国民收入分配应坚持效率与公平并重

从按要素分配公平和按劳分配公平出发,在国民收入初次分配注重效率的同时应并重公平;从政府参与再分配的三大职能出发,在国民收入再分配注重公平的同时应兼顾效率;从公平与效率关系的理论分析和实践考察出发,国民收入分配应坚持公平与效率并重,让效率在公平中不断提高,让公平在效率中更好地实现。     

论公平分配原则的确立及其实现路径

经济活动要提高效率,离不开利益分配的公平。基于“效率优先、兼顾公平”原则带来收入差距过大的事实,党的十七大提出“初次分配和再分配都要处理好效率与公平的关系,再分配更加注重公平”的公平分配原则。选择正确路径,推进公平分配原则的有效实施。     

探索解决分配公平问题的新路子——用十七大报告精神评析李惠斌新著《企业劳动产权概论》

十七大报告在分配公平问题上的创新之处,在于提出"初次分配和再分配都要处理好效率和公平的关系,再分配更加注重公平",与"初次分配注重效率,再分配注意公平"的分配制度相比有了实质性的突破。为了从理论与实践统一的高度更好地解决社会公正失衡的问题,我们还必须加强理论研究;《企业劳动产权概论》对解决分配公平问题的新探索令人耳目一新。     

个人收入分配的新原则--读十六大报告中"初次分配注重效率,再分配注重公平"的思考

从党的十三大到十六大这15年期闻，我国个人收入分配原则随着社会历史条件的变化相应地发生了变化。十三大是“在促进效率提高的前提下体现社会公平”；十四大是“兼顾效率与公平”；十五大是“坚持效率优先，兼顾公平”；十六大则进一步发展为“初次分配注重效率，再分配注重公平”。前几次代表大会较侧重于效率问题，十六大则开始侧重于公平问题。针对十六大报告中这一个人收入分配的新原则，本文重点分析了国民收入的初次分配与再分配这两个分配层次是如何实现收入公平的。注重效率的初次分配有助于社会财富的增长，为收入公平的实现打下物质基础；注重公平的再分配有助于收入差距的缩小，为收入公平的实现提供制度保障。     

改革开放后我国分配理念的变革与和谐社会的构建

改革开放以后,随着居民收入状况的不断变化,我国收入分配领域不断革故鼎新,分配理念不断变革。在这个过程中,无不凸显着收入分配的核心概念公平与效率及其二者的关系问题。党的十七大提出的"初次分配和再分配都要处理好公平与效率的关系,再分配更加注重公平"的新论断,是对以往分配指导原则的纠偏和扬弃,有着深刻的理论意义和重要的实践意义。公平的分配制度攸关和谐社会的构建,正确认识和处理两次分配中的公平与效率问题,切实采取有力措施理顺分配关系,解决收入分配差距问题,最终实现全体人民共同富裕,是构建社会主义和谐社会的重要保证。     

在效率与公平之间——中共分配理念的嬗变

中共分配理念的嬗变过程是一个不断调整效率与公平之间关系的过程:从过去的"效率优先、兼顾公平"到今天的"在初次分配和再分配中都要注重公平"。文章在对公平和效率进行阐释的基础上,探讨中共分配理念的嬗变,并分析这种分配理念产生的影响、实现机制以及其中要注意的问题。     

试析我国收入分配中的公平问题

收入分配公平是一个历史性范畴，它的内涵随生产关系的变化而变化。正确理解我国收入分配的公平，必须搞清楚机会公平与结果公平、收入分配公平与社会主义市场经济的关系，确立初次分配注重效率，再分配注重结果公平的分配范式。在分配中，防止平均主义，保持合理差距，反对两极分化，坚持效率优先、兼顾公平的原则，促进我国生产力的发展，不断提高人民群众的生活水平。     

把提高效率同促进社会公平结合起来

把提高效率同促进社会公平结合起来,是我们党在总结改革开放历史经验和探索中国特色社会主义发展道路的实践过程中形成的一个重要思想。在大力发展社会生产力的基础上实现社会的共同富裕、努力实现公平与效率的统一是社会主义的本质要求。"初次分配和再分配都要处理好效率和公平的关系,再分配更加注重公平",符合中国特色社会主义实际情况和需要。深化分配制度的改革和完善收入分配制度是实现效率与社会公平最重要的一个环节。     

