巴以冲突探析

巴以矛盾由来已久,错综复杂,冲突不可避免。和平谈判是解决中东问题的必由之路,但和平需要双方做出痛苦的让步,任何一方不可能以最小的代价赢得谈判,和平需要时间。     

巴以冲突，武器添乱

2008年12月27日，以色列发动代号“铸铅”的军事行动，大规模空袭加沙地带，击毁多处巴勒斯坦伊斯兰抵抗运动（哈马斯）机构的建筑。从2009年1月3日晚开始，以军发起地面进攻，“腰斩”加沙，分路进攻，袭击行动进一步升级。     

巴以冲突的民族和宗教根源

长期以来,巴以关系以冲突为主,矛盾、冲突、战争构成了巴以关系的主旋律。影响巴以冲突的因素错综复杂,而主要因素是巴勒斯坦阿拉伯人与犹太人之间因民族性和宗教信仰的差异所产生的矛盾,以及他们对民族家园的追求和保护。     

巴以冲突原因再探

中东问题是当今世界持续时间最长、最复杂的热点问题之一,中东问题的核心是巴勒斯坦问题。旷日持久的巴以冲突之所以迟迟得不到解决,既有错综复杂的历史根源,更体现于主权、领土、安全等根本利益冲突,还涉及巴以实力对比和国际环境影响等因素。     

后冷战初期美国国家利益与巴以冲突

冷战的结束不期而至,美国的对手变得难以确定,其国家利益也难以界定。伴随冷战的结束是苏联的消失,也使美国的实力相对衰弱。在后冷战初期,美国在中东一直扮演着重要角色,尤其积极介入巴以冲突。无论是巴以和平进程取得进展,还是出现倒退与反复,我们都会发现这一切都是由美国在中东的利益所决定的,都是其国家利益的彰显。     

简析巴以矛盾及美以关系

巴勒斯坦阿拉伯人同以色列犹太人的矛盾是中东问题的核心；巴以矛盾持续不断原因有三：历史上有纠葛；分治决议严重不公，且未得到全面有效落实；美国长期偏袒以色列，助长了以色列对阿拉伯人的欺负与侵略，从而加深了两个民族的仇视。美以保持特殊密友关系是各种因素的决定的。     

硝烟弥漫下的巴以地区

古犹太人被称为希伯来人,公元前13世纪末希伯来人各部落迁入巴勒斯坦的沿海和平原定居。公元前11世纪犹太人建立希伯来王国,后亚述、巴比伦、波斯等外族都曾占领巴勒斯坦。公元前1世纪罗马帝国侵入,绝大部分犹太人流亡世界各地。公元7世纪巴勒斯坦成为阿拉伯帝国的一部分。阿拉伯人不断移入,并和当地土著居民同化,逐步形成了现代巴勒斯坦阿拉伯人。     

巴以和平进程的历史回顾与思考

巴以冲突由来以久,这当中既牵涉到土地和经济利益问题,又有历史、文化和宗教诸方面的因素。以巴冲突表面上是以色列和巴勒斯坦之间的地区冲突,但其对中东地区乃至全世界的影响却非常深远。本文通过对以巴和平进程的历史回顾,指出以巴和平道路虽然问题纠葛,困难重重,但是和平终究会到来。巴勒斯坦人应当有其生存和建国的权利,但是巴勒斯坦的建国应当在联合国的协议框架内通过和平的方式实现。巴以双方应本着和平的愿望在充分认识历史和现实、充分认识双方实力的基础上真正进行和平谈判,在联合国的监督下实现和平共存。     

试论巴以冲突的历史根源

巴以冲突是当前地区冲突的热点之一，冲突的背后隐藏着深刻的历史根源，既有宗教的，民族的因素，也有大国干预等外部因素，各种因素互相影响，激化，使得巴以冲突的复杂性非同一般，其中，两个民族对同一块土地提出了排他性的主权要求是根本原因，犹太移民定居点问题和耶路撒冷地位问题则是巴以和平之路上的严重障碍，这些问题若不解决，巴以冲突就不会停止，中东也难以实现真正的和平。     

阿拉伯国家的内部冲突与第一次中东战争的失败

1948年5月14日以色列宣布建国以后，阿拉伯国家与以色列展开了第一次中东战争。这场战争历时几个月，尽管阿拉伯国家开始取得了不少战果，但最终还是遭到失败。阿拉伯联军的失败，对于以后中东问题有着十分重要的影响。长期以来，我们过分强调美国对以色列的支持，以及英国对于美国在中东问题上强硬立场的妥协，这些固然不能被忽视，但是这场失败更多是由于他们内部冲突所致。从阿拉伯世界自身存在的问题来分析他们失败的原因，对于我们客观全面地了解中东问题，无疑很有必要，     

Developing agency through peacebuilding in the midst of intractable conflict: The case of Israel and Palestine

This paper discusses the presence of ‘peacebuilding islands’ within civil society as potential agents of transformation in the midst of intractable conflict. Focusing on the particular case of the Israeli‐Palestinian conflict, the argument stems from a deconstruction of the legacy of national myopia perpetuated through social and political institutions and the capacity of individuals to impact them. Inspired by feminist organisations and the personal experience of feminist peace activists in Israel and Palestine, the author discusses the intersection of a variety of peacebuilding and educational initiatives as paramount to the building of a culture of peace in the region. The study embraces strategies that challenge the structural, socio‐cultural and inter‐personal status quo as part of a multi‐layered effort at transforming conflict in the Middle East.     

