Finding Frames: Comparing Two Methods of Frame Analysis

Detecting media frames has spawned a variety of methods, but very little has been done to investigate whether these methods provide comparable results. This article compares the results of two kinds of human coding framing analysis. The first is a method developed by Matthes and Kohring (2008) Matthes, J. and Kohring, M. 2008. The content analysis of media frames: Toward improving reliability and validity. Journal of Communication, 58: 258–279. [Crossref], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar] involving human coding of elements based on Entman's (1993) Entman, R. M. 1993. Framing: Toward clarification of a fractured paradigm. Journal of Communication, 43(4): 51–58. [Crossref], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar] definition of frames, and the second coding is based on an extracted set of frames. Cluster analysis of news articles on population published from 1987–2007 in the Philippines yielded an optimum number of three communities or frames that agree with the holistic predetermined frames. Results indicate support for the validity of both procedures. Methodological implications are further discussed.     

Negotiating boundaries of knowledge: Discourse analysis of Wikipedia's Articles for Deletion (AfD) discussion

Although previous research has revealed factors that affect Wikipedia editors' decisions regarding content retainment and deletion,¹1. J. Schneider, A. Passant, and S. Decker, “Deletion Discussions in Wikipedia: Decision Factors and Outcomes,” WikiSym '12 (2012); and D. Taraborelli, and G. L. Ciampaglia, “Beyond Notability. Collective Deliberation on Content Inclusion in Wikipedia,” 2010 Fourth IEEE International Conference on Self-Adaptive and Self-Organizing Systems Workshop (2010): 122–25.View all notes there has been little research on the editors' discussion that is involved therein as a linguistic process. In this article, I study Wikipedia's Articles for Deletion (AfD) talk pages and conceptualize each discussion as a conflictual language game.²2. L. Wittgenstein, Philosophical Investigations, 3rd ed. (Oxford, UK: Basil Blackwell, [1953] 1967).View all notes I study, by using discourse analysis interpretively and critically, how participants (especially first movers) frame the discussion direction—either as an invitation to collaborate or with cascading arguments (leaving little room for casual chit-chat). Finally, I study entire AfD discussions and find two coexisting language games: the discussion game and the consultation/enforcement game. I find that the closing admins of AfD discussions function as policy experts rather than consensus facilitators. Hence, AfD discussions contain both sets of game rules, but ultimately the power of the decision is nonetheless vested in the admins. This brings background power dynamics into the grammar of language games in the struggle for the generation and sustenance of the dominant knowledge or narratives of our information society.     

How We Hired a Content Strategist (And Why You Should Too)

Libraries were once the trailblazers for developing Web sites in the early 1990s, but today many library Web sites are bloated with outdated, irrelevant, and unfriendly content. Some institutions have recently turned to content strategy—the practice of planning “for the creation, publication, and governance of useful, usable content” (Halvorson 2011 Halvorson, K. 2011. Understanding the discipline of web content strategy. Bulletin of the American Society of Information Science and Technology 37:23–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bult.2011.1720370208.[Crossref] , [Google Scholar], 23)—to address these problems. In this article, the authors argue that large libraries can benefit from creating a dedicated staff role for content strategy. They explore how the University of Arizona Libraries moved from its first forays in content strategy to adding a full-time, permanent content strategist to the staff. The authors describe the key elements that were important in making the case for this position and detail considerations for recruitment and hiring. They also discuss the role a content strategist can play for improving the overall user experience beyond just the library Web site.     

Six Hundred Years of Czech Literature in The New York Public Library: From Hus to Havel

Six hundred years of Czech writing are documented in The New York Public Library's The New York Public Library. 1988. The Treasures of The New York Public Library, New York: H. N. Abrams.  [Google Scholar] holdings. The article shows how ideas traveled from century to century in the Czech lands and who transmitted those ideas. Examples from the collection are presented.     

