Calculation of minimal dominating set in wireless sensor network with host switch-on/off

This paper proposes a simple and efficient distributed algorithm for calculating minimal dominating set in wireless sensor network. This method can avoid maintaining the connectivities between backbone hosts. Considering that the hosts in mobile networks have different characteristics, this paper proposes a method of calculating minimal dominating set with weight. The nodes can be chosen to form a minimal dominating set when the network topology changes. For the host switch on/off operation, the updating algorithm was provided. The change in the status of a host affects only the status of hosts in the restricted vicinity. Simulation results show that the proposed method can ensure fewer dominators but with higher weight to form the minimal dominating set and the nodes can be adaptive to the changes of network topology.     

The Tragedy of Tess

Tess of the D’Urbervilles is the masterpiece of English literature.Thomas Hardy,the author of this book,describes a tragedy of a peasant irl:Tess.This thesis tries to explore the causes of Tess’s tragedy. Based on analysis, there comes the conclusion that the main reason is the sex discrimination in society.The solution to this unfortunate story is to achieve a real equal status between men and women.And this may finally rely on the social development and the improvement of human civilization.     

Euphemism： Development and its Social Value in Intercultural Communication

Euphemism is a common linguistic phenomenon, which is closely related to culture backgrounds, religious thoughts, life styles, etc. A short introduction to euphemism in English and Chinese will benefit our future intercultural communication. Lots of scholars had studied euphemism from various ways. Such as linguistic, social-linguistic, rhetoric view, pragmatics and so on. From all those studies, we can easily found out that the development of euphemism have a stong relationship with the development of taboo words more or less. In this paper, the author elaborates this topic from their relationship. At the very beginning, a semantic definition and classification were given. a basic knowledge of comparison about taboo words in English and Chinese gave us a basic meaning of the existence of euphemism. Euphemisms are the substance of taboo words. From the relationship of taboos and euphemisms illustrates the national characters in English and Chinese euphemisms. There are religious characters in English euphemisms and class characters in Chinese euphemisms. We know that the communication between us should under the principle of cooperation. But the differences between different culture background, age, sex, status and positions always make the principle out of effect. So euphemism can do a lot to maintain people's social status in our today's society, especially in intercultural communication. A preoccupation about euphemism can avoid some embarrassments in intercultural communication. If we want success in our future profession, a clear knowledge of euphemism is necessary.     

Habitat destruction may lead to highly female-biased sex ratios

Local mate competition (LMC) was firstly used to explain extra-ordinary female-biased sex ratios. However, some observations have found that the sex ratios of some species are more female-biased than the predictions of LMC and its extensions; there is not yet a theory that accounts for the mechanisms of more female-biased sex ratio. Here, we assume that LMC occurs at a destructed habitat that reduces the resource for production, and present a new extension for the LMC model. Consequently, our model shows that the evolutionarily stable strategy (ESS) for sex ratio depends on two parameters: the number of foundresses and the degree of habitat destruction. Moreover, the sex ratio decreases as the degree of habitat destruction increases, i.e., the proportion of female increases. These results generally agree with experimental data, and may provide a new basis for the evolution of female-biased sex ratios in local mate competition and a new theory support for conservation of some species     

Thoughts on Erudition,Culture and Music in Teacher Training

The start of higher education of primary school teachers in 1959 marks a definitive step in a process. This training has had an effect on all areas. In terms of music training, different periods can be observed which appears during the full strategic change of the training. Professionals, however, have always tried to find the proper place for music which has to be fought for from time to time. Music education has never lost sight of the Kodaly concept in public education. We aim to prepare our students to internalize the abilities necessary to become a successful primary school teacher, keeping in mind the requirements of qualification for the major. In this process, the changes taken place in the Hungarian higher education were determinative. Music education practically has kept its place in general and special primary school teacher training. The major of primary school teacher is a definitive undergraduate course in the teacher training field. Its importance directly shows in public education. One of the crucial points of education should be the formation of values of schoolchildren. General education is a cultural level different in every society and age that a society sets as a standard for its members. This education itself should have a European culture as a prerequisite with Hungarian characteristics.     

Sexual health and behavior of mentally retarded pupils in Japan

Sex education has always been a controversial topic. Although sex education at schools has improved in general, sex education for mentally retarded pupils still encounters prejudice and conservatism as a result of several misconceptions about the subject. This research was performed in the form of a survey of opinions about sex education in special classes in ordinary public schools for mentally retarded pupils in Tokyo, Japan. Information was collected through written questionnaires distributed to teachers and parents of pupils of both sexes, whose age range was between 7 and 16 years. This work aims to stimulate an open and broad discussion, as well as to help teachers and parents to improve their knowledge about the subject. In addition, it provides data to outline a more specific program in sex education for mentally retarded pupils.     

