday workplace situations. Such an understanding will assist organizations to develop appropriate and effective knowledge management strategies.     

组织导向、信息技术类型与组织知识管理模式的关系研究

先进的信息技术可以提高知识管理的成效，但如何营造知识分享的组织文化、建立适宜的激励制度，进而使组织成员乐于创造知识和贡献知识，则是企业知识管理的关键所在。以组织导向和信息技术类型为维度构建知识管理模式，分析不同组合对知识管理过程中知识的创造、固化与扩散的影响，旨在为企业成功实施知识管理提供参考。     

Agent-based modeling of knowledge dynamics

Knowledge is distributed unevenly through most enterprises. Hence, flows of knowledge (e.g., across time, people, locations, organizations) are critical to organizational efficacy and performance under a knowledge-based view of the firm. However, supported principally by narrative textual theory in the emerging knowledge management (KM) field, the researcher has difficulty describing how different kinds of knowledge will flow through various parts of an organization. This causes difficulty also for predicting the effects of alternate approaches to dispersing knowledge that ‘clumps’ in various areas. This problem is also manifest for the KM professional, who lacks clear theory or tools to anticipate how any particular information technology or other managerial intervention may enhance or impede specific knowledge flows in the enterprise. In this expository article, we build upon a steady stream of research in computational organization theory to develop agent-based models of knowledge dynamics. This work draws from emerging theory for multidimensional representation of the knowledge-flow phenomenon, which enables the dynamics of enterprise knowledge flows to be formalized and emulated through computational models. This approach provides the means for knowledge-flow processes to be visualized and analyzed in new ways. Computational experimentation enables the performance of many alternate process designs and technological interventions to be compared through examination of dynamic models, before committing to a specific approach in practice. We illustrate this research method and modeling environment through semi-formal representation and agent-based emulation of several knowledge-flow processes from the domain of software development. We also outline key directions for the new kinds of KM research and practice elucidated by this work.     

企业知识管理影响因素概念模型研究

构建了企业知识管理影响因素的概念模型,在模型中将各种影响因素按角度与层次整合为三类,即管理性因素、外部环境因素及内部环境因素,并讨论了模型中各类因素对于知识管理的影响机理及因素之间的作用关系。作为模型核心构成的管理性影响因素是直接作用于知识活动的因素,也是最为可控的因素,包含协调、激励、监督与测评四个子因素;而外部环境因素与内部环境因素则触发知识需求,并通过支持或约束管理性因素对知识管理产生间接影响。     

技术路线图在知识管理中的应用

技术路线图是一种灵活的管理工具,广泛适用于战略规划、产品设计、沟通管理等多个领域。针对企业知识管理面临的挑战,本文提出技术路线图是一种有效的知识管理工具,能够加速知识管理的进程,提高知识管理的战略性、系统性和实践性。知识管理路线图包括五个层次,分别是:知识战略层、产品层、关键业务层、知识管理层和知识资产层,其构建过程包括三个阶段:准备阶段、开发阶段、实施及更新阶段。     

数据、信息、知识与智慧

知识管理是目前管理领域研究的热点之一。知识管理的对象是人类对客观事物认识的结果,这些结果可以分为数据、信息、知识和智慧等。认清数据、信息、知识和智慧的概念及它们之间的关系是建立与运行知识管理系统的前提。本文分析、归纳了国内外一些学者对数据、信息、知识和智慧的定义,提出了作者对这些概念的理解和认识,并对它们之间的关系进行了详细分析。本文认为数据、信息、知识和智慧之间具有本质的区别,是非连续的,它们各自处于不同的认识层次。数据、信息、知识和智慧之间的联系在于前者是后面的基础与前提,而后者是前者的发展并对前者的获取具有一定的影响。     

Gestalt principles of creating learning business ontologies for knowledge codification

This paper presents an approach aimed at creating business ontologies for knowledge codification in company. It is based on the principles of ontological engineering and cognitive psychology. Ontologies that describe the main concepts of knowledge are used both for knowledge creation and codification. The proposed framework is targeted at the development of methodologies that can scaffold the process of knowledge structuring and orchestrating for better understanding and knowledge sharing. The orchestrating procedure is the kernel of ontology development. The main stress is put on using visual techniques of mind mapping. Cognitive bias and some results of Gestalt psychology are highlighted as a general guideline. The ideas of balance, clarity, and beauty are applied to the ontology orchestrating procedures. The examples are taken mainly from the project management practice. The paper contributes to managerial practice by describing the practical recommendations for effective knowledge management based on ontology engineering and knowledge structuring techniques.     