Interface of Political Opportunism and Islamic Extremism in Bangladesh: Rhetorical Identification in Government Response

Critical approaches to study Bangladesh's political development have been widespread, especially in the fields of political science and international relations. What is missing from the existing critical account is an examination of the language that Bangladesh's political leaders use as symbolic means. This paper will critically analyze a rhetorical event, Address to the Nation by Begum Khaleda Zia, former Prime Minister of the People's Republic of Bangladesh, at the Fourth Anniversary of the former Alliance Government at Dhaka, Bangladesh on October 10, 2005 Zia , B. K. ( 2005, October, 10 ). [Address to the Nation]. Speech presented at the Fourth Anniversary of the Alliance Government. Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Government of the People's Republic of Bangladesh. Retrieved January 6, 2006, from http://www.mofa.gov.bd/st_prime_minister.htm  [Google Scholar]. The purpose is to investigate the responses of the then Bangladesh government to growing Islamic militancy in the country. Kenneth Burke's concept of identification will be used to this end.     

Transparency,accountability and good governance: Role of new information and communication technologies and the mass media

Abstract

Customer orientation has been suggested to create competitive advantage of firms (Kohli &; Jaworski, 1990 Kohli, A. K. and Jaworski, B. J. 1990. Market orientation: The construct, research propositions, and managerial implications. Journal of Marketing, 54(2): 1–18. [Crossref], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]). Therefore, the recommendation to media managers has been to let the creation and delivery of customer value guide their strategies for advertising sales (Aris &; Bughin, 2005 Aris, A. and Bughin, J. 2005. Managing media companies: Harnessing creative value, Chichester, , England: Wiley.  [Google Scholar]). However, the concept of customer value, what it is, and how it is created remains unclear in many ways. This article explores the concept of customer value in advertising media purchasing from the media seller's perspective. Between December 2007 and February 2008, sales representatives from three Swedish TV networks were studied through in-depth interviews and observations as they progressed through a negotiation process with a large advertiser and its media agency. A qualitative analysis of the media sellers' experiences shows that they see advertiser and agency to perceiving the value of advertising media differently. Also, they see the customer side parties as diverging in the processes by which these value perceptions are formed. The article reveals the inherent problem of customer orientation on advertising markets—that within media purchasing practice, several actors have their own idea of value, and an advertiser's understanding of value is not always a decisive factor. The TV networks in the study have all chosen different strategies to deal with these dualities.     

A Multivariate Test of the Influence Model

Abstract

This study explores the validity of Meyer's (2004) Meyer, P. 2004. The vanishing newspaper, Columbia, MO: University of Missouri Press.  [Google Scholar] influence model in the cable news network environment. The influence model proposes that news media organizations' profitability is linked to their societal influence, which depends on audiences' perceptions of their credibility and news quality. The results show a good fit between a structural equation model of the influence model and data from a survey probing respondents' opinions of CNN and Fox News Channel. The study also examines audience members' attitudes toward the two cable news networks and found that their opinions of CNN are significantly more positive.     

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Godard has consistently voiced his disapproval of Spielberg's Schindler's List. Critics have noted this antipathy yet there is currently no detailed analysis of Godard Godard, Jean-Luc and Youssef, Ishaghpour. 2005. Cinema: The Archeology of Film and the Memory of a Century. Trans. JOHN HOWE, New York: Oberg.  [Google Scholar]'s specific objections. This article attempts to remedy this omission. In the first half, the author focuses on the motivation and logic that underpin Spielberg's film, paying particular attention to the qualms expressed in Godard's Éloge de l'amour over the moral and philosophical dubiousness of employing witness testimony as a means of recreating the past in the present. Then, in the second half, the author analyses the politics of identification in a selection of Godard's films to argue that Schindler's List is made ethically palatable for mainstream audiences through the use of manipulative erotic imagery. There, two critiques are brought together to suggest that Godard's primary objection to Schindler's List is that it constitutes an uplifting consideration of the Shoah that precludes a more serious rumination on an event that ruptures the histories of both the cinema and the twentieth century.     