The Impact of Culture on Diplomacy and How to Bridge Cultural Gaps in Diplomacy

With the sudden change of the political structure in the world and the acceleration of the globalization,the impact of culture on diplomacy is becoming increasingly obvious.Especially some conflicts in the diplomacy have made it more important to study and analyze the international relations from a cultural perspective.Culture can be the cause of misunderstanding in diplomatic negotiation,but it can also be a very useful tool and instrument for global public diplomacy.Culture as a"soft power" should be used as the key in the diplomacy to bridge the cultural gaps,reduce conflict and misunderstanding and lead to the common goal of peace and development.     

A qualitative investigation of trainees＇ adjustment in Japan：A case study of trainees from Indonesia

In Japan, there is a residence status known as “the trainee”. This is the status for residents who undertake “activities to learn and acquire the technology, skills, or knowledge at public or private organizations in Japan”. With the introduction of the Industrial Training Program in 1993, trainees have been permitted to extend their stay in Japan for education and employment purposes up to a maximum of three years. This study aims to investigate the adjustment styles of trainees and to consider the changes in their attitudes toward Japan in the course of this adjustment. Six male Indonesian trainees （mean age=23.83） were invited to a semi-structured interview. They were employed at the same factory, involved in the manufacture of car components, and were trainees in their first-, second-, and third-years. The interview mainly focused on the trainees＇ Japanese language skills, the changes in their images of Japan or Japanese people, the communication between them and their Japanese colleagues, and the difficulties they encountered during their stay in Japan. The results revealed that there were clear differences between the first, second, and third trainees. As the trainees＇ Japanese language skills improved, their communication with the Japanese colleagues increased. Subsequently, they developed more positive images of Japan and Japanese people and hoped to have more informal communication with Japanese people.     

Language Learning Strategies and Strategic Teaching in the Foreign Language Classroom

The results of a great deal of research have suggested that language learning strategies can be taught and that instructing learning strategies and integrating them into regular instruction can greatly facilitate the learning of a second/foreign language.The aim of this article is to draw the readers’ attention to strategic teaching that should be introduced in the foreign language classroom in order to meet the demands of contemporary language education. In particular, it points to the necessity that teachers should change their attitudes towards the roles they play in the classroom to become truly responsible for their learning.     

Retrospective and New Initiatives for 2013

In 2010,Frontiers of Education in China underwent a complete change of direction.From publishing Chinese academic papers that had been translated into English,the journal shifted to publishing original papers,which have not appeared in print anywhere before.This important reorientation allowed us to develop a close contact with scholars studying Chinese education around the world,and to publish their insights into Chinese education in a timely manner.Prior to publication,every paper goes through a rigorous peer review process and the subsequent decisions are made with adequate communication and discussion.In working with scholars who are knowledgeable about Chinese education,including our authors,readers,and reviewers,we have developed a solid professional relationship and a valuable friendship,for which we always feel grateful.Owing to their suggestions,we have been able to introduce various initiatives for the purpose of bettering this journal.     

英汉委婉语对比及翻译(英文)

Euphemism can be regarded as a universal phenomenon in human language.It is also an important linguistic strategy in communication.English and Chinese euphemisms usually have a shared topic,such as death,disease and sex.Therefore,to some degree,English and Chinese euphemisms share some common features.However,owing to the different social and cultural background,English and Chinese euphemisms still have much difference between each other.This paper is to take some typical examples in both English and Chinese to compare euphemisms in the two languages,and try to probe some strategies about how to improve the translation of euphemisms between English and Chinese.     

Probing into the Souls Drifting in the Reality

There are a great many escapists in modern American drama, who indulge in their past or escape into the fort of dream. Great change of society, as well as traditional values, gives an impact on the escapists. They feel mixed-up and perplexed about their lives and future. The conflicts among pursuit and disillusionment, past and present, tradition and modernity, material and spirit, ideal and reality make the escapists choose to build a wall to separate them from the real world. They become the souls drifting in the reality, without knowing their status in society or the meaning of life.     

水压轴向柱塞马达配流盘的研究

This paper has introduced the developments of water hydraulic axial piston equipments.According to the effects of physicochemical properties of water on water hydraulic components,a novel valve plate for water hydraulic axial motor has been put forward,whose moment exerted by the fluid field between valve plate and bearing plate is balanced entirely.The material screening experiment of valve plate is done on the test rig.Through numerical simulation the effects of some geometry parameters on the performance of water hydraulic motor have been studied.The silencing grooves on the valve plate in water hydraulic motor can reduce the pressure shock and the occurrence of cavitation effectively.It is evident that the appropriate structure should change the wear status between matching paris and reduces the wear and specific pressure of the matching pairs.The specimen with the new type valve plate is used in a tool system.     