The other partition: religious and secular education in British Palestine

The recent critical turn toward post-secularism, particularly on behalf of theorists working from the perspective of Christian societies, has highlighted the difficulty of approaching the history of the Middle East through the binary of religion and secularism. This article argues that such terms are of little explanatory value in and of themselves, but rather must themselves be explained as unique historical objects. Through an analysis of the Arab public school system created by the government of Mandatory Palestine, this study demonstrates how the transformation of Islamic education occurred within a matrix of colonial domination that promoted its unique understanding of religion as a universal standard. By tracing the emergence of ‘religion’ as a distinct category of knowledge and human experience in modern Palestine, this article draws attention to the factors that distinguish the development of colonial secularism from phenomena observed in the Euro-American context.     

试析伊拉克战争对中东格局的影响

美国对伊拉克战争的真实战略意图是为了控制能源，改造伊拉克，进而改造中东乃至整个穆斯林世界。伊拉克战争对中东格局的影响主要有：中东地区力量大洗牌；巴以和平不会有大的进展；美国在中东政治格局中一家独大；中东仍将是动荡之源。     

The case of Palestinian civil society in Israel: Islam,civil society,and educational activism

This article examines the educational activism of two Arab civil organizations in Israel: the Follow-Up Committee on Arab Education (FUCAE) and the Eqraa Association (Eqraa). On the one hand, it explores the possibilities and limitations of the involvement of the FUCAE in the state’s Arab education system, as a secular organization that is heavily engaged in the contentious identity politics of the Arab minority in Israel. On the other hand, it reflects on the competing yet complementary roles played by Eqraa vis-à-vis the state in the field of education, as a faith-based organization that has been operating its own independent successful initiatives in education. More specifically, this article compares the goals, strategies, activities, and sources of funding of these two organizations, thus providing insights on the role of civil society organizations, either secular or religious, on Palestinian identity formation and political mobilization in Israel. Additionally, it clarifies the meaning and characteristics of Islamic entrepreneurship and activism in education.     

最后一位乡村诗人——叶赛宁与海子比较

俄罗斯诗人叶赛宁和中国诗人海子都生活在工业化时代,都是由乡村走向城市的诗人。他们的诗歌都体现了城市与乡土的冲突,爱情也由于过于理想化而屡次失败。乡村乌托邦与爱情乌托邦的幻灭,促成了二人的天才命运。     

Education and conflict: Essay review

This review essay looks at three recent publications in the emerging field of ‘education and conflict’ and explores an apparent gap between theory and practice in the field. Recent works by educationalists Lynn Davies, ‘Education and conflict: complexity and chaos’ (2004) and Tony Gallagher, ‘Education in divided societies (2004)’ are contrasted with the World Bank's 2005 ‘Reshaping the future: education and postconflict reconstruction’, and similarities between the publications are highlighted. Davies’ work uses complexity theory to illuminate the relationships between education and conflict and to establish an argument for ‘complex-adaptive schools’, which would use conflict positively to engage students in the creation of peaceful communities. Gallagher, using a number of well-developed case studies, examines the way education systems have been structured to respond to and operate in divided societies, concluding that classroom agency and flexibility are crucial. The calls, by Davies and Gallagher, for educational re-creation are explored in contrast to the World Bank's publication, which offers best practice lessons to support post-conflict educational reconstruction. The article probes these differences and points to areas where the practitioner-directed Bank publication and the more academic works do and do not intersect, attempting to indicate areas where bridges may be built.     

学校德育中“师生冲突问题”的应对策略

师生关系是学生学习生活中最主要的人际关系,对于教师而言,要充分的了解学生,尊重学生,采取切实可行的应对策略处理好师生关系,尽可能的减少或避免师生冲突的发生。     

中国和平崛起是否会导致中美冲突?

中国和平崛起的最大外部影响因素是美国,中美关系问题是中国能否实现和平崛起的关键环节之一。本文从中国的和平崛起是否会挑战美国的领导地位、是否会引发中美两国间的经济冲突、军事冲突、意识形态冲突、是否会挑战现有的国际秩序等五个方面进行了深入的分析。中国的崛起不是要挑战世界头号大国,不是要成为新的霸权,而是要全面建设小康社会,实现社会的和谐发展和人民的共同富裕,成为负责任、建设性的大国。