The 25th Amendment: A Selective Annotated Bibliography

This selective bibliography is intended to assist legal researchers in researching the 25th Amendment of the U.S. Constitution.¹1 U.S. Const. amend. XXV; see generally, Congressional Research Service, Library of Congress, Constitution of the United States of America 484 (presidential disability and inability), 2295–2296 (presidential succession issues and the 20th Amendment); and 2317–2319 (issues of presidential inability and disability (Centennial ed. 2017). In addition to Article II, Clause 6, and the Presidential Succession Act of 1947,²2 Presidential Succession Act of 1947, Pub. L. No. 80???199, 61 Stat. 380, as amended (codified at 3?U.S.C. § 19 (2012)). the 25th Amendment is part of the fundamental law governing presidential succession in the United States. This bibliography compiles books, book chapters, and law review articles to facilitate legal research in this area.³3 U.S. Const. art. II, § 6. For a detailed account of the presidential succession issue, see Ruth Silva, Presidential Succession (U. Michigan Press 1951).

When ratified in 1967, the 25th Amendment culminated nearly 175 years of Congressional effort to resolve Constitutional vagueness on certain procedure involving the temporary or permanent incapacitation of the president. While the 25th amendment did not fundamentally change the constitutional procedure of presidential succession, it did significantly clarify areas of uncertainty with the purpose of complying with the apparent intentions of the Framers of the Constitution on presidential succession.⁴4 U.S. Const. art. II, § 6. For a detailed account of the presidential succession issue, see Ruth Silva, Presidential Succession (U. Michigan Press 1951).

Since Donald Trump became president in January 2017, there has been an ongoing public debate over his provocative rhetoric and actions, and his reportedly dysfunctional presidency. In 2017, for example, questions arose about his emotional stability when he apparently tweeted threatening language involving nuclear weapons in response to statements made by Kim Jong-un, the leader of North Korea.⁵5 Peter Baker &; Michael Tackett, Trump’s North Korea Retort: My “Nuclear Button” Is Bigger Than Yours, N.Y. Times A10 (Jan. 3, 2018).

In addition, significant concerns arose after an anonymous letter to the editor appeared in the New York Times, allegedly sent by a high-ranking administration official, stating he or she was part part of the “resistance” within the White House, which was attempting to block some of President Trump’s allegedly more dangerous actions. The author reported that there was a group of similarly situated White House officials who believe that the president was unfit for office and that there was an effort to remove Trump under the Section 4 of the 25th Amendment.⁶6 Anonymous, Letter to the Editor, The Quiet Resistance Inside the Trump Administration, N.Y. Times 23 (Sept. 6, 2018). More recently, former FBI Director Andrew McCabe revealed that Justice Department officials had sought to discuss the possibility of invoking the 25th Amendment with cabinet officials.

Because of the critical importance of the issues involved for the nation today, this article includes sources discussing when the 25th Amendment can be invoked and whether Donald Trump’s pattern of statements and behavior could give cause to invoke the 25th Amendment. As current events suggest, the issue of whether Trump should be removed under the 25th Amendment is likely to remain an issue of public concern for the foreseeable future.     

On Shadowing the Hybrid Character of Actions: A Communicational Approach

This article extends the discussion of McDonald (2005) McDonald, S. 2005. Studying actions in context: A qualitative shadowing method for organizational research. Qualitative Research, 5: 455–473. [Crossref] , [Google Scholar] concerning the use of shadowing as a research technique for studying actions in organizational contexts. It addresses McDonald's observation that the few studies that refer to this technique do not make any attempt to discuss their methodological choices or their epistemological standpoints. In this paper, we intend to contribute to this emerging debate in two ways. First, we explore and discuss some contrasting applications of shadowing in the organizational literature in order to render explicit the researcher's ontological and epistemological standpoints. Second, we present our own application of shadowing starting with the redefinition of organization as a plenum of agencies (Cooren, 2006 Cooren, F. 2006. “The organizational world as a plenum of agencies”. In Communication as organizing: Practical approaches to research into the dynamic of text and conversation, Edited by: Cooren, F., Taylor, J. R. and Van Every, E. J. 81–100. Mahwah, NY: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.  [Google Scholar]) that emerges from communication (Taylor & Van Every, 2000 Taylor, J. R. and Van Every. 2000. The emergent organization: Communication as its site and surface, Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.  [Google Scholar]). Considering these theoretical grounds we propose, inspired by Latour's (2005) Latour, B. 2005. Reassembling the social: An introduction to actor-network-theory, Oxford: Oxford University Press.  [Google Scholar] motto “follow the actors,” to shadow the hybrid character actions. This implies, from a methodological point of view: 1) documenting the flows that compose these actions, over the course of which a set of objects are mobilized in series of interactions, (2) applying an equivalent analytical strategy to whatever actor we are studying, and (3) grasping both the material and discursive dimension of communication as action.     

