孤独症儿童特殊教育学校教育安置模式的思考

目前特殊学校中就读的孤独症儿童数量日益增加．有关孤独症儿童教育安置模式的研究已成为孤独症教育康复的重点之一．目前国内特殊教育学校中孤独症儿童的教育安置存在个人档案不完善、缺乏科学的评估手段、安置的形式单一、教育的工具缺乏、课程内容不适合等问题,笔者从教学管理、教学环境、教学方法、师资培训和家校联系等方面．提出了在特殊学校中对孤独症儿童进行科学教育安置的设想。     

完全融合与多元安置:美国特殊儿童安置模式的争论

美国关于融合教育背景下如何安置特殊儿童的问题一直争论不断,主要存在完全融合与多元安置两种模式.本文从合适的教育、最少受限制环境及残疾模式3个方面梳理了两种安置模式争论的主要内容,并对两种安置模式的合理性进行了评析.     

中国式特殊儿童教育安置的内涵及实践路径

党和国家高度重视特殊教育发展,形成了具有中国特色的教育安置形式,保障了特殊儿童受教育权利。通过梳理其内涵意蕴可知,中国式特殊儿童教育安置体现了一定的历史使命、个体权益与行动价值等特点。然而,目前特殊儿童教育安置存在形式渐进性缺失、支持条件专业性匮乏、文化环境接纳度不足等困囿,制约了我国特殊教育高质量发展。中国式特殊儿童教育安置实践的优化路径,主要包括遵循递进式特殊儿童教育安置逻辑、秉持最少受限制原则与开放性原则、完善特殊儿童多样化教育安置形式、营造包容与接纳的全方位融合、构建五位一体的教育安置支持体系。     

论学前儿童一体化教育的教学策略

开展学前儿童一体化教育的研究，将为特殊儿童的早期教育提供科学的依据。为深入研究一体化教育中的教学策略。解决正常儿童与特殊儿童在一体化状态下接受教育的实质问题，对学前儿童一体化教育提供四种策略，即学前儿童一体化教育的安置策略、目标策略、内容策略和组织形式及方法策略。学前儿童一体化教育是个比较新的研究领域，通过本文提出关于学前儿童一体化教育教学策略的基本框架。     

公办学校和打工子弟学校中流动儿童城市适应过程对比研究

本研究采用流动儿童城市适应量表作为研究工具,对公办学校和打工子弟学校中的流动儿童城市适应过程进行研究。结果发现,公办学校的各种学校因素对流动儿童城市适应中探索与顺应、整合与融入两个阶段都有积极促进作用,除学校安置因素外,流动儿童的个人因素、家庭因素同样影响家长对两类学校的选择,也影响着流动儿童在两类学校的城市适应。     

试论特殊学校和随班就读两种特教形式

特殊学校是为同一残疾类型的特殊儿童设立的教育机构,它是特殊教育的基本形式之一。在这机构中不仅有受过专业训练的特殊教育师资及其有关专业人员,同时还有异于一般学校的课程与教学设施,以适应其教育对象的特殊需要。特殊学校可按其是否为学生提供食宿设施而分为寄宿制特殊学校和非寄宿制特殊学校。一般说来,特殊学校,在特殊教育的各种形式巾出现最早,较常见的有为盲童设置的盲校,有为聋童设置的聋校和为肢残儿童设立的肢残学校及为弱智儿童设置的弱智学校等。随班就读是我国对残疾儿童实行特殊教育的一种形式,它是指在普通学校的普通班里对残疾儿童实施特殊教育的形式。它和“一体化教育”不完全相同。“一体化教育”是一个国际通用的名称,指的是特殊教育和普通教育相互渗透、相互支持,以便为特殊儿童提供最好的教育。同时它还指一切儿童不论何时何地,有了任何学习困     

"构建智障儿童普校良好教育安置模式"的研究报告

为了研究在普通学校设立特殊教育班级的有效性,本研究以自身前后对照的实验方法,对“构建智障儿童普校良好教育安置模式”的课题进行了研究。一年半的研究结果表明:新的教育安置模式即在普通学校设立特殊班级来安置弱智学生的教育方案是可行的,它促进了弱智学生感觉统合能力以及社会适应行为的发展。课题建议:要构建智障儿童良好的教育安置模式需要重视教学管理、因材施教、动态评估、教学环境、家校联系等五方面的问题。     