Analysis on the Application of Experiential Learning in Junior Middle School English Teaching

With the implementation of the New Standards for English Curriculums and the reformation of the educational system,many teachers have begun to focus on students’learning process and experience.However,the phenomenon of students’passive learning also exists.Facing such situation,it is imperative to change students’learning ways.Experiential learning,as a new way of learning has been widely recognized as an effective approach in learning.Therefore,in order to change students’learning ways,improve their comprehensive English level and learning interest,it is important for teachers to apply the experiential learn ing in English teaching,thus,improving the current situation of junior middle school English teaching.     

An Analysis on Gender Differences in Public Speeches of Obama and Hillary

In recent years,people pay more and more attention to the connection between gender and language.Due to some social reasons and differences in body structure,gender differences no doubt exist.But gender differences in language have changed a little in modern society due to women’s elevation of social status and their desire of realizing self-value.In this paper gender differences reflected in modern language hope to be found out on the basis of two public speeches of Hillary and Obama.     

Bridging the Digital Divide and the Use of Information and Communications Technology （ICT） in South African Universities： a Comparison Study among Selected Historically Black Universities （HBUs） and Historically White Universities （HWUs）

It has become common place for students in historically white universities （HWUs） in South Africa to have 24 hour access to computers, the Internet, e-learning facilities, check results online and even register online. However, historically black universities （HBUs） are still battling to have access to these facilities. On a macro level, the issue of lack of access to basic ICT facilities or digital divide exists. This is evident in the fact that developed nations like U.S.A and Switzerland have significant access to ICT, while under-developed nations in Africa like Ethiopia and Congo do not enjoy considerable access. On a micro level in South Africa, digital divide still exists. Even the divide exists among South African Universities as students in historically white institutions like Pretoria, Rhodes and Stellenbosch Universities enjoy unlimited access to ICT facilities like computers and the internet. However, the reverse is the case in HBUs where access rate is very limited and personal observation bears this out as most historically black institutions like the University of Fort Hare, University of Limpopo, and University of Zululand, just to mention a few are still battling with the issue of access to ICT facilities. This paper presents the findings of a survey conducted to examine the present ICT status / capacity of HBUs compared to what exists in HWUs in South Africa. It will attempt to identify the reasons for the continued disparity in ICT access between HWUs and HBUs and also to identify how HBUs can address the divide and leapfrog to an era of full ICT access.     

恐龙危机

Anear 20-degree drop in average temperature waskilling the dinosaurs even before a giant asteroidimpact finished them off,according to new researchby a team of Canadian paleontologists(古生物学者).If correct,the finding explains why dinosaurswere so vulnerable to the impact.which many scientistsagree caused the extinction of dinos and other prehistoriccreatures around 65 million years ago.Evidence that climate change led to the dinosaurdemise(死亡)comes from a series of four collections ofdinosaur-era fossils in Alberta(阿尔伯达省),Canada.Thefossils represent the last 10 million years of the Creta-ceous(白垩纪),a relatively short period in geologic time.The Cretaceous spanned 146 to 65 million years ago.Changes revealed by the soil and rock around thefossils.such as the formation of coal and a decrease incertain plant life.indicate a cooldown accompanied by adrop in rainfall.Average temperatures went from a pleasant77 degrees Fahrenheit to a rather chilly 59 degrees.Dinosaurs are thought to have been fairly tolerant oftemperature changes,due to their mammal-like physiolo-gy.But turtles,crocodiles and other large reptiles( 行动物)in their ecosystem(生态系统)would have been more     

The Direction of English Education in Southwest China and Countermeasures

Britain has been the subject of university courses is the focus,especially in today’s global economy integration,the status of the university English education can not be ignored,in recent years,the rapid development of our English education,but there have been many problems to solve.This article reveals English education,a new direction,there are some English teaching reform,and finally improvement of English education in China described.     

The Change of Consuming Habits after the Second World War

After the Second World War,mass consumption was held as a consensus in the US,however,the founding fathers of the US are the puritans who were known as hard-working,diligent,thrift,moderation and have a strong sense of mission and destination.While in the mass consumption was regarded not as a personal indulgence,but rather a civic responsibility designed to provide "full employment and improved livings standards for the rest of the nation" and even "thrift is now un-American" how come this into being? What caused this change has always been fascinating to me,and the influence of the consuming habits in contemporary world has a great significance.