“Once a Foster Child … ”: Identity Construction in Former Foster Children's Narratives

The present study is a thematic narrative analysis (Riessman, 2008 Riessman, C. K. (2008). Narrative methods for the human sciences. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. [Google Scholar]) of 17 former foster children's online stories. The author explores the question, “What identities are constructed in narrative tellings about one's foster child experience?” Three pervasive, non-exclusive identities emerged from the former foster children's narratives: victim, survivor, and victor. These identity constructions are discussed in relation to redemptive tellings, wellbeing, and the foster care system.     

Female Tunisian Revolutionaries: Leadership and Social (Dis)order in Global News Production

This study offers a critical analysis of ways women were represented during the peak of protests associated with the Tunisian civil resistance campaign in North Africa from late 2010 through early 2011 among newspapers, wire services, and blogs—launch of the Arab Spring (or Arab Awakening). Theoretical underpinning includes norm theory (Kahneman &; Tversky, 1982 Kahneman , D. , &; Tversky , A. ( 1982 ). The simulation heuristic . In D. Kahneman , P. Slovic , &; A. Tversky (Eds.), Judgment under uncertainty: Heuristics and biases (pp. 201 – 208 ). New York , NY : Cambridge University Press .[Crossref] , [Google Scholar]) and gender role congruity theory (Eagly &; Karau, 2002 Eagly , A. H. , &; Karau , S. J. ( 2002 ). Role congruity theory of prejudice toward female leaders . Psychological Review , 109 , 573 – 598 .[Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]), as well as Gans's (1979 Gans , H. J. ( 1979 ). Deciding what's news . New York , NY : Pantheon . [Google Scholar]) concept of social order as an enduring news value. Enjoined, these frameworks facilitate interrogation of print and visual texts to reveal characterizations of women and how the outcomes may have shaped public opinion on the global stage. Seven themes describe media representations of women among written and photographic reportage: Female Victims, Comparatively Lucky Women, Frivolous Girls, Female Culprits, Invisible Women, Women as Agentic Leaders, and Female Patriotic Citizens. Results underscore how print and wire media consistently clung to traditional female gender stereotypes, representing women as emotional, communal, and nurturing mothers and wives, whereas blog content represented women as fully engaged agentic leaders and citizens.     

A Conspiracy of Fishes,or, How We Learned to Stop Worrying About #GamerGate and Embrace Hegemonic Masculinity

Recently, the margins between gaming and feminism have become increasingly contentious (Salter & Blodgett, 2012 Salter, A., & Blodgett, B. (2012). Hypermasculinity & Dickwolves: The contentious role of women in the new gaming public. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 56, 401–416. doi:10.1080/08838151.2012.705199[Taylor & Francis Online], [Web of Science ®] [Google Scholar]). This article addresses a cultural moment where masculine gaming culture became aware of and began responding to feminist game scholars by analyzing GamerGate conspiracy documents and social media discussions related to the now infamous “DiGRA fishbowl.” Worries about the opacity of academic practices and a disparaging of feminist knowledge-making practices dominate these documents. By looking at these discussions and practices through the lens of conspiracy theories (Fenster, 2008 Fenster, M. (2008). Conspiracy theories: Secrecy and power in American culture (2nd edition). Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press. [Google Scholar]; Hofstadter, 1952 Hofstadter, R. (1952). The paranoid style in American politics and other essays. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. [Google Scholar]) and counterknowledge (Fiske, 1994 Fiske, J. (1994). Blackstream knowledge: Genocide. In Media matters: Everyday culture and political change. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press. [Google Scholar]) we consider the broader meaning of GamerGate's attention to academia.     