流动儿童的社会适应：教育安置方式的比较及其政策含义

目前,流动儿童接受教育有两种不同的安置方式：公办学校安置方式和简易学校安置方式。公办学校中的流动儿童在行为问题和受歧视感上要好于简易学校中的流动儿童,公办学校中的流动儿童在学习成绩、社交焦虑和友谊三个方面并不比简易学校中的流动儿童差,在自我概念和孤独两个方面则存在不一致的差异。因此,公办学校的安置方式优于简易学校的安置方式。     

如何在语文教学中提高随读生的学习能力

目前，随班就读已成为我国普通学校安置特殊学生的常见形式，它让大多数轻度障碍儿童能与正常儿童一起享受平等的教育。由于有些随班就读学生（以下简称随读生）能力明显低于普通学生，对某种教学行为不适应，极易成为班级中的“边缘学习者”。因此，在教学中，笔者不断探索与实践，研究出提高随读生学习能力的有效教学方法及措施，帮助他们更好地适应班级生活。     

教育安置方式与流动儿童城市适应的关系

采用整群取样法对北京市1164名流动儿童,525名当地儿童及流动儿童主要来源省份的568名农村儿童进行问卷调查,考察流动儿童城市适应现状及其与教育安置方式的关系。结果表明,与北京当地儿童相比,流动儿童社会文化及心理适应不足,但与农村儿童相比,他们的社会文化适应更强,但心理适应不佳;公立学校流动儿童在社会文化和心理适应上都明显优于打工子弟学校儿童;控制了性别、年龄、来京时间及家庭经济地位等影响因素后,教育安置方式对流动儿童城市适应仍然有显著预测作用,公立学校流动儿童社会文化适应更好,自尊更高,且更少产生孤独、抑郁等心理适应问题。     

Attitudes toward mainstreaming: A status report and comparison of regular and special educators in New York and Massachusetts

Four hundred regular and special educators from New York (a categorical labeling state) and Massachusetts (a noncategorical labeling state) were surveyed on their mainstreaming attitudes and perceptions of handicapped exceptional children. Among the topics investigated were educators' attitudes toward the effects on these children of different educational placements, their reactions to integrating these children into regular classrooms, their knowledge of their special education responsibilities, and their inclusions in their building-level special education processes. Results, implications, and future research directions are discussed, so that services to handicapped exceptional children can be improved and implemented.     

Educational placements and National Curriculum Key Stage 2 test outcomes of children with a history of specific language impairment

As part of their longitudinal investigations of a large cohort with a history of specific language impairment (SLI), Professor Gina Conti-Ramsden and her research team based at the School of Education, University of Manchester, Dr Emma Knox, Dr Nicola Botting and Dr Zoë Simkin report on the changing educational placements and National Curriculum assessment outcomes of 200 children at 11 years. Teacher questionnaires reporting on the Year 6 primary education placements of the sample reveal details about the long-term educational needs of children with SLI.
Furthermore, in exploring the experiences of the sample in the National Curriculum Key Stage 2 tests the present study found that children with SLI perform poorly relative to national expectations of levels of achievement across all tests. At present there are no guidelines for supporting children with SLI in relation to National Curriculum tests and the present data suggests there is an obvious need for these to be developed.     

Disabled Children and Residential Schools: The Implications for Local Education Professionals

Jenny Morris, freelance researcher, David Abbott, research associate at the Norah Fry Research Centre at the University of Bristol, and Linda Ward, Director of the Norah Fry Research Centre at the University of Bristol, carried out research to look at whether the current system of legislation and regulation is adequately protecting and promoting the interests of disabled children placed at residential schools. This article summarises some findings from the research which investigated the decision-making processes leading to residential special school placements and explored the involvement of education and social services authorities after placements have been made. The research found that the needs of individual children are not central to these decision-making processes; and that the local authorities who make such placements do not pay sufficient attention to protecting and promoting children's educational or care needs once they have gone away to school. Jenny Morris, David Abbott and Linda Ward indicate some of the ways in which current practice could be improved; make recommendations for future developments; and call for further research into the role of special residential schools in the context of policy on educational and social inclusion.     