运用经济法实现收入的再分配

法律是利益分配书.经济法不仅具有分配功能,也具有再分配功能.经济法在初次分配中,对市场分配和市场自由作出了某些限制,发挥了法律应有的指导作用和预防作用.在再分配过程中,经济法发挥了调节经济的作用,协调了经济效率与经济公平之间的关系,保持了经济效率与经济公平之间的平衡.经济法在实现收入分配公平中起着其他法律无法替代的作用.     

关于对《收入分配与社会公平》教学过程的分析

本课内容是高一政治必修《经济生活》第三单元第七课第二框的内容。共分两目．第一目“社会公平的重要体现”主要介绍当前我国收入分配是如何实现社会公平的。第二目“处理好效率与公平的关系”介绍效率的含义和正确认识效率与公平的关系．下面我以“如何实现收入分配公平”和“正确处理效率与公平的关系”两个重点内容为核心展开教学过程的分析．     

第三次收入分配的基础和发展

第三次收入分配是一种个人收入的转移,是在道德力量的作用下,通过个人自愿捐赠而进行的分配。第三次收入分配作为第一次分配和第二次分配的重要补充,具有社会资源重新配置以及转移支付的功能,对于实现我国收入分配的社会公平以及和谐社会构建意义重大。目前,我国已经具备了发展第三次收入分配的道德、经济、心理、制度等基础,应针对我国第三次分配存在的诸多问题,多途径地推动第三次收入分配的发展。     

EXZELLENZ UND EQUITY: NEUE BILDUNGSTHEORETISCHE PERSPEKTIVEN FÜR EIN ALTES SPANNUNGSVERHÄLTNIS

EXCELLENCE AND EQUITY: APPLYING NEW PERSPECTIVES IN THE THEORY OF EDUCATION TO A TRADITIONALLY TENSE RELATIONSHIP – The majority of international assessments of school performance, as well as the international standards-based education reform focus on optimising the skills of children who perform poorly in school. This article, however, places the focus on the top?performers (“excellence”) and links this with the theory of equal opportunities (“equity”). The article follows two main lines of argument. The argument relating to the theory of education deems the achievement of equal opportunities and equity likely only if and when all children start from an equal position and are then allowed to develop unequally and appropriately, according to their individual talents. The second argument highlights the tense relationship between excellence and equity with regard to school children’s varying home backgrounds, and asks how intellectual potential can best be discovered and encouraged. At the same time, the article demonstrates that the concept of accelerated learning, in differentiating between individuals within homogenous groups of learners, opens up a number of interesting perspectives and can ultimately redress the tense relationship between excellence and equity.     

Can Schools Achieve Both Quality and Equity? Investigating the Two Dimensions of Educational Effectiveness

This article investigates the extent to which schools can achieve both equity and quality. Data emerged from two effectiveness studies in teaching mathematics and Greek language, which were conducted to test the validity of the dynamic model of educational effectiveness. Separate multilevel analyses for each subject were conducted and it was found that the effectiveness status of schools does not change significantly when the two dimensions (equity and quality) are used to measure their effectiveness status in each subject. Changes in their effectiveness status in terms of each dimension of measuring effectiveness were also examined. In each subject, schools that were found to improve their effectiveness status in terms of the equity dimension were also found to improve their effectiveness status in terms of the quality dimension. Moreover, no school that was found to improve its effectiveness status in terms of one dimension had declining effectiveness in terms of the other dimension of effectiveness. Implications of these findings for the development of educational effectiveness research are drawn.     