Managing Dialectics to Make a Difference: Tension Management in a Community-Building Organization

This article is an ethnographic report of the dialectic tension management practices of a community-building organization called the Nehemiah Group. ¹ The Nehemiah Group, in 2009, changed their name to the Nehemiah Network to reflect their expanded involvement of business leaders (Our History, n.d. Our History . ( n.d. ). Retrieved from http://www.nehemiahnetwork.org/about  [Google Scholar]). This group unites local churches to serve the community. This three-year participant-observation study documents how group members manage two primary and intertwined dialectic tensions: noncooperation-cooperation and unity-division. Members use multiple practices to manage these tensions and other intertwined tensions: They construct narratives to voice moral issues, to alternate between tension poles to address pragmatic obstacles, to frame tensions as complementary through segmentation, and rely on prayer rituals to reframe tensions. From this analysis, three implications follow: (a) moral narratives serve to construct framing options, (b) a larger discursive history is utilized to create counternarratives, and (c) metadiscursive practices rely on rituals to manage tensions.     

Unbinding an Audience and a Speech: Dove's Answer to the Beauty/Authenticity Double Bind

Western culture puts women in a number of double binds. One of these is constituted by society's expectation that women attain a standard of beauty whose attainment requires much beauty work and its contrary expectation that women present a physically unembellished self. Because these expectations are so emphatically sanctioned, women should respond positively to a message promising to deliver them from this double bind. This article illustrates the power of that double bind and women's desire for release from it by examining a remarkably unexpected audience reaction to a public speech that only tangentially addressed this double bind. Along the way, it demonstrates that audiences are active participants in speech events (e.g., Atkinson, 1984 Atkinson , M. ( 1984 ). Our masters’ voices: Language and body language of politics . London , England : Methuén . [Google Scholar]) and can respond to a message in a manner different than what the speaker wished or anticipated.     

Structural Pluralism in Journalism and Media Studies: A Concept Explication and Theory Construction

This article critically reviews scholarship on structural pluralism (Tichenor, Donohue, & Olien, 1973 Tichenor , P. J. , Donohue , G. A. , & Olien , C. N. ( 1973 ). Mass communication research: The evolution of a structural model . Journalism Quarterly , 50 , 419 – 425 .[Crossref], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar], 1980 Tichenor , P. J. , Donohue , G. A. , & Olien , C. N. ( 1980 ). Community conflict & the press . Beverly Hills , CA : Sage . [Google Scholar]) in journalism and media studies. Relying partly on a concept explication and theory construction process (McLeod & Pan, 2004 McLeod , J. M. , & Pan , Z. ( 2004 ). Concept explication and theory construction . In S. Dunwoody , L. B. Becker , D. M. McCleod , & G. M. Kosicki (Eds.), The evolution of key mass communication concepts honoring Jack M. McLeod (pp. 13 – 76 ). Cresskill , NJ : Hampton . [Google Scholar]), the article explicates structural pluralism as a multifaceted concept with multiple dimensions and indicators. While reviewing relationships or hypotheses between structural pluralism and various outcomes, the article then discusses and proposes issues and agendas for future studies.     

The development of recordkeeping systems in the British Empire and Commonwealth, 1870s–1960s

¹ 1. Use of the term ‘recordkeeping’ should not be taken as an endorsement of the Records Continuum as elaborated by Frank Upward and his collaborators. View all notesThis essay demonstrates that initiatives in the imperial periphery, not least in Western Australia, played a significant role in the development of recordkeeping systems in the British Empire and Commonwealth. Local circumstances, including the adequacy of local revenues and the availability of skilled staff, played their part in shaping the systems. Nonetheless, there are overarching patterns. The need to maintain security provided a potent driver for the creation of confidential registries. The need to carry out basic functions influenced the design of recordkeeping systems far more than any shared ‘imperial imaginary’. The diverging work patterns of colonial capitals and of district administrations tended to produce distinct recordkeeping systems. The development of integrated registry systems may have played a part in the development of the Secretariat as an institution of colonial government.