The consequences of being labelled ‘looked‐after’: Exploring the educational experiences of looked‐after children and young people in Wales

The educational experiences and attainment of looked‐after children and young people (LACYP) remains an issue of widespread international concern. Within the UK, children and young people in care achieve poorer educational outcomes compared to individuals not in care. Despite proliferation of research documenting the reasons for educational disadvantage amongst this population, there remains limited empirical consideration of the lived experiences of the educational system, as perceived by LACYP themselves. This paper draws upon qualitative research with 67 care‐experienced children and young people in Wales. The sample was aged 6–27 years, and comprised 27 females and 40 males. Participants had experienced a range of care placements. Findings focus on how educational policies and practices alienate LACYP from dominant discourses of educational achievement through assignment of the ‘supported’ subject position, where children and young people are permitted and even encouraged not to succeed academically due to their complex and disrupted home circumstances. However, such diminished expectations are rejected by LACYP, who want to be pushed and challenged in the realisation of their potential. The paper argues that more differentiated understandings of LACYP's aspirations and capabilities need to be embedded into everyday practices, to ensure that effective educational support systems are developed.     

Language and Memory Development in Children with Down Syndrome at Mainstream Schools and Special Schools: A comparison

Increasingly, children with Down syndrome are receiving their education in mainstream schools but little research has investigated whether these placements may influence language and memory development. The present study compared 22 children with Down syndrome in mainstream school placements matched for chronological age with 22 children attending special schools in a different LEA where mainstream placements were rare. The children were assessed to obtain measures of the following language and memory abilities: receptive vocabulary; grammar comprehension; sentence repetition; digit span; face recognition; and memory for hand movements. Children in mainstream placements achieved significantly higher scores for vocabulary, grammar and digit span measures, but not for non-language based memory measures. More importantly, even after controlling for age and receptive vocabulary, grammar understanding and digit spans were significantly greater for the mainstream children.     

A "consumer" survey of educational provision for deaf and hard of hearing students

The researchers report the results of a survey of 140 deaf and hard of hearing students attending integrated or self-contained high school classrooms in the state of New South Wales, Australia. The survey was designed to gather information about educational experiences and preferences for various types of educational placements. There were no gender differences in placement, but there were hearing status differences (81.6% of the students in segregated placements had severe or profound hearing losses, compared to 52.4% of the students in integrated settings). Even though students were aware of the advantages and disadvantages of the different placement options, 80% indicated that they were generally satisfied with their current placement. One implication is that a range of options seems to be more appropriate than a one-size-fits-all model, at least from students' perspectives. The views and preferences of students should be considered when educational provisions are designed for students who are deaf or hard of hearing.     

Choosing a secondary school for young people on the autism spectrum: a multi-informant study

Deciding on a secondary school for children with autism is notoriously difficult for parents. While current UK legislation emphasises the choice that parents of children with special educational needs should have in educational decision-making, there is a dearth of research in this area, which means that little is known about how parents come to make decisions about secondary school placements and the types of support, if any, they receive from professionals. The present study aimed to determine the factors that immediately influence secondary school choice for young people with autism in one London local authority from the perspectives of multiple informants. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with parents of children with autism (n?=?7), young people themselves prior to secondary school entry (n?=?6), parent advisors (n?=?5) and secondary school professionals (n?=?5). Parents emphasised the anxiety and burden of the decision-making process. There was, however, substantial agreement among adult groups on the factors necessary for a successful secondary school placement: a nurturing, flexible and inclusive environment that emphasised both academic and life skills. Few adults, however, mentioned the importance of children's social relationships – a factor that featured prominently in the reports of young people. These findings highlight both the different perceptions of those involved in making decisions about the educational placements of children with autism and the challenges associated with weighing up these potentially conflicting perspectives. More work is needed to ensure both that information is transparent and accessible to all parents and that young people are actively involved in decisions that ultimately affect their lives.     

Mapping the educational experiences of children with pathological demand avoidance

‘Pathological demand avoidance’ (PDA) describes a pattern of difficulties increasingly recognised as forming part of the autistic spectrum. Although clinical reports suggest that children with PDA are likely to experience considerable difficulties in education, their educational experiences have not yet been explored in any systematic way. In the current study, 42 parents of children with PDA completed a questionnaire about their child's educational experiences. Parents' responses indicated that this group of children displays high levels of problem behaviours in school, and receives corresponding high levels of special educational need support and professional involvement. Despite this support, the group had experienced high rates of exclusion and placement breakdown, with only 48% now in mainstream education. Parents reported relatively high satisfaction in their children's educational placements, with success defined by parents in terms of child outcomes, school characteristics and PDA‐specific factors. Findings are discussed with reference to what is known about the educational experiences of children with more typical autism spectrum conditions and in terms of the implications for the inclusion of this group of children with complex needs.