“回应现实”的教育公平观——以基础教育择校为视角

择校和教育公平争论的实质是学者试图探寻一种理想的基础教育状态。学术界对此愈辩愈乱的根本原因在于,学者们对于教育公平的群体性、范围性、合法性、稳定性等多元涵义的理解不在统一的对话平台上。因此,基础教育择校需要通过回应现实去把握和定位教育公平的准确时代内涵,确立针对基础教育择校的科学的教育公平观。     

大规模考试录取公平诉求的历史考察与启思

对高考录取中的公平诉求这一问题,作远距离的历史考察颇有必要。科举录取的凭才取人与逐路取人之博弈长达六百余年。民国政府在20世纪前半叶为区域招生的公平也进行过两次努力。历史告诉我们,考试制度作为一种教育制度或竞争机制,需受制甚至服从于政治制度。在可以预见的相当长一段时期,高考实行分省录取仍有其必要性。要想比较彻底地矫治乃至根治地域间高等教育机会的失衡问题,一定要通过调整高等教育布局、大力发展和扶持中西部的普通教育和高等教育等办法,逐步使地域间的经济、教育和文化等都均衡发展。     

Theoretically and Practically Speaking,What is Needed in Diversity and Equity in Science Teaching and Learning?

This article discusses how issues of diversity and equity are addressed in the preparation of science teachers who are charged with teaching diverse students in schools. Highlighting examples from my own teaching and research and other studies in education, I frame this article in terms of a broad application of theory in science teacher preparation to classroom practices in order to address science achievement and equity for diverse students. I also discuss the relevance of my argument for in-service professional development.     

School-leaving Examinations,Selection and Equity in Higher Education in South Africa

This paper explores the international experience in respect of school-leaving examinations and selection for higher education. It briefly states some theories of selection for equity in societies with severe structural inequalities, why and when formal selection is done. It then advances an argument to explain the dual functions of selection in education. International trends in selection for higher education are analysed, also school-leaving examinations and university access in South Africa. The policy and experience in selection for equity at the University of the Western Cape is then discussed, as well as the academic development programme initiated. It concludes with an analysis of some of the dilemmas facing universities committed to redress and equity in the current climate of entitlement.     

Innovation in teacher education: towards a critical re-examination

ABSTRACT

In the course of introducing a themed issue of the journal on “Innovation in Teacher Education’, we lay out an argument for re-examining the meaning of innovation in the field, shifting it away from the dominance of the economistic and technological. Acknowledging its status as a ‘buzzword’, we distinguish between purposes for innovation and, in particular, between changes driven by arguments for social mobility and those driven by social justice and equity. Two imperatives for innovation underpinned by arguments for social justice and equity are identified: the concept of a ‘teacher education debt’, built on Ladson-Billings’ more general notion of ‘education debt’; and the humanization of learning, teaching and becoming a teacher as person-centred, relational practices. The final section of the article introduces each of the six papers in the context of the discussion in previous sections about these imperatives for change.     

Institutional Researcher Reflexivity: How IR Professionals Can Utilize Researcher Reflexivity in Qualitative Studies of Community College Students

ABSTRACT

In this paper, I argue that researcher reflexivity, a common qualitative practice, is a specific tool that institutional research professionals endeavoring to conduct qualitative research studies involving Students of Color can use to unpack issues of power and privilege that exist between the researcher and the researched. This may be particularly useful among institutional researchers working within community colleges that serve a disproportionate number of racially minoritized populations and other vulnerable student groups. I offer a reflexive account of various experiences related to race, gender, and social class that I encountered in a qualitative research study of Black and Latino males I conducted as an institutional researcher. The purpose of this reflexive account from the field is to support the argument for more qualitative approaches to institutional research, while also advancing the argument that critical qualitative research be leveraged with the explicit purpose of advancing racial equity from the context of IR not traditionally associated with equity, advocacy, and qualitative inquiry involving race.     

我国上市公司股权激励问题探析

上市公司的股权激励在我国尚处于起步阶段,实践中新问题、新情况不断涌现。为了提高股权激励的有效性,以委托代理理论、人力资本理论、交易费用理论、博弈论和机制设计理论为理论基础进行分析,上市公司在实践中股权激励存在的主要问题是激励条件较低、激励成本较高、激励对象行权风险较大等,建议从完善公司治理结构、完善相关配套法规、建设上市公司经理人才市场、提高资本市场的有效性、加强对股权激励的监管等几个方面完善上市公司股权激励机制。