Galileo's stream: A framework for understanding knowledge production

We introduce a framework for understanding knowledge production in which: knowledge is produced in stages (along a research to development continuum) and in three discrete categories (science and understanding, tools and technology, and societal use and behavior); and knowledge in the various stages and categories is produced both non-interactively and interactively. The framework attempts to balance: our experiences as working scientists and technologists, our best current understanding of the social processes of knowledge production, and the possibility of mathematical analyses. It offers a potential approach both to improving our basic understanding, and to developing tools for enterprise management, of the knowledge-production process.     

美国退伍军人健康信息系统及其对中国医院信息化建设的启示

美国退伍军人健康信息系统(Vist A)是开发最早、应用软件最完备、整合程度最高的医疗信息管理系统,促进了退伍军人医疗保健管理一体化和医疗精准化,在系统规避医疗差错、改善诊疗质量、决策科学化、增进医学知识、提高管理效率方面发挥了重大作用,其研发模式、理念、发展历程和技术概况对于中国医院信息化建设具有借鉴意义。     

Impact of learning culture and information technology use on knowledge sharing of Saudi students

Knowledge is regarded as a strategic resource in organizations; thus the leverage of knowledge is a key managerial issue. Knowledge creation, sharing and dissemination are the main activities in knowledge management. This study examines the influence that social and technological factors, such as learning culture and IT use, could have on knowledge sharing among students of the King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals in Saudi Arabia. A cross-sectional survey was used as a research method for data collection and 302 valid responses were collected from all the three categories of students that include graduates, undergraduates and preparatory students. The results show that there is a significant positive relationship between both student learning culture and IT use and students’ knowledge sharing. The limitations of this study and practical implications, along with directions for further research are discussed.     

战略性因素对跨国公司知识管理成功的影响研究

近年来,跨国公司知识管理成功影响因素的研究偏重于流程性、管理性、文化性与结构性因素的探讨,轻视知识管理与战略结合的重要性研究。这使得跨国公司无从了解知识管理与战略实现的密切联系,以及如何从战略层面上推动跨国公司知识管理以更好发挥其最大价值。研究了战略性因素对跨国公司知识管理成功的影响。结果表明,知识管理所关注的核心知识与战略类型要求相匹配的程度有助于跨国公司知识管理成功;知识管理的个人化/编码化战略及内向型/外向型战略与知识资源的契合度有助于跨国公司知识管理成功;总部高层领导战略性支持可促进知识管理过程中的部门协同、知识整合和资源保证,从而确保跨国公司知识管理成功。     

区域创新系统知识吸收能力的研究

区域创新系统利用系统外部知识 ,能有效促进区域创新能力的提高。本文基于各地区间论文引用频次 ,分析影响区域创新系统知识吸收能力各种因素。研究结果表明 ,人力和财力投入不足及信息流通渠道落后是制约落后地区知识吸收能力的主要因素。落后地区在加大科技人力和财力投入的同时 ,应当注重互联网络建设 ,营造有利于吸收和利用外部知识的人文和政策环境     

大数据时代科研管理信息化对策研究

科研管理信息化是提升科研管理水平的重要途径之一。本文就目前科研管理信息存在的问题。通过探讨适于研究院所发展的科研管理模式、科研管理信息系统的功能以及科研管理信息系统在科研管理创新中的作用及效果,提出大数据时代研究院所科研管理信息化建设创新的